Penang Women’s Development Corporation(PWDC)

The Penang Women’s Development Corporation (PWDC) is a state agency whichworks towards the transformation of Penang into an advanced and progressivesociety through the promotion of equality among all women and men, girls andboys regardless of ethnicity, religion, gender or socio-economic background.PWDC believes that Penang’s people are the key to her future and shared pros-perity, and that all women and men, girls and boys must have the opportunities,rights and freedoms to develop their full potential as citizens who can contribute toachieving the visions and aspirations of the state.

Since its establishment in November 2011, PWDC has played a pivotal role asthe key State Government agency working towards the mainstreaming of genderequality, social inclusion and good governance across all sectors in Penang. PWDCachieves this by working with partners to plan and implement gender responsiveprojects, raise public awareness of gender issues, and build capacity among indi-viduals and communities. PWDC also advocates measures to bridge gender gapsbetween women and men in the economy, public sphere, politics and governance.

As Penang progresses towards its aspiration of being an advanced society,PWDC will continue to strategize and execute multi-level and multi-prongedapproaches to bring about meaningful and lasting change. PWDC envisions a futurein which all women and men, girls and boys will have the equal opportunity to fullycontribute to and benefit from a Penang which values and upholds the principles ofdemocratic participation, respect for diversity and individual dignity, and socialinclusion and social justice.

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Vision

PWDC envisions a Penang which mainstreams gender into the policies and pro-grammes of all sectors to achieve gender and social justice in the State.

Mission Statement

PWDC seeks to contribute to the transformation of Penang based on principles ofsubstantive equality and good governance. Integral to our work is the recognition ofwomen’s diverse identities, women’s representation in all spheres and the equitableredistribution of resources.

This will be achieved through research and advocacy on gender responsivepolicies, capacity development, strategic networking, and women’s empowermentprogrammes; working in smart partnership with all levels of the Penang State andlocal governments, non-governmental and community-based organizations, theacademe, the private sector and the public.

PWDC directors and staff who organised the GRB Conference. The permission was granted byPWDC who provided the photo

196 Penang Women’s Development Corporation (PWDC)

Objectives

PWDC has five key objectives, namely:

• To develop gender responsive policies and good governance;• To promote awareness and understanding of gender and social justice;• To enhance women’s participation in the socio-economic and political life of

society;• To strengthen women’s leadership and decision making in all sectors of society;

and• To enhance and promote an environment of inclusiveness within the

multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multi-religious context of Penang

PWDC Website at: http://www.pwdc.org.myGRPB Project Website at: http://grb-pwdc.org.my

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About the Editor

Dr. Cecilia Ng (Malaysia) is an independent researcherand women’s rights advocate. She received her Master’sfromHarvardUniversity and her Ph.D. in Sociology fromUniversiti Malaya. Her latest appointment was at theWomen’s Development Research Centre (KANITA),Universiti Sains Malaysia where she was a VisitingProfessor (2007–2011) and Honorary Consultant (2011–2013). She was previously an Associate Professor atUniversiti Putra Malaysia before she opted for earlyretirement in 2000. From 1994 till 1999 she was aResearch Fellow at the United Nations UniversityInstitute for New Technologies in The Netherlands.

Upon retirement, she continued in the academe asVisiting Associate Professor at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, whereshe was also an editor of the journal Gender, Technology and Development (2001–2006). In 2011, she was appointed as a Director, as well as the Advisor of theGender Responsive and Participatory Budget Project, of the Penang Women’sDevelopment Corporation (PWDC), a state-run body established to promote genderequality and social justice in Penang.

She has conducted research and published widely on gender, development andwork, with a focus on globalization, technological change, women’s employmentand gender and democracy. She is active in women’s groups in Malaysia and hasbeen involved in research, training and advocacy on gender issues since the early1980s. Her recent publications include a co-edited volume on Gender and theDigital Economy (Sage, 2006), a co-authored book entitled Feminism and theWomen’s Movement in Malaysia: An Unsung (R)evolution (Routledge, 2006), aco-edited Special Issue (2010) on Women in National Politics in Asia in the journal

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Gender, Technology and Development and a co-edited volume (2011), published byUniversiti Sains Malaysia Press entitled Our Lived Realities: Reading Gender inMalaysia.

