Pegasor Particle Sensor – PPS-M New Tool for Industrial PM Measurement

Juha Tikkanen, VP Sales & Marketing Pegasor Ltd.

Finland

Content

• Pegasor background

• Pegasor company

• Key research partner

• Pegasor particle sensor (PPS-M) technology

• Operation parameters

• PPS-M installation; On board vehicle, engine dyno/raw

exhaust

• Customer results

• Pegasor OBD

• Conclusion

Since 2003 the Pegasor team has been developing and testing novel sensor technologies for measuring particle emissions (PM) from the tailpipe.

In 2008 Pegasor team was put together to commercialize a new sensor innovation that enables on board emission measurements in passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles

Low cost, service free operation, high sensitivity and real-time operation of the sensor opens other very lucrative markets both in engine emission measurements and air quality monitoring.

Pegasor background

Company

Established Team has

– Long experience in innovation, development and commercialization of fine particle emission monitoring and control technologies

– Managed a technology start-up company from its inception to a more than 3 M€ turnover company - based on income money

– Extensive collaboration network from industry, academia

and officials built over 10 years

• Pegasor Head office in Tampere, Finland

– European activities

– OBM/D development, other applications

– Vehicle inspection market activities

• Branch office in Tucson, Arizona USA

– US and Asia activities

– US EPA & California Air Resources Board (CARB)

– Diesel manufacturers

Key research and testing partner - LAT

• Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics (LAT), Univ. of Thessaloniki

has been the technical advisor of the European Commission in all major vehicle emission control legislation including: • OBD for Euro 5 passenger cars (sole advisor – three contracts)

• OBD for Euro 6 heavy duty vehicles (w. TU Graz)

• Euro 5 and 6 Passenger Cars & Heavy Duty Vehicles (w. Ricardo, TNO)

• Euro 3 Mopeds and Motorcycles (sole advisor)

• LAT has complete engine and vehicle emission testing facilities • Semi-transient HD engine test cell

• Fully-transient diesel/gasoline engine test cell and chassis dyno

• Complete range of gas and particle analyzers and access to a range of diesel particle filters

• Several engines/vehicles for testing

• One of the world’s most powerful aftertreatment modeling code (AxiSuite)

• Facilities and experience is made available for Pegasor

PPS-M Operation and Advantages

• Advantages – Real-time

– Continuous operation

– Non collective

– Raw exhaust measurement possible without dilution

– Sensor reading independent of measured gas conditions • Pressure fluctuations

• flow velocity

– Wide range of operating temperatures

PPS-M Dimensions

Pegasor Particle Sensor (PPS-M)

Inlet

Outlet

Operational parameters

• Temperature range will stand DPF regeneration

• Concentrations from about 0,01 (outdoor air version 1 g/m3) to 250 mg/m3

• Response time 0,3-0,4 s

• Analog input filtering 10Hz. Sampling rate up to 100 Hz

• Operation parameters

• Clean air flow 2 LPM @ 1.5 bar overpressure

• Sample flow 5 LPM (ejector driven)

• High voltage ~3kV

• Power consumption 2,5 W, 10-30 VDC, capable to supply 5A of external power for heaters

• Data communication RS 485 (for universal use)

– Total mass and total number reported

• Self diagnostics included

• Port for external thermocouple included

Conducted studies

• So far PPS-M has been tested by several vehicle manufacturers and independent laboratories with several different types of engines and exhaust aftertreatment systems including

– Heavy and light duty diesels

– Pre and post DPF

– Spark ignition engine

• Comparison has in most cases been done with the AVL Micro Soot Sensor (MSS)

– Therefore, presented data focuses on those results

On Board Vehicle Measurement Set-Up

PPS-M

DOC

DPF Silencer

On Board Vehicle Installation

Engine Dyno Measurement Set-Up

20% Defected DPF

Break & Electronics

PPS-M

Engine Dyno/Raw Exhaust Installation

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200-10

0

10

20

30

40so

ot ra

te (m

g/m

3)MVEG

FROID

2885.xls

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200-50

0

50

100

150

soot

mas

s (m

g)

Time (s)

12 mg/km : MVEG cold start

= MSS

= PPS-M (Pegasor Particle Sensor)

(Micro Soot Sensor / AVL)

• Euro 6 Not-To-Exceed (NTE) limit 9 mg/km

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200-5

0

5

10

15so

ot ra

te (m

g/m

3)MVEG

CHAUD

2906.xls

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200-20

0

20

40

60

soot

mas

s (m

g)

Time (s)

6 mg/km : MVEG hot start

= MSS

= PPS-M

• Euro 6 Not-To-Exceed (NTE) limit 9 mg/km

Instrument Stability – 3 Measurements

PPS-M average stability ± 7%

MSS 4.16 mg/m3 ± 10 %

= 8 mg/m3 ± 9 %

Time[s]

Time[s]

