Pear tree : the main technical challenges Poiriers : les ... · dose GA4/7 + 2 x 0.5 kg/ha Regalis...
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Tours – France
25-26-27 juin 2019
Pear tree : the main technical challengesPoiriers : les défis techniques majeurs
www.interpera.org
Pear trees: the major technical challenges
J. Vercammen
Pcfruit-Proeftuin pit- en steenfruit
(Sint-Truiden - Belgium)
Proefcentrum Fruitteelt vzw – Proeftuin pit- en steenfruit (pcfruit vzw – pps)Fruittuinweg 1, B-3800 Sint-Truiden – 0032 (0)11 69 70 81 – [email protected]
Challenges
• (New) pear varieties
• Early bearing• Rootstocks
• Planting systems
• Regular production• Fruit set and/or fruit thinning
• Climate change• Hail
• Heat and drought
• Plant protection• Psylla
• Fire blight
• Conclusions
New pear varieties
Pear varieties in Europe
• EU-28: Conference: 2009: ± 34 % – 2018: ± 41 %
• Italy: Abate Fetel
– 2009: ± 35 % – 2018: ± 44 %
• The Netherlands: Conference
– 2009: 5.691 ha (74 %) – 2018: 7.595 ha (75 %)
• Belgium: Conference
– 2009: 7.ooo ha (85 %) – 2018: 8.925 ha (88 %)
• Spain: Conference
– 2009: ± 37 % – 2018: ± 52 %
New pear varieties
CorinaSweet
Sensation
CepunaCelina
FredRed Modoc
Which new pear varieties are planted?
Demands for a new pear variety
• Productive, good size, good taste
• Vigour not too strong
• Possibility of parthenocarpy
• Fruit set through sprayings with GA
• Optimal for our climate
• Low susceptible to fire blight
• Good storability and shelf life
• Low susceptible to pests and diseases
New pear varietiesYield data (2017)
Planting year: 2012 Planting distance: 3.50 x 1.50 m
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Conference PR.12.02 PR.12.03 PR.12.04 PR.12.08 PR.12.10 PR.12.13 PR.12.14
Kg/tree
Kg/tree Fruit weight (g)
g
The temperature dropped to – 5.3°C in the night of April 19th to 20th.
PR.12.08Fruit shape 2017
The temperature dropped to – 5.3°C in the night of April 19th to 20th.
Demands for a new pear varietyConsumer
▪ Good taste Sweet Sensation
▪ Good outlook Cepuna/Migo and Celina/QTee
▪ Earlier available Corina
▪ Green and smooth, less russeting
Cepuna/Migo
▪ Red blush
Celina/QTee
Sweet Sensation
CH201/Fred
Celina/QTeeYield data 2007-2018
Planting year: 2005-2006
Rootstock: Quince C (Condo)
(Conference on Quince Ad. (Condo))
= 50 to 60 tons/ha
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Kg/tree
Kg/tree Fruit weight (g)
g
Planting year: 1999-2000 Rootstock: Quince Adams (B. Hardy)
Cepuna/MigoYield data 2002-2018
Since 2009 = > 50 tons/ha
120
160
200
240
280
320
0
10
20
30
40
50
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Kg/tree
Kg/tree Fruit weight (g)
g
Sweet SensationYield data (2009-2018)
Planting year: 2005-2006 Planting distance: 3,50 x 1,50 m
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Kg/tree
Quince Adams Quince C
Early bearing
What are the characteristics ofan ideal tree/rootstock in Belgium?
