Name: Period:

Pre-AP Plant Systems Notes

Criteria for Kingdom Plantae

Cell Type:

Cell Number:

Cell wall made of:

Mode of nutrition:

Carry out photosynthesis using the chlorphyll a and b.

(Angiosperms)

(Gymnosperms)

(Bryophytes)

What characteristic do all plants have to the right of ferns and their relatives:

The great majority of plants alive today are plants. Also known as angiosperms.

needed to carry out photosynthesis.

and are needed to make new plant parts.

(through photosynthesis and cellular respiration) must occur without losing excessive amounts of water.

of water and minerals is required for plant energy production and growth.

Bryophytes – ex. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Mosses do not have true roots, instead they have , which are long, thin cells that anchor them in the ground and absorb water and minerals from the surrounding cells.

Ferns – ex. Horsetails, club mosses, ferns (Seedless, Vascular Plants)

Leaves are called .

Undergound stems called .

Habitat: moist, shaded forest areas.

Spots on the underside of the fronds are , which are for reproduction (ferns don’t have ).

On the roots you’ll find the containing nitrogen-fixing .

Evolutionary Development: Vascular Tissue

tissue (vascular ): specialized tissue to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

Two types of Vascular Tissue:

· (moves water, hormones, & minerals upward).

· (moves nutrients and carbohydrates (FOOD) throughout the plant).

· are specialized cells that can move fluids through the plant body, even against the force of gravity.

Gymnosperms: Seed Plants (Cone Bearers) ex: pines and spruces, palms

Means “naked seed”.

Second evolutionary development of plants = .

Plant Reproduction:

: early growth stage of a plant embryo.

: period of time during which a plant embryo is alive but not growing.

Features that allow seeds to reproduce without water:

· Reproduction in .

· Movement of gametes by .

· Protection of embryo in a .

Label your seed above.

E: Growing part of seed.

E: provides for the developing seed.

S: Protective outer covering of the seed.

Pollination: Transfer of pollen from the reproductive structure to the reproductive structure.

Plant Adaptations:

N: adapted to survive in harsher and colder conditions compared to broad leaves.

W: adapted to catch the wind and disperse to find resources.

Cactus leaves: storage of for future use, spread out roots to collect water when it rains; spines instead of leaves, reduce water by transpiration.

Angiosperms: Flowering Plants (Anthophyta)

Dominate plant life.

are the reproductive organs of plants.

· Two functions of flowers:

· Has (fruit) to protect the seeds.

· Attracts which help with pollination.

Angiosperms can be classified into different groups:

1. Stems: or .U

2. Lifespan: annuals, biennials, perennials

3. Embryonic seed: embryos that bare one or two cotyledons: or .

Plant Lifespans:

Annuals : Complete life cycle in year.

Biennials: Life cycle takes years.

· Year one: germinate and grow roots, maybe leaves.

· Year two: grow new stems, leaves, and flowers.

Perennials: Live through years

· May die back in winter, but re-grow in the spring (asparagus, peonies, many grasses).

· Most have woody stems (palms, trees, honeysuckle).

Parts of a plant and their functions:

Roots -

Stems (Shoot system): ,

Leaves (Shoot system): , , .

Flowers:

Three main Tissue Systems:

Dermal – tissue.

Vascular - water, minerals, food, hormones.

Ground - tissue.

Roots - types, functions, structure

- primary root grows down from the stem with secondary roots forming Ex. Carrot

B- short, modified, underground stem usually surrounded by fleshy leaves that contain stored food.

Ex. Turnip, potatoes

- small lateral roots that spread out just below the surface of the soil. Ex. Weeds, grasses

Root functions:

water & nutrients from the soil.

water & nutrients to stem.

plant to maintain stability.

food and water (tuber).

Structure of a root:

Outermost layer of cells

Within cortex; contains cells for transport of water, nutrients, & minerals)

Site of absorption

Tissue that stores starch

Protection of root tip

Roots play an important roll in mineral transport.