Sta

bili

ty [

%]

Sta

bili

ty [

%]

MS

S [

mg

/m3]

PP

S-M

x 1

00

[m

V]

Dynamic Repeatibility – 11 Measurements

PPS-M average stability ± 8%

MSS average stability ± 10 %

Sta

bili

ty

Sta

bili

ty

Time[s]

Time[s]

PP

S-M

x 1

00

[m

V]

MS

S [

mg

/m3]

PPS-M average stability ± 8%

MSS average stability ± 13 %

Sta

bili

ty [

%]

PP

S-M

x 1

00

[m

V]

Sta

bili

ty [

%]

MS

S [

mg

/m3]

Time[s]

Time[s]

Dynamic Repeatibility – 8 Measurements

PPS-M D/A Converter

set to 450 mA max.

Dynamic Test Raw Signal – 11 Measurements P

PS

-M x

100

[m

V]

MS

S [

mg

/m3]

PP

S-M

MS

S

Time[s]

Time[s]

Time[s]

PPS-M

MSS

Average

a

PPS-M

MSS

Time Response of PPS vs. Particle Number Measuring Instruments

PPS-M sensor can also be used for particle number monitoring (diesel)

• PPS-M could be developed to measure particle number

concentration from gasoline engines – Euro 7

Clio 3 1.2 L

1.00E+00

1.00E+01

1.00E+02

1.00E+03

1.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.00E+06

1.00E+07

1.00E+08

1.00E+09

1.00E+10

1.00E+11

1.00E+12

1.00E+13

1.00E+14

11/01/10 14/01/10

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

CPC 3022 aval

Particules/km Clone PMP aval

Particules/km Somme mV

PEGASOR

Clio 3 1.2L

Signal Behavior During Active DPF Regeneration

DPF Temp.

PSS-M

MSS

RPM

Regeneration start Regeneration end

• PPS signal directly proportional to active surface area in this study

• Peaks on MSS data from large particles coming off the DPF

PP

S-M

x 1

00

[m

V]

Te

mp

era

ture

[°C

]

Limited amount of volatiles Lot of volatiles

Time Response of PPS vs. MSS

• 3 second time delay and 7 second averaging downgrades PPS-M data comparable with the MSS

0

10

20

30

40

0

100

200

300

400

1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240

MSS

[mg

/m³]

Pe

gaso

r [m

V]

time [s]

Pegasor mV

Pegasor filtered, τ = 7, td= -3 s

MSS mg/m³

0

10

20

30

40

0

100

200

300

400

1080 1100 1120 1140

MSS

[mg

/m³]

Pe

gaso

r [m

V]

time [s]

Pegasor mVPegasor filtered, τ = 7, td= -3 sMSS mg/m³

Confidential

Time Response of PPS vs. Engine Data

• PM emissions essentially immediately during torque change

• Use of averaging instruments can be challenging for engine development

• Use of true real-time instruments increase productivity significantly

Confidential

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0

100

200

300

400

500

1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240

N [U

/min

], M

[Nm

]

PP

S-M

[m

V]

time [s]

0

100

200

300

400

1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240time [s]

PP

S-M

, M/1

0

0

10

20

30

40

MSS

[m

g/m

³]

PPS-M [mV]

M/10 [Nm]

MSS [mg/m³]

0

100

200

300

400

1080 1100 1120 1140time [s]

PP

S-M

, M/1

0

0

10

20

30

40

MSS

[m

g/m

³]

PPS-M [mV]

M/10 [Nm]

MSS [mg/m³]

Time Response of PPS vs. MSS on Engine Torque

Use of not true real-time instruments hide the data and reasons behind it

Soot Deposits on Sensor Parts

Soot deposition

caused by

Thermophoresis

and space charge

-cold clean air flow

-heaters are

available

Usage Tips for PPS-M

Water condensation around ion outlet -

sensor heater should be used to avoid

condensation inside the sensor

Sensor after one week of continuous

operation – when heaters are not used

(sample inlet, sensor) – heaters should be

used to increase continuous operation

time

Summary and Conclusions

• Pegasor particle sensor is the world’s first continuously operating sensor with capabilities for permanent installation on board vehicle

• Most cost effective solution for real-time PM measurement

• Low capital cost

• Low maintenance cost

• Fastest Time Response, down to 0,3 s time resolution

• Calibrated for total mass and total number of particles. User calibration recommended for most accurate results

• Sensitive to fine particles – important regarding health effects

• Can be installed upstream or downstream DPF

• Could be miniaturized to an affordable OBD sensor

particle sensors for a clean future

Juha Tikkanen , Chairman of the Board Juha.tikkanen@pegasor.fi Juha Kaartinen, CEO juha.kaartinen@pegasor.fi

"In a modern world city, people should have the opportunity to live and work without fear of being poisoned by the air they breathe.“ - Ken Livingstone (mayor of London -5/2008)