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Pearson Longman PoliticalScience Interactive
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Pearson LongmanPoliticalScienceInteract
iveShea, Green, and SmithLiving Democracy, Second
Edition
Chapter 9:Bureaucracy
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
Government and Natural Disasters
In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans and the Gulf Coast.
FEMA’s response was highly criticized.
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
Pathways of Action: Arsenic Standards for Drinking Water
Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) authorized the EPA to set purity standards.
National Academy of Sciences wanted to mandate arsenic levels of only 3 ppb (down from 50 ppb). Affected industries and communities complained that the new standards would be too costly.
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
Four types of organizational entities:1. Departments2. Independent agencies3. Independent regulatory commissions4. Government corporations
Bureaucracy
Organizations with a hierarchical structure and specific
responsibilities, which operate on management principles intended to
enhance efficiency and effectiveness
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
The Development of the Federal Bureaucracy
The Expansion of Federal Civil Employment
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
The Development of the Federal Bureaucracy
The First Departments
1. Department of State2. Department of War3. Department of Justice4. Department of the
Treasury
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
The Development of the Federal Bureaucracy
The New Deal and its Aftermath
Social Security, 1935
Works Progress Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps
Agricultural Adjustment Act, 1933
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
The Development of the Federal Bureaucracy
The New Deal and its Aftermath
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
The Development of the Federal Bureaucracy
Changes Since the 1960sDepartment of Energy
Department of Veteran Affairs (formerly the Veterans Administration)
Department of Homeland Security, which absorbed the:
Federal Emergency Management AgencyImmigration and Naturalization ServiceCoast GuardSecret Service
Is the department too big to be effective?
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
Departments
State (1789)Treasury (1789)Defense (1947; from War Department,1789, andNavy Department, 1798)Justice (1789)Interior (1849)Agriculture (1889)Commerce (1913) Labor (1913)
Health and Human Services (1979, Health, Education, and Welfare, 1953; Education split, 1979)Housing and Urban Development (1965)Transportation (1966)Energy (1977)Education (1979)Veterans Affairs (1989)Homeland Security (2002)
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
Departments
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
Departments and Independent Agencies
Work directly for president
Confirmation process
Inexperience of Michael Brown and subsequent problems might lead to more positions coming under scrutiny by Senate
Appointments can be used by presidents as rewards, and to signal agendas
Political Appointees in the Bureaucracy
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
Departments and Independent Agencies
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
Pathways Profile: Joan Claybrook
Has worked since 1960s on lobbying government to create and enforce safety regulations
Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration under Carter administration
Head of Public Citizen, an advocacy organization
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
The Image of the Bureaucracy
Percentage of Americans rating the performance of the above agencies as “excellent” or “good”
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
The Image of the Bureaucracy
Do federal agencies receive blame unfairly for falling short of perfection?
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
The Advantages of Bureaucracy
Bureaucracies are created and evolve as a means to undertake the purposes and responsibilities of organizations. They provide:
•Standardization•Expertise and Competence•Accountability•Coordination
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
The Nature of BureaucracySuccessful political candidates and
parties reward supporters with government
positions, while firing those from the
opposing party.Used by governments until late 1800s
Led to high turnover in government officials, abuse of influence
Garfield’s assassination led to overhaul
Civil service system, created by Pendleton Act, 1883
Patronage or Spoils System
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
The Nature of BureaucracyCivil Service System
Pendleton Act, 1883
Hatch Act
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
Problems of Government Bureaucracy
No Child Left Behind (2002)
Government Accountability Office reported in 2004 that the law had been poorly implemented.
States complained that the U.S. Department of Education failed to provide appropriate guidelines.
Transportation Security Administration (2001)
Created after the 9/11 attacks
Agency was plagued with problems of theft and poorly- conducted background checks of employees.
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
Reform of the Bureaucracy
Decentralization
More power to regional offices
States could be given more authority
This approach based on the assumption that smaller agencies can be more effective, closer to their work
Downside is the potential for inconsistencies
Privatization
Potentially better for saving
money
Arguably more efficient, less
expensive
Downside is that there would be no oversight, and that private companies would be more susceptible to outside influence
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
Lobbying Pathway and Policymaking
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy and LegislationThe Iron Triangle
Interest groups
Congress members
Bureaucratic leaders and experts
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy and Information
Bureaucrats provide information for Congress to use in crafting and approving statutes
Formal method
Committee proceedings or requests for reports and documents to be supplied by government agenciesLegislative staffers or members of Congress contact agency officials with questions
Informal method
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
Regulations
General statutory language can become the basis for the bureaucracy’s development of its own precise rules, a form of agency-created law called regulations, which govern the topics under a particular agency’s jurisdiction.
Statutes also specify the procedures that agencies must use in developing regulations.
Legal rules created by government agencies based on authority delegated by the legislation
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
Quasi-Judicial Processes
Bureaucracy affects policy through hearing processes that look similar to courts’ duties in examining evidence and issuing decisions.
Hearings can be either formal or informal.
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
Interested in case of Guatemalan man to be deported
Convinced Board of Immigration Appeals to allow the man to remain in the U.S.
Student Profile: Kristen Eschemendia and Heidi
Craig
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 9: Bureaucracy
Oversight and Accountability
All three branches of government have the power to subject the bureaucracy to oversight and accountability.