Pedagogical Uses of Translation*Translation may be needed to facilitate communication between speakers of different languages who would otherwise not understand one another

*Translation as the cross-linguistic technique par excellence has a long tradition as an exercise and a test of students’ knowledge of the foreign language.

*Arguments Against Translation

*Arguments For Translation

*Arguments For Translation 2

Arguments Against Translation

Grammatical system and lexicon were believed to be the most important factors in the learning process.

Translation into the foreign language interfered with the natural process of learning a foreign language.

It was seen as a special fifth skill, to be used only after learners had acquired a superior knowledge of the foreign language.

It produced the “wrong” kind of bilingualism: compound rather than coordinate bilingualism.

Compound Bilingualism: The lexicons of the two languages are said to be stored jointly in the mind.

Coordinate Bilingualism: The lexicons are said to be kept separated.

Arguments For Translation

Has been used widely to test students’ overall proficiency in a foreign language.

Is a key feature in the grammar-translation method. Helps in the development of proficiency by economically and

unambiguously explaining the meaning of foreign language items.

Learners increase their confidence and motivation to learn a foreign language.

Promotes explicit knowledge and helps develop awareness of differences and similarities between the native and the foreign language systems.

Can act as a trigger for raising awareness of language because it creates many opportunities for reflection on contrast and similarities between languages at various linguistic levels.

Language has also broader educational benefits since it promotes cross-cultural understanding.

Activities can be used to develop communicative competence in a foreign language.

Activities can involve the production of original source text.

Arguments For Translation

Current Issues In Translation

As Intercultural communication, is both a linguistic and a cultural activity involving communication across cultures.

In covert translation, a “cultural filter” is applied in order to adapt the source text to the communicative norms of the target culture.

The “received view” of translation is that it is first and foremost a process of intercultural change, rather than a kind of cross-linguistic substitution.

Translators express their own socio-political stance by shying away from a straightforward “faithful” translation.

*The nature of the Translation Process

*Corpus Studies in Translation

*Translation and Globalization

The Nature of the Translation Process

As a countable noun, Translation is used to denote a product; as an uncountable noun, it denotes a process, namely how you arrive at the product.

As a product, we can compare it with its original text and try to find out where and how it resembles, or differs from the original text.

As a process, we try to access the translator’s mind, trying to find out whether experienced translators work differently from inexperienced ones, and to suggest strategies and skills which may be useful in translator training.

Thinking aloud, verbal reports or think-aloud protocols, are usually taped, transcribed, and often presented to the translators for comment and evaluation.

Corpus Studies inTranslation

Corpus, is a collection of texts, selected and compiled according to specific criteria and are held in an electronic format.

It allows us to focus on language as it is actually used in translations and so enables us to determine what is probable and typical in translation as a text type.

Corpus methods allow us to focus on a combination of lexical, syntactic, and discoursal features while comparing large numbers of translations into different languages by different translators, in different sociocultural settings, and across different time frames.

Parallel Corpora consist of a set of texts in one language and a set of their translations into another language.

Comparable Corpora establish patterns that are either restricted to translations or occur with different frequency in them.

Translation andGlobalization

Globalization have altered the role of translation in the modern world. A Worldwide translation industry is regarded by many as the most

important safeguard of linguistic and cultural diversity in the face of the rising dominance of the one language which is more equal than all others: English.

It plays an important role in multilingual news writing. Translation is most marked in translations of news events on television

and for various international press networks, where there is a need for simultaneous translation of news and reports sent out.

Localization is arguably the field in which the translation needs generated bye modern information technology in global markets is most visible and most influential.

The World Wide Web have created the e-commerce glocalization.