• Does not grow too strongly
• Demands little labour
• Early and regular yield
• Each year a good quality– good fruit size
– green background
– smooth skin
Mostly Quince EM C and Quince Adams– mostly sufficient
– sometimes too much growth
– too small fruits
– too much labour for pruning and thinning
Rootstock trial ConferenceIncrease trunk circumference (2006-2010)
Planting year: 2004-2005 Planting distance: 3.50 x 1.50 m
Rootstock Increase (cm) % Circum-
2010 Total Quince C ference (cm)
Quince C 1.1 a 10.5 b 100 18.7 b
Quince Ad. 1.4 a 11.7 b 112 20.4 ab
Pigwa 1.5 a 16.1 a 154 21.9 a
S1 1.8 a 15.5 a 149 21.2 a
Rootstock trial for ’Conference’Yield data (2006-2010)
Planting year: 2004-2005 Planting distance: 3.50 x 1.50 m
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Quince C Quince Adams Pigwa S1
gKg/tree
Kg/tree Fruitweight (g)
Rootstock trial for ‘Conference’% Frost damage 2009
Rootstock % with frost damage % with early leaf discoloration
Quince C 50 a 45 a
Quince Adams 50 a 10 b
Pygwa 30 a 10 b
S1 20 a 5 b
Planting year: 2004-2005 Planting distance: 3.50 x 1.50 m
• January 2009: - 25 °C
Demands for rootstocks in Southern-Europe
• Demands for a new rootstock in France– Good tolerance for chlorosis and drought
– Early fruiting, good fruit size and high and regular productivity
– Vigour < Farold87 Daytor and close to Quince
Sandrine Codarin – CTIFL France
• Demands for a new rootstock in Portugal– Tolerant to fire blight
– Vigour like Sydo, not less
– Since soils are calcareous and poor in organic matter
Cristina Oliveira – ISA Portugal
Planting systems for ‘Conference’
• Cultivar: Conference
• Rootstock: Quince Adams
• 7 Planting systems
• Planting year: April 2002
• Pollenizer: Concorde (9 %)
• For each planting system we have asked a fruit grower tosupervise the trial
• Production, quality, costs and labour
Financial result
Bush-spindle tree (1.714 trees/ha)
Planting systems for ‘Conference’
V-System (2.813 trees/ha)
Spindle trees (5.625 trees/ha)
Planting systems for ‘Conference’Yield 2003-2018
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Bush V-system Spindle
gTons/ha
Tons/ha Fruit weight (g)
Planting systems for ‘Conference’Gross financial result after 17 years
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Bush V-system Spindle
Total costs Revenues Profits
x 1.000 €
Conclusion planting systems
• Grow large pears (+ good quality)
• Need at least 60-65 mm, preferably > 65 mm
• Fruit size will be more important for the financial result
• Also costs (p.e. investment costs) are important
• Low prices are particulary disadvantageous for systems with high investment costs
• Quince C or Quince Adams (depending on the expectedvigour)
• If necessary (light) root pruning
Regular bearing
Recommendations for fruit set:without frost damage
• A lot of flower buds: do nothing, wait.
• Moderate to good amount of flower buds: 1x half of a dose GA4/7 between full bloom and end of bloom.
• Small to moderate amount of flower buds: 1x half of a dose GA4/7 between full bloom and end of bloom
+ 2 x 0.5 kg/ha Regalis Plus/Kudos 2 + 3 weeks after full bloom.
Don’t spray GA3 or tankmix GA3 + GA4/7!!!
• Long before bloom: Wait for good weather during bloom and spray half of a dose GA4/7 + 2 x 0.5 kg/ha Regalis Plus/Kudos 2 + 3 weeks after full bloom
• Just before bloom: immediately half of a dose GA4/7 + half of a dose GA4/7 during bloom + 2 x 0.5 kg/ha Regalis Plus/Kudos 2 + 3 weeks after full bloom.
Recommendations for fruit set:with frost damage before bloom
Don’t spray GA3 or tankmix GA3 + GA4/7!!!
• A lot of flower buds: immediately half of a dose GA4/7
• Moderate to good amount of flower buds: immediately half of a dose GA4/7 + 2 x 0.5 kg/ha Regalis Plus/Kudos 2 + 3 weeks afterfull bloom
• Small to moderate amount of flower buds: immediately half of a dose GA4/7 AND half of a dose GA4/7 end of bloom + 2 x 0.5 kg/ha Regalis Plus/Kudos 2 + 3 weeks after full bloom.
Recommendations for fruit set:with frost damage during bloom
Don’t spray GA3 or tankmix GA3 + GA4/7!!!
• A lot of flower buds: immediately half of a dose GA4/7
• Moderate to good amount of flower buds: immediately half of a dose GA4/7 + 2 x 0.5 kg/ha Regalis Plus/Kudos 2 + 3 weeks afterfull bloom
• Small to moderate amount of flower buds:
(Already sprayed with GA4/7 during bloom)
Before the frost 0.5 kg/ha Regalis Plus/ Kudos
+ 0.5 kg/ha Regalis Plus/Kudos 3 weeks after full bloom.
Recommendations for fruit set:with frost damage after bloom
Don’t spray GA3 or tankmix GA3 + GA4/7!!!
Improving fruit set CepunaFruit set 2018
Object Number of Number of fruits Number of fruits/
flower buds Thinned Picked 100 flower buds
Control 208 43 161 98
Regulex 10 SG 0,1 kg/ha 207 38 144 88
GA3 3 tablets/ha 181 52 121 103
Planting year: 2014 Planting distance: 3.50 x 1.25 m
Regulex 10 SG and GA3 were sprayed around full bloom.
No improvement of fruit set.