Address: Dr. Cecilia Ng, 15-6-12 Desa Embun Emas, Lorong Sungai Kelian,Tanjung Bungah, 11200 Penang, MalaysiaEmail: cncs77@gmail.com.

200 About the Editor

About the Authors

Giovanni Allegretti (Italy/Portugal) is an architect and Senior Researcher at theCentre of Social Studies, Faculty of Economics, Coimbra University (Portugal)where he coordinates the Ph.D. course “Democracy in the XXI century” and thePeoples’ Observatory. He has conducted research on the participatory budgetingprocess in Europe and South America. He also worked as a trainer, evaluator andconsultant on participatory budgeting in Asia and Africa, for different internationalorganisations, universities and NGOs. He has published extensively on participa-tory planning and budgeting, in both national and international journals, in morethan ten languages. He has been elected co-chair of the Independent Authority forthe Promotion of Participation (APP) of Tuscany Region for 2014–2019.

Address: Arch. Giovanni Allegretti, Senior Researcher, CES (Centre for SocialStudies), University of Coimbra—Room 23, Colegio S. Jeronimo—Apartado 3087,3000-995 Coimbra, Portugal.Email: allegretto70@gmail.com.

Agus Salim (Indonesia) is the Programme Manager in PATTIRO, a non-profitorganization set up in 1999 to promote decentralization and good governancethrough transparency, social accountability for public services and public finance.Previously, he was a director in PATTIRO Banten. His work is focused on publicservices issues, including the promotion of gender responsive budgeting at nationaland sub-national levels. He was also involved in the formulation of technicalguidelines for gender mainstreaming through gender responsive planning andbudgeting which has been adopted by the national and sub-national government. Hewas involved with Open Government Partnership (OGP), a multilateral initiative topromote transparency, as PATTIRO’s representative.

Address: Agus Salim, PATTIRO (Pusat Telaah dan Informasi Regional), Jl. IntanNo. 81, Cilandak Barat Jakarta Selatan 12430, Indonesia.Email: agus@pattiro.org.

Aloyah A. Bakar (Malaysia) is presently the Chief Executive Officer of the PenangWomen’s Development Corporation (PWDC), a state-linked company in Penang,Malaysia. As the former Project Director for Gender Responsive and Participatory

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Budgeting, her commitment and dedication in embarking on joint projects ongender responsive and participatory budgeting with the local councils and citizenson good governance and local democracy practices were rewarded when the projectearned international recognition. The most significant was the highly competitiveIOPD Distinction “Best Practice in Citizen Participation” where the GenderResponsive and Participatory Budgeting of Penang was recognized with a specialmention by the International Observatory on Participatory Democracy (IOPD). Shehas diverse experiences over a span of 25 years from several private and multi-national corporations, fine-tuning her many capacities and expertise in the areas ofhuman resource management, entrepreneurial enterprises and non-governmentalorganisations.

Address: Aloyah Bakar, Penang Women’s Development Corporation, Level 47,KOMTAR, 10503 Penang, Malaysia.Email: aloyah.bakar@pwdc.org.my.

Roberto Falanga (Italy/Portugal) received his Master’s degree from the UniversityLa Sapienza of Rome for his thesis on the psychological approaches to participatoryurban planning. He was a Ph.D. fellow at the Centre for Social Studies (Universityof Coimbra) and member of the project OPtar, and received his Ph.D. with Summacum Laude and Honours in 2013 for his study on cultural changes in publicauthorities implementing participatory processes. In 2014, he joined the Institute ofSocial Sciences (University of Lisbon) for the European FP7 Project “Mobilizingthe Potential of Active Ageing in Europe” as postdoctoral fellow. He is also advisorfor participatory programmes in Lisbon with the NGO In Loco and is AssistantProfessor of Social Sciences at the Catholic University of Viseu, Portugal.

