Penetrating keratoplasty in ophthalmology
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Transcript of Penetrating keratoplasty in ophthalmology
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PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY
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KERATOPLASTY• An operation in which diseased corneal
tissue is replaced by donor corneal tissue.
CLASSIFICATION
• Penetrating Keratoplasty
• Lamellar Keratoplasty
– Anterior Lamellar (DALK)
– Posterior Lamellar (DSAEK)
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INDICATIONS1.OPTICAL - To restore vision
2.TECTONIC / RECONSTRUCTIVE - To restore integrity
3.THERAPEUTIC -To eradicate disease
4.COSMETIC -To improve
appearance
TECTONIC / RECONSTRUCTIVE
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OPTICAL INDICATIONS
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THERAPEUTIC
To pain in PBKTo visualize fundus
COSMETIC unsightly corneal scars/deposits
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CONTRAINDICATIONS• Advanced Dry eye
• Anterior staphyloma
• Severe cases of SJ syndrome
• Grade 4 chemical burns
• Ocular cicatrical pemphigoid
RELATIVE C/I• Multiple graft failure
• RD with PR inaccurate
• severely scarred cornea with AS trauma/infection in 1 eye with other eye 6/6
• central corneal opacity with peripheral clear area
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DONOR SELECTION
• CONTRA INDICATIONS
• prion d/s :Jacob - Creutzfeld syndrome
: PPLE
• infections : AIDS,Septicemia,Syphilis,Viral hepatitis
• malignancy :HL,PCV,leukemia,lymphoma,myeloma
• intrinsic eye d/s :KC,KG
• intra ocular sx : LASIK,PRK,RK
• death of unknown cause
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• H/O & EXAMINATION
• MEDICAL H/O
– cause of death
– past medical h/o
– time of death
– donor identification details
– lab reports
• SEROLOGY TESTING
– HIV,HBAg,HEP C +/- syphilis
• ENUCLEATION,INSITU EXCISION,CORNEOSCLERAL RIM SECTIONING
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EVALUATION OF DONOR CORNEA• Gross insitu examination
– Intactness of globe
• Slit Lamp Examination
– Shape and size of cornea
– Epithelial haze ,defects,Abrasions
– Any Stromal opacities ,oedema
– Microcystic oedema
– Descemet’s fold /Breaks
– Condition of anterior chamber
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• ENDOTHELIAL MICROSCOPY
– critical count :300 -500 cells/mm²
– eye bank cut off:1500-2200 cells/mm²
– r/o polymegatheism,pleomorphism,guttae
– r/o inflammatory cells,bacteria
• SPECULAR MICROSCOPY- usually after placement in storage media in room temp- cell density,size,uniformity of size of cell
• LIGHT MICROSCOPY– phase contrast /transmitted light microscopy + intra vital
staining of endothelial layer by trypan blue.– evaluates after storage & close to time of transplantation
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RECRUITMENT OF DONOR TISSUE• tissue removed within 6 hours after death.
• Cornea can be stored in :
• SHORT TERM (UPTO 96 HOURS)
– Whole Globe preserved in moist chamber(48hrs
– McCarey-Kaufman media
• INTERMEDIATE TERM (UPTO 2 WKS)
– Optisol/Dexsol/Ksol Corneal storage
• ORGAN CULTURE (UPTO 35 DAYS)
• LONG TERM (UPTO 1 YEARS)
– cryopreservation
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PROCEDURE FOR PK • Preoperative preparation
• Anesthesia
• Surgical preparation
• Trephination of Donor cornea
• Trephination of Recipient cornea
• Suturing of Donor cornea
• Post operative treatment
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PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION OF RECIPIENT
• Ocular history
• General history
• Visual acuity
• Gross ocular examination
• Slit lamp biomicroscopy– conjunctiva & cornea
– AC & iris
– lens
• Intraocular pressure
• Fundus evaluation
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INVESTIGATIONS• Refraction • tear film assesment• Keratometry• Gonioscopy• Pachymetry• Specular & confocal microscopy • Laser interferometry • Videokeratography• orbscan & pentacam• USG• electrophysiological tests
– ERG– pattern VEP
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ANAESTHESIA
Sx PREPERATION
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PREPARATION OF DONOR CORNEA
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TREPHINATION OF DONOR CORNEA
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TREPHINATION OF RECIPIENT CORNEA
• Marking centration on host cornea
• Trephination done either by hand held, suction & automated trephines
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLAPS• Top Hat Shape -Provides large endothelial surface
transplantation
• zig-zag shape- Hermetic wound seal Angled edge provides smooth transition between host and donor
• Mushroom Shape- Preserves host endothelium
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SUTURING OF DONOR CORNEA • AC formed - viscoelastic
• 10-O nylon & 11-0 mersilene.
• Cardinal sutures - 4 in number– 1st suture :12 o’ Clock
– 2nd suture : 6 o’ clock
– 3rd & 4th :90 ⁰ to 1st & 2nd
• Suture depth : 90%
• Equidistant bites – 16 interrupted//20-24 single running
• Bury knots on donor side /recipient cornea.
• Check wound leak. -
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TYPE OF SUTURING• interrupted
• combined interrupted & continuous
• single continuous sutures
• double continuous sutures
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NO ROTATIONAL EFFECT. CLOCKWISE ROTATION OF GRAFT BY 0.7+/- 1MM //11⁰
BITES FORM ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
• COUNTER CLOCKWISE ROTATION OF GRAFT 0.7+/- 1MM//11⁰
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INTRA OP REGIME
• Subconjunctival injections of gentamycin ( 40mg in 1 ml ) + dexamethasone ( 4 mg in 1 ml)
• Pad & bandage for 24 hrs.
POST OP REGIME • Assess Visual acuity
• Degree of pain ,Wound leak, pupil shape, corneal epithelial status, anterior chamber, IOP, early signs of infection & endophalmitis
• Medication:- Topical antibiotics & steroids + Lubricants + cycloplegic.
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• TOPICAL ANTIBIOTICS • 0.3% oflox/ciplox• infectious kertitis:fortified tobramycin /cephazolin• fungal keratitis :5% natamycin• herpetic keratitis: po acivir 400mgx 5 tx3 wks
• SYSTEMIC AB• ciplox 500-750 mg
• STEROID• 1% pred acetate/0.1% dexa-topical • 1mg/kg/d prednisolone :po
• ANTI GLAUCOMA• cat /VR Sx/synechiolysis/AS reconstruction//glaucoma
• CYCLOPLEGICS• 1% tropicamide/cyclo:pain & inflammation
• LUBRICANTS• preservative free
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EXPECTED OUTCOMES POST PK
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