Improving fruit set CepunaFruit set 2018
Object Number of Number of fruits Number of fruits/
flower buds Thinned Picked 100 flower buds
Control 151 27 b 90 c 76 b
Regalis Plus 2x 0,5 kg/ha 157 34 b 118 b 98 ab
Regalis Plus 2x 0,5 kg/ha
+
Regulex 10 SG 0,1 kg/ha
155 44 a 146 a 123 a
Planting year: 2014 Planting distance: 3.50 x 1.25 m
Regalis Plus was sprayed at white bud and 2 weeks after full bloom.
Regulex 10 SG was sprayed around full bloom.
Significant improvement of fruit set.
Advice chemical thinning
• Light thinning: • 2 l/ha Globaryll or 10 l/ha Exilis or 7.5 l/ha MaxCel (= 6BA)
(at least 18 °C at the day of treatment and the days after)
• + 0.05 to 0.10 l/ha Fixor (= ANA)
(Gives stronger thinning, but not authorized in Belgium forthinning on pears)
• Stronger thinning:• Parcels with moderate to strong vigour: 1 x 1.1 kg/ha
• Older trees with weak vigour: 1.5 kg/ha
(Can give overthinning, especially when the days after treatment are very dark.)
Climate change
Thunderstorm days in Belgium(1928-2007)
Source: L. Debontridder (KMI)
Hail nets on pears
Pear varieties 2010Number of flower buds and fruit set 2011-2018
Variety Object Number of
flower buds
Number of
pears
Number of pears/
100 flower buds
Conference Control 918 984 107
Hail net 673 727 108
Xenia Control 1.511 959 63
Hail net 1.298 760 59
Sweet Sensation Control 920 387 42
Hail net 586 330 58
Early Desire Control 699 594 85
Hail net 474 386 81
Planting year: 2009-2010 Planting distance: 3.40 x 1.25 m
Pear varieties 2010Yield data 2011-2018
Planting year: 2009-2010 Planting distance: 3.40 x 1.25 m
04080120160200240280320360400
020406080
100120140160180200
+ - + - + - + -
Conference Xenia Sweet Sensation Early Desire
gKg/tree
Kg/tree Fruit weight (g)
Foto folletage
CdS
Effect of hail net in 2018
Semi-automatic hail net
Efficiency drip irrigation – slurry tank
Water gift between June 18th and July 23rd
• 21 days drip irrigation
• 14 x with the slurry tank
Water/tree between June 18th and July 23rd
Drip irrigation Slurry tank
155 l/tree 504 l/tree
Auger went only ± 15 cm into the ground
Here the auger quickly went 25 cm into the ground (at 10 cm from the dripper)
Plant protection
Pear sucker (Cacopsylla pyri): main important pest in pear growing
Multiple generations / year
Adult stage Nymphal stage
Considerable damage:• Honeydew secretion → Sooty mould fungal diseases
• Weakened/dead flower and leaf buds
• Vector for Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri: ‘Pear Decline’
• Less chemicals → risk of resistance
• Use of natural enemies / benificials
Psylla
Pear psyllids model (Cacopsylla pyri)
bloei
Based on climate data (hourly temperature data: 24 h/day)for every day in the year the model predicts: the relative presence of thedifferent life stages of C. pyri: adults/eggs/larvae
→ this helps the fruit growers to time their sprayings in order to reach anoptimal control effect
adults
eggs
larvae
Output model:
Tim Beliën: Department of zoology at pcfruit
T-driven phenological model of earwigs
Model topredict thephenologyof beneficialsin order toavoid side effects on them
Integration of models to optimize spraying schedules
Avoiding side effects
Avoiding side effects
maximal efficacy on pear Psylla
Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora)
• Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) is extremely important for fruit producers and tree nurseries of apple and pear• Can lead to extreme damage and losses
• Can lead to important economical losses for fruit producers
• Negative effect on export to fire blight free countries
• High costs for regular visual inspections
Current control of fire blight in pear orchards in Belgium
• Strategy based on combination of different measures tocontrol severe outbreaks:
1. Regular monitoring for symptoms, removing and burning of infectedplant parts
2. Preventive spraying of plant defense enhancer (PDE) molecules duringthe critical infection period
• fosethyl-aluminium - Aliette®, laminarin - Vacciplant®, Cu, Mn during thecritical infection period
3. Preventive spraying of Biological control organisms (BCO) duringflowering when infection conditions are optimal
• Blossom Protect (Aureobasidium pullulans DSM 14940 and DSM 14941) in combination with Buffer Protect (citric acid)
Hilde Schoofs: Department of pomology at pcfruit
Conclusions
• Plant new pear varieties
• Use a rootstock that gives an early production
• Plant more trees per ha, but don’t go to intensive
• GA’s and/or Prohexadion-Ca can help to improve fruit set
• If necessary, use chemical thinning
• Invest in hail nets and irrigation/fertigation
• Save the natural enemies/beneficials against Psylla
• Remove infections of fire blight
Thank you for your attention!