Address: Dr. Roberto Falanga, Postdoc Researcher, ICS (Institute of SocialSciences)—University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Aníbal de Bettencourt, 9 1600-189Lisbon, Portugal.Email: roberto.falanga@hotmail.it.

Regina Frey (Germany) is a Political Scientist and Gender Mainstreaming Expert.She has considerable experience in applied gender research projects (evaluation ofgender equality strategies, programmes and projects), and has been a consultant forthe implementation of gender mainstreaming and gender budgeting for publicadministrations, universities and NGOs. She also has a background in internationaldevelopment and participatory project planning. She is a Gender Trainer andLecturer and has authored several publications on Gender Mainstreaming, GenderBudgeting, Gender Training, Theories of Gender and Managing Diversity. Shefounded the consulting firm genderbüro in Berlin in 2002.

Address: Dr. Regina Frey, genderbüro, Harzer Straße 37, D-12059 Berlin,Germany.Email: frey@gender.de.

202 About the Authors

Sunny George (India) is HUDCO Chair Professor and Director of the South AsiaSchool of Local Governance at the Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA),Kerala, India. His areas of interest include Applied Economics, Local EconomicDevelopment, Decentralization and Local Governance, Participatory Planning,Training and Capacity Building and Managing Development Projects. He conductsprogrammes for local governments in Kerala as well as for participants from othercountries, including on Participatory Planning and Poverty Reduction. He has man-aged several development projects including major partnership projects with UNDP,the World Bank, and UN-Habitat. He has also been a consultant, for example on theproject “Strengthening Local Government in Bangladesh” supported by CORDAID.

Address: Dr. Sunny George, Professor, Kerala Institute of Local Administration(KILA), Thrissur, Kerala 680 581, India.Email: sunnygeorgekerala@gmail.com.

Elisabeth Klatzer (Austria) has extensive experience in research and civil soci-ety activism, and as a writer, lecturer and consultant in the fields of GenderResponsive Budgeting, Public Finance Management and Feminist Economics. Shehas experience in public administration and has been involved in the integration ofGRB in the Austrian budget reform. She has worked in many countries, includingAustria, Turkey, occupied Palestinian Territory, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia,Ukraine, Tajikistan, and FYR Macedonia. She has recently finished a researchproject promoting Gender Responsive Budgeting and Gender Mainstreaming incooperation with Ugandan universities. Elisabeth has a Ph.D. in Economics fromVienna University of Economics and Business, and a Master’s in PublicAdministration from Harvard University.

Address: Dr. Elisabeth Klatzer, Hans Weigelgasse 21/2, A-2344 Maria Enzersdorf,Austria.Email: elisabeth.klatzer@gmx.net.

Maimunah Mohd Sharif (Malaysia) is the President of the Municipal Council ofSeberang Perai (MPSP) since March 2011. Her remarkable contribution to Penangand Seberang Perai has been recognized by the Penang State government, Malaysiangovernment and international organizations through awards such as “Best CityManager” and “Best City” by Europe Business Assembly, Stresa, Italy and “Plannerof The Year 2014” by the Malaysian Institute of Planners. She began her career as aTown Planning Officer in the Municipal Council of Penang Island (MPPP) in 1985,rising to become the Director, Department of Planning and Development, MPPP in2003. In November 2009, she established the George Town World HeritageIncorporated to manage the George Town World Heritage Site. Maimunah haspresented papers in seminars, forums and conferences, both in Malaysia and abroad.

Address: Maimunah Mohd Sharif, Majlis Perbandaran Seberang Perai, Jalan PerdaUtama, Bandar Perda, 14000 Bukit Mertajam, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.Email: ydp@mpsp.gov.my.

About the Authors 203

Purusottam Nepal (Nepal) is Under Secretary of the Ministry of Federal Affairsand Local Development (MOFALD), working as National Programme Manager ofLocal Governance and Community Development Programme (LGCDP), a frame-work programme for improving inclusive local government in Nepal, funded by 14Development Partners and the Government of Nepal. He has been involved in theplanning and implementation of various programmes on a national scale to pro-gressively restructure the country and solve problems arising from discriminationby gender, race, caste and religion.

