PEACE AND VIOLENCE

Presented By

Anurug ChakmaDepartment of Peace and Conflict StudiesUniversity of Dhaka

OVERVIEW OF THE DISCUSSION

Understanding Peace as Defined by Johan Galtung

Typology of Peace: Negative Peace and Positive Peace

Understanding Violence as Defined by Johan Galtung

Typology of Violence: Direct, Structural and Cultural Violence (DSC Triangle)

Dimensions of Violence

Peace as absence of violence is called the traditional notion of peace. Later

the definition of peace has been extended to include human rights, equality

between men and women, social justice and ecological balance which is now

considered as positive peace. Therefore, we understand peace as the

followings;

Absence of war and violence.

Respect for and