Stems: Function and Structure

- thick cell walls that support the plant (trees, shrubs, vines)

- stems are smooth, supported by hydrostatic pressure ( (dandelions, zinnias, petunias)

Functions:

T water & nutrients from roots to leaves.

S / leaves, branches, fruits/flowers.

S food.

· Function of sapwood: active xylem that transports water and minerals

· Function of heartwood: old nonfunctioning xylem that helps support the tree

· Cork cambium produces: protective layer of cork

Formation of Tree Rings:

rings: weather conditions were not favorable (little water)

rings: weather conditions were favorable (plenty of water)

Transport in stems:

C action – the tendency of water to up a thin tube.

Contributes to the of up cells of the tissue in the stem.

Leaves: Function and Structure

P

· Process that plants use to produce their food.

· 6 + 6 C6H12O6 () + 6

TLoss of and of carbon dioxide.

Anatomy of a Leaf

Structure

Function

Cuticle

Thick layer, retains moisture.

Epidermis

“ ” of leaf – site of gas exchange

Vein (Xylem)

Pumps WATER up from soil through roots

Vein (Phloem)

Moves NUTRIENTS and CARBOHYDRATES throughout the plant.

Mesophyll

Middle layers of leaf – site of .

Stomata

Outside layer of in epidermis – site of GAS & WATER EXCHANGE; controlled by guard cells.

Guard Cells

Control Stomata – trigger when water is LOW causing stomata

pores to close.

Gas Exchange in a Leaf is controlled by:

· Stomata

· Turgor Pressure ( pressure)

· High Turgor pressure: stomata open (plant has plenty of water)

· Low Turgor pressure: stomata close (plant is low on water)

Stomata: Plants regulate the opening and closing of their stomata to balance water loss with rates of photosynthesis.

· Stomata are open in daytime, when photosynthesis is active, and closed at night, to .

· In hot, dry conditions stomata may close even in bright sunlight, to water.

· Plants because they lose water.

Leaf Vein Types:

Flowers: Structure, Function

Plant Structure & Function:

Petals – highly colored part of the flower; may contain perfume and/or nectar glands.

Attract .

Sepals – small green structures on the base of a flower that protect the flower before it blooms. Open and close the flower.

Stamen - plant organ. Has two parts: anther and filament

· Anther: produces (gamete)

· Filament: upholds anther

Pistil - plant organ.

· Stigma: sticky for to attach.

· Style: gametes (Pollen) to ovary.

· Ovary (fruit): stores (eggs).

Seeds:

Seed Dispersal:

· Wind (dandelion seeds)

· W (rivers, streams etc)

· Animals (berries)

Flower Pollination:

· A (bees, hummingbirds etc)

· Wind

Factors that affect seed germination:

· Temperature

· M (rainfall)

Plant Responses

Plant hormones – substances that control a plant’s growth, development and responses to environment conditions

A – produced in the tip of the seedling that stimulates cell .

Target cell – cell that has a for a particular hormone.

Plant Hormones:

Cytokines: stimulate cell division and the growth of lateral buds, and cause dormant seeds to

.

Gibberellins: are used to increase of stems and fruits.

Ethylene: stimulate fruits to . Ethylene is a minor component of natural gas.

Auxin: stimulates plant growth towards by elongating the part of the cell in the shade.

Tropisms (Response) – response of a plant to an environmental stimulus.

Gravitropism: response of a plant to the force of . ex. All roots grow down

Phototropism: response of a plant to grow towards . ex. bend towards light

Thigmotropism: response of plants to . ex. Vining, wilting at touch

Hydrotropism: tendency of plant roots to grow towards .

**All tropisms are stimulated by the of .

Herbicides – auxin-like compounds in high concentrations that are toxic to plants and inhibit

Chemical defense – many plants defend themselves by manufacturing poisons (ex. Poison oak)