Address: Purusottam Nepal, Under Secretary/National Programme Manager, LocalGovernance and Community Development Programme (LGCDP), ProgrammeSupport Unit, Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development, Singha Darbar,Kathmandu, Nepal.Email: nepalpuru@yahoo.com.

Patahiyah Binti Ismail (Malaysia) was the first woman Municipal Secretary,Municipal Council of Penang Island (MPPP) in June 2009 and was subsequentlyappointed the first woman President in March 2010. In 2015, she became the firstMayor of the newly-formed Penang City Municipal Council. She began her careerat MPPP in 1985 as an architect with the Building Department and was promoted toDirector of the department in 1992. In July 2012, in recognition of her role in andcontinuous contribution towards the development of the state, His Excellency theGovernor of Penang conferred upon her a state honorary award which carries thetitle Dato’. In 2013, she also received the “Best Municipal Manager” and “BestCities” awards from the Europe Business Assembly based in Oxford, UnitedKingdom.

Address: Patahiyah Binti Ismail, Majlis Bandaran Pulau Pinang, Paras 4,KOMTAR, Jalan Penang, 10675 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.Email: Datukbandar@mbpp.gov.my.

Herculano (Allan) Ronolo (Philippines) is City Administrator, Malaybalay City,Philippines. He joined the government service in 1986 after teaching for nine years.He was appointed as the Local Planning and Development Coordinator and hasserved as the GAD Focal Person up to the present. He has been very involved in theconception and implementation of the Malaybalay Integrated Survey System(MISS). He has also been instrumental in the city consistently winning awards forbeing regionally outstanding in nutrition, child friendliness, best local developmentcouncil, and best monitoring committee. His varied expertise and experience havetaken him to discussions, conferences and planning teams across the Philippinesand abroad.

Address: Herculano S. Ronolo, City Administrator’s Office, City Hall, C. M. RectoSt. Barangay 1 City of Malaybalay, Bukidnon 8700.Email: allanronolo_56@yahoo.com.

204 About the Authors

Shariza Kamarudin (Malaysia) is Senior Project Officer for the GRPB Projectbeing implemented by the Penang Women’s Development Corporation in Penang,Malaysia. She has been with the GRPB team since February 2012 and has beenparticularly involved in community-based work with two low-cost flat communi-ties. Shariza graduated from the University of Malaya with a BA in Literature andGender Studies and has worked for a number of leading women’s organizations inthe country, including as Project/Programme Officer for the Women’s Centre forChange (WCC), Penang, and for Sisters in Islam (SIS) and as a Research Assistantfor the Women’s Development Research Centre (KANITA) in Universiti SainsMalaysia, Penang.

Address: Shariza Kamarudin, No. 8 Pintas Semilang 1, Seberang Jaya, 13700Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.Email: shariza.kamarudin@pwdc.org.my.

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About this Book

This unique book explores the exciting new democratic spaces that open up whenbudgets get participatory. The experiences of gender responsive budgeting(GRB) meet the world of participatory budgeting (PB), both of which have gainedtraction since the 1980s. The chapters bring together GRB and PB policy makers,practitioners, researchers and civil society actors to share and review theirrespective journeys. The book is a valuable contribution to current debates onre-thinking GRB and PB and the need to synergize both approaches to achievegender equality, social justice and good governance. It is relevant to professionalsin government and the private sector as well as to non-governmental organizationsand students in gender and development and public policy.

“The book addresses the critical issue of citizen participation through a con-versation between those involved in participatory budgeting and gender responsivebudgeting approaches. It is rich in case studies and offers the promise of a newdirection for entwining women’s and men’s participation by building a broad-basedexpertise in budget analysis and good financial governance” (Rhonda Sharp).

Contents

Making Public Expenditures Equitable: Gender Responsive and ParticipatoryBudgeting: Cecilia Ng.

Part I: Gender Responsive and Participatory Budgeting: Narratives of Changeand Innovation.

Interlinking Gender Responsiveness and Participation in Public BudgetingProcesses: Regina Frey.

Women in Budgeting: A Critical Assessment of Participatory BudgetingExperiences: Giovanni Allegretti and Roberto Falanga.

