Pearson: Evolution and Community Ecology--Chapter 5€¦ · · 2013-11-07(energy from chemicals...
Transcript of Pearson: Evolution and Community Ecology--Chapter 5€¦ · · 2013-11-07(energy from chemicals...
1. adaptation inherited characteristic that increases anorganism's chance of survival
2. artificialselection
process of selection conducted underhuman direction
3. behavioraladaptation
an inherited behavior that helps anorganism survive
4. biodiversity the number of different species in a givenarea
5. carnivore organism that obtains energy by eatinganimals
6. chemosynthesis primary producers use energy stored in thebonds of hydrogen sulfide to convertcarbon dioxide and water into sugars(energy from chemicals on ocean floor)
7. climaxcommunity
The last or final stage of succession in acommunity which is in equilibrium with itsenvironment
8. coevolution two species evolve in response to changesin each other
9. commensalism symbiotic relationship in which onemember of the association benefits and theother is neither helped nor harmed
10. consumer an organism that obtains energy byfeeding on other organisms
11. decomposer organism that breaks down and obtainsenergy from dead organic matter
12. detritivores cycle the nutrients of nonliving organicmatter, including leaf litter, wasteproducts, and the dead bodies of othercommunity members
13. ecologicalsuccession
The gradual and orderly process of changein an ecosystem brought about by theprogressive replacement of one communityby another until a stable climax isestablished
14. endangeredspecies
a species whose numbers are so small thatthe species is at risk of extinction
15. energy pyramid diagram that shows the energy available toeach trophic level in an ecosystem; 10% ispassed on to upper levels, the rest is lost asheat
16. evolution generation-to-generation change in theproportion of different inherited genes in apopulation that account for all of thechanges that have transformed life over animmense time
17. extinct no longer in existence
18. extinct species a species that was once present on Earthbut has died out
19. extirpated species that have disappeared from an area, butstill exist elsewhere
20. fitness describes how reproductively successful anorganism is in its environment
21. food chain series of steps in an ecosystem in whichorganisms transfer energy by eating and beingeaten
22. food web consists of the many overlapping food chains inan ecosystem
23. gene a sequence of DNA that codes for a particulartrait
24. geneticdrift
biological evolution that occurs by chance
25. habitatloss
the process in which natural habitat is renderedfunctionally unable to support the speciespresent; leading cause of species decline
26. herbivore organism that obtains energy by eating onlyplants
27. instinct a complex behavior that is rigidly patternedthroughout a species and is unlearned(migration)
28. invasivespecies
a nonnative organism that spreads widely in acommunity
29. keystonespecies
a species with a strong or wide-reaching impacton a community
30. mimicry an adaptation that allows an animal to protectitself by looking like another kind of animal orlike a plant
31. mutualism symbiotic relationship in which both speciesbenefit from the relationship
32. naturalselection
process by which individuals that are bettersuited to their environment survive andreproduce most successfully
33. omnivore organism that obtains energy by eating bothplants and animals
34. parasitism symbiotic relationship in which one organismlives in or on another organism (the host) andconsequently harms it
35. pioneerspecies
first species to populate an area during primarysuccession
36. predator animal that hunts and eats other animals
37. prey animal hunted or caught for food
38. primarysuccession
an ecological succession that begins in a an areawhere no biotic community previously existed
39. producer an organism that makes its own food
Pearson: Evolution and Community Ecology--Chapter 5Study online at quizlet.com/_3qey2
40. reflex an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus, an automatic response that occurs very rapidly and withoutconscious control (playing dead)
41. resourcepartitioning
species divide the resource they use in common by specializing in different ways
42. scavenger a detritivore that gets its energy by feeding on refuse and other decaying organic matter
43. secondaryconsumer
An organism that eats primary consumers
44. secondarysuccession
Sequence of community changes that take place after a community is disrupted by natural disasters or human actions
45. speciation process by which new species are generated
46. structuraladaptation
a physical feature of an organism's body having a specific function that contributes to the survival of the organism
47. survival of thefittest
a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment
48. sustainability The concept of using the earth's resources in such they provide for people's needs in the present without diminishingability to provide for future generations
49. symbiosis relationship in which two species live closely together over a long period of time
50. tertiaryconsumer
An organism that eats secondary consumers
51. threatenedspecies
a species that could become endangered in the near future
52. tolerance the ability to survive and reproduce under changing environmental conditions
53. trophic level Steps on a food/biomass pyramid that are defined by organisms within a community that are the same distance fromthe primary producers in a food web
NAME_____________________________DATE_____________PD________
Chapter 5-Evolution and Community Ecology: Power Point Notes
Lesson 5.1 EVOLUTION
1. Zebra mussels and quagga mussels were introduced accidentally
that means they are NON-_____________________.
2. They have since spread throughout the Great Lakes systems and
connecting rivers out-competing native mussels. This means they
are ________________.
3. Scientists have identified and described over _________
MILLION species.
4. A sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait is a
__________________.
5. A ___________ ___________ are all the genes present in a
population.
6. _______________________ ___________________ is a
change in a populations gene pool over time.