Gender Responsive and Participatory Budgeting in Penang: The People-orientedModel: Shariza Kamarudin.

Community Participation and Women’s Empowerment: The Kerala Experienceof Participatory Planning and Budgeting: Sunny George.

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Part II: Implementing Gender Responsive Budgeting Tools for Gender Equalityand Social Justice.

Integrating Gender Equality, Women’s Rights and Participation in the BudgetProcess: A Survey of Entry Points and Practical Examples: Elisabeth Klatzer.

Malaybalay City Integrated Survey System: A Tool for Gender ResponsiveBudgeting in Local Governance: Herculano S. Ronolo.

Part III: Institutionalizing GRB: Towards Better Accountability and GoodGovernance.

Localizing Gender and Participatory Budgeting: Challenges ofInstitutionalization in Penang, Malaysia: Aloyah A. Bakar, Patahiyah Ismail andMaimunah Mohd Sharif.

Institutionalizing Gender Responsive Budgeting in National and LocalGovernments in Nepal: Purusottam Nepal.

Gender Responsive Budgeting: State and Civil Society Initiatives at Nationaland Sub-national Levels in Indonesia: Agus Salim.

Penang Women’s Development Corporation (PWDC)—About the Editor—About the Authors—Index.

More on this book is at:http://www.afes-press-books.de/html/SpringerBriefs_ESDP_22.htm.

208 About this Book

Index

AAccountability, 3, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 35, 40, 48,

58, 108, 114, 124, 134, 164, 173, 175, 191,192, 201

Advocacy, 10, 13, 102, 106, 134, 159, 186,187, 192, 193, 196

Advocacy tool, 107, 134Affirmative action, 6, 22, 35, 37, 38Antidiscrimination, 36, 38Audit, 9, 100, 109, 118, 119, 172, 174Austria, 9, 104, 105, 109, 110, 112, 119, 203Autonomy, 4, 7, 9, 11, 12, 185

BBarangay, 9, 124–126, 128, 129, 131–133,

135–138Berlin, 19, 25–27Berlin-Lichtenberg, 19, 21, 27Bottom-up approach, 44Brazil, 3, 7, 33, 44, 48, 58, 119Budget call circular, 101–106, 121Budget cycle, 3, 5, 9, 14, 20, 25, 28, 100, 101,

119, 155, 156, 160, 166, 177Budget dialogue, 77, 155Budget formulation, 9, 25, 101, 102Budget management, 187Budget process, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 99,

119–121, 164Budget reform, 11, 104, 203

CCanada, 112, 113Capacity building, 10, 40, 77, 121, 147, 150,

152, 154–156, 161, 163, 165, 175, 193Capacity development, 161, 169, 176, 196Capacity training workshops, 154Change, cultural and behavioural, 147Change, organizational, 145

Change, systemic, 147Childcare, 41, 42Citizenship, 7, 40, 48, 56–58, 74Civil society, 2, 3, 10, 12, 36, 60, 100, 102,

106, 107, 112, 114, 118, 120, 159, 179,182, 185, 187, 189–191, 193, 203

Civil society organizations, 13, 23, 25, 28, 102,106, 107, 112, 113, 119, 179, 185,187–189, 191, 193

CMFEA, 113, 119, 120Co-governance, 33Collective action, 37Community-based monitoring system, 124,

128Community pilots, 74, 147, 150Conscientization, 16Consultation, 56, 65, 67–69, 76–78Control of resources, 13, 183Cooperatives, 40, 188Council of Europe, 24Critical engagement, 12, 187Critical theory, 37

DDecentralization process, 6, 9Decentralized governance, 9, 12, 18, 169Decentralized planning, 8–10, 12, 18Decision making, 24, 29, 56–58, 74, 115, 155,

169, 172, 173, 175, 177, 178, 188Democratic participation, 149, 195Dialogical action, 7, 55, 56, 59, 64, 74Dialogue, 11, 33, 34, 42, 58, 59, 62, 146, 147Disability, 36Diversity, 6, 9, 29, 34, 43, 44, 66, 149, 195Dominican Republic, 37

EEffective participation, 43, 57

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Empowerment, 2, 5–8, 11–13, 16, 20, 22, 36,45–47, 58, 76, 159, 165, 174, 176–178,183, 185

Equal opportunity, 149, 195Evaluation, 11, 12, 21, 22, 25, 28, 64, 74,

117–119, 128, 156, 166, 174, 179,182–184, 186, 202

Exclusion, 14, 29, 47–49, 51, 174

FFeminists, 2, 13Focus group discussions, 59, 62–64, 66, 67, 69,

76, 185Fortaleza, 41, 42FOWODE, 113France, 108Freiburg, 20–22

GGender analysis, 27, 146, 177, 186, 193Gender-based targets, 181Gender-biased cultural norms, 43Gender blindness, 20Gender consultants, 24Gender differences, 36, 42, 115Gender equality, 2–5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 19, 22, 27,

29, 36, 38, 41, 46, 48, 60, 74, 99–102, 104,107–109, 114, 117, 119, 120, 139, 144,146, 147, 154, 164, 166, 176, 178, 183,195, 202

Gender experts, 26, 192Gender gaps, 8, 186, 195Gender indicators, 103, 114Gender integration, 144, 177, 181, 183, 191Gender justice, 6, 180, 186Gender mainstreaming, 6, 10, 12, 24, 26, 34,

35, 38, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 139, 147, 154,160, 165, 169, 172, 179, 180, 180–187,192, 201–203

Gender needs analysis, 155Gender profiles, 186Gender responsive participatory budgeting, 1,

6, 7, 12, 14, 19, 55, 60, 73–78, 201Geographic information system, 10, 133, 134,

139Germany, 19–22, 29, 50, 202Globalization, 199Good governance, 3Grama sabha, 6, 8–11, 13, 17Grassroots awareness raising, 190Grassroots perspective, 5, 23GRB methodology and tools, 150, 155

HHistory, of GRB, 146History, of PB, 34Hybridization, 1, 4, 46, 50

IIdeoscape, 34India, 5–7, 18, 108, 202Indicators, 9, 11, 101, 103, 104, 108, 109, 114,

119, 124, 126, 151, 161, 163, 174, 177, 181Indicators, gender, 103, 114Indigenous women, 45Indonesia, 10, 12, 179, 181–184, 187, 189,

191, 192, 201Institutionalization, 4, 10, 11, 99, 100, 144,

147, 150, 155, 159–161, 165, 173, 177,183, 185, 191

Interactive participation, 56

JJust and equitable allocations, 59

KKarang Kidul, 188Kerala, 5–7, 9–12, 16, 18, 202Key performance indicators, 151Key result areas, 151Kudumbashree, 7, 8, 11, 13–16

LLatin America, 35, 37, 44, 46, 50Liberation, 59Lichtenberg, 21, 27Lobby groups, 24Local councils, 6, 10, 59, 64, 70, 74, 76, 77,

143, 144, 153, 155Local governance, 5, 8, 12, 16, 155, 163, 169,

172, 174, 178, 202, 203Local Governance and Community

Development Programme (LGCDP), 12,163, 168, 174, 178, 203

Local government, 4–6, 9, 13, 17, 18, 43, 59,60, 62, 63, 65, 77, 78, 123, 124, 135, 143,144, 148–150, 152, 154, 160, 172, 185,187, 192, 203

MMalaybalay, 9, 123, 124, 135, 139, 204Marginalized, 2, 6, 13, 38, 58, 78, 124, 178,

185Marginalized groups, 19, 59, 164, 177, 189Migrant women, 42

210 Index

MISS, 123, 204MISS data, 123, 134, 135Monitoring, 1, 9, 11–13, 42, 47, 49, 56, 62,

109, 114, 118, 119, 124, 133, 135,163–165, 171, 173, 174, 178, 182, 192

NNeed assessment, 188Neo-liberal, 2Neo-liberalism, 3Nepal, 8, 10, 11, 164, 165, 169, 177, 203Networking, 16, 38, 46, 178, 196

OOutcome based budgeting, 9Outcomes, 4, 44, 57, 109, 155, 166, 178Outputs, 61, 104, 109, 147, 150, 174, 177