7. A ___________________ is an accidental
change in DNA that can give rise to variation
among individuals.
a. Example- albino
(albinism)
8. ____________ ___________ (aka
migration) is the sharing of DNA by individuals
moving into and out of a population.
a. Example-many different human races
mating a sharing genes
9. ____________ ____________ is evolution
that occurs by chance.
a. Example-most of a population being
caught in a fish net
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10. _____________ ____________ process
by which traits useful for survival and reproduction
are passed on more frequently.
a. Keen eyesight, strong claws, camouflage
11. Conditions for __________________
___________________
a. Organisms produce MORE ____________ than can
____________.
b. ______________ vary in ___________________,
some of which are heritable.
c. _____________ vary in ________________, or
reproductive success.
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12. ______________ Selection occurs under ___________
direction.
13. Throughout history, _____________ have chosen and bred
animals and plants with ________________ traits.
a.
b.
14. _________________ is the process by which new species
are _______________.
15. ___________________ speciation occurs when a single
population is geographically _____________________.
a. Long term isolation causes _________________.
b. When the populations come back together, they can no
longer _____________ and are now two separate
_____________.
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16. _________________ is the disappearance of a species
from Earth.
a. Occurs gradually when environmental _____________
change more _______________ than the __________
can _______________.
b. There are ___________ known _________ extinction
events. Each wiped out a large proportion of Earth’s
species.
i. During the Triassic extinction __________ million
years ago, _________ of all land species and
_______ of all marine species went __________.
Lesson 5.2 SPECIES INTERACTIONS
17. The ____________ mussels has completely displaced 20
_________ mussel species in Lake St. Clair.
18. The _______________ describes an organisms use of
_____________ and functional _________ in a community.
19. The niche is affected by the organism’s _______________
which is its ability to ______________ and
______________ under changing environmental conditions.
20. A species _____________ is restricted by
_____________.
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21. __________________ occurs when organisms seek the
same limited resource.
a. In ___________ cases, one
species can entirely exclude another from using
resources.
b. To reduce _____________,
species often __________ resources, which can
lead to character displacement. This is called
_____________ _____________________.
22. ________________ describes a long-lasting relationship
between species, in which at least one species benefits.
a. _______________ is the process by which a predator
hunts, kills and consumes __________.
i. One species benefits (+), one species is harmed (-)
ii. Causes cycles in ______________ sizes
iii. Defensive traits, or adaptations, ____________ in
response to predator-prey interactions
iv. Some predator-prey relationships are examples of
___________________. The process by which
two species evolve in response to ____________ in
each other.
b. ______________ one organisms, the parasite, relies on
another (the __________) for nourishment or some
other benefit.
c. One species benefits (+), one species is harmed (-)
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d. Herbivory is an ___________ feeding on ___________.
i. One species benefits (+), one species is harmed (-)
e. __________ a relationship in which two or more species
benefit
i. One species benefits (+), one or more species
benefit (+)
f. _____________ a relationship in which one species
benefits while the other is unaffected.
i. One species benefits (+), one species is unaffected
(0)
Lesson 5.3-ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES
23. The _________ provides the _____________ for almost
all of the ecological _________________ and
____________ interactions on Earth.
24. ______________ producers or ________________
capture energy from the sun and store it in the bonds of
sugars through the process of
__________________________ Examples-
a.
b.
c.
25. Some energy from chemicals can be captured through
_______________________________. Example-
a.
26. ______________ rely on other organisms for
_____________ and ___________. They must eat to live.
a. Herbivores ______________
b. Carnivores ________________
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c. __________________ combination eaters
d. _____________ and ________________ eat nonliving
27. An organisms ____________ in a feeding hierarchy is its
______________ level
28. _______________ producers always occupy the first
trophic level of any community
29. Only about __________ % of the energy at a trophic level
is passed on to the next. __________ % is lost as heat.
30. A tropic levels ____________ is the amount of living tissue
it contains.
31. There are more _____________ and greater
___________ at lower trophic levels than at higher ones.
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32. Linear series of feeding relationships is called a
_____________________________.
33. __________ web shows overlapping and interconnected
food chains in a community.
34. A _______________ species has a strong and/or wide
reaching effect on a community.
35. Removing a ____________ species can significantly alter
the structure of a community.
a. Sea otter
b. _______________And _____________trees
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Lesson 5.4-COMMUNITY STABILITY
36. _____________ species cost the US $ _________
billion/year in environmental losses and damages.
37. A community in ____________________ is generally
stable and balanced, with most populations at or around
_________________________.
38. Disturbances in the environment can throw a community into
_________________.
39. Severe ______________ can cause ______________
changes to a ________________ and initiate a predictable
series of changes called ________________.
a. ________________ succession occurs when there are
no traces of the original community, including vegetation
and soil.
i. _____________ species are the first to colonize.
1.
ii. The _______ changes as new species move in
adding ____________ and generating
______________.
b. _________________ succession occurs when a
disturbance dramatically alters a community but does not
completely destroy it.
i.
ii.
iii.
c. Occurs significantly _____________ than
________________ succession.
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d. Primary _________________ succession occurs when
area fills in with ___________ for the first time.
e. _____________ can lead to secondary _____________
succession.
40. ______________ once thought that ____________ leads
to stable ____________ communities.
41. Today, ecologist see communities as ________________,
ever-changing associations of species.
42. A nonnative organism that spread widely in a community is
called an ________________ species.
43. A lack of limiting factors such as ___________,
_____________, or ______________ enables their
population to grow exponentially.
44. Not all _______________ species are harmful.