PPakatan Rakyat, 60, 147Pakistan, 103, 109Panchayat, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15Panggung Kidul, 189Participation, 3–7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 20, 23, 24, 27,

28, 33, 35, 38, 45, 47, 49, 50, 56, 57, 61,64, 66, 74, 78, 99, 106, 115, 117, 120, 176,188

Participation by invitation, 4, 13, 50, 100, 102Participation by irruption, 4, 7, 50, 100, 102,

119Participation of people, 9, 14Participation, citizen, 20, 56, 78Participation, civic, 47Participatory budgeting, 19, 33Participatory democracy, 4, 9, 36, 47Participatory learning and action (PLA), 20Participatory methodology, 150, 151, 157, 159Participatory observation, 49Participatory planning, 6, 7, 16, 17, 128, 201,

202Participatory process, 6, 19, 20, 29, 35, 36, 48,

100, 202Patriarchal paradigm, 47Pazhayannur, 12, 13, 15Penang, Malaysia, 6, 10, 55, 143, 146Penang Women’s Development Corporation, 6,

56, 63, 64, 68, 71–73, 75, 143, 195, 201People-centered development, 11People-oriented government, 60, 149People’s plan, 7, 10Performance-based budgeting, 104Pieve Emanuele, Italy, 42

Pilot projects, 75Plural and convergent exclusions, 41Policy framework, 160, 164Porto Alegre, 3, 38, 46, 49, 58Porto Alegre Conference on Public Policies for

Women, 40Positive discrimination, 45, 49Poverty eradication, 11Power, 5–7, 10, 11, 18, 21, 37, 47, 59, 74, 77Power relations, 5, 6, 14, 21, 28, 35, 36, 77,

145Practical gender needs, 137, 190Public administration, 9, 25, 58, 60, 100, 102,

112, 114, 202Public budgeting, 58Public expenditure, 3, 4, 14, 21, 27, 43, 56, 60,

78, 118Public policy, 8, 164, 187, 189Public spaces, 42

QQualitative data, 117, 133Quantitative data, 10, 132, 139Quotas, 7, 13, 37, 42, 46, 49

RRecife, 40, 42Redistribution, 37, 196Regulatory framework, 12, 14, 179, 191Residents’ association, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 77,

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SScheduled castes, 6, 10Scheduled tribes, 6Seberang Perai, 61Self-government, 5, 7, 9Self-help group, 14Self-management, 45Semarang, 188Sex counting, 13Sex-disaggregated data, 185Sexual division of labour, 41Social capital, 16Social inclusion, 6, 11, 20, 35, 36, 38, 48, 169,

178, 195Social justice, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 34, 55, 74,

161, 196, 199South Africa, 2, 44, 106, 108, 112Spain, 37, 42Surakarta, 188, 190Sustainability, 7, 11, 14, 46, 113, 123, 128, 144

Index 211

Sustainable development, 16Sustained change, 144Synergy, 5, 14, 76, 159, 179, 192Systemic change, 147

TTangerang, 187, 188Traditions, 36, 43Transformation, 4–6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 16, 20,

36–38, 45, 46, 50, 51, 59, 60, 78, 112, 151,195

Transparency, 5, 7, 9, 12, 24, 35, 40, 45, 48,58, 60, 112, 175, 176, 187, 191, 192, 201

Trier, Germany, 21

UUganda, 44, 105, 113UN Women, 46, 51, 176, 187Uruguay, 37

VVienna, 109, 119

WWard sabha, 6Watchdog, 24Women Coordination Commission, 41Women’s agency, 11Women’s Budget Group, UK, 2, 106, 113Women’s Budget Initiative, South Africa, 2,

112Women’s empowerment, 6, 12, 13, 18, 43, 56,

75, 167, 179, 182, 196Women’s leadership, 7, 16, 154Women’s participation, 8, 36, 42, 43, 47, 49,

165, 169, 173, 174, 187Women’s quota, 7Women’s rights, 8, 9, 23, 99, 100, 102, 107,

108, 114, 120, 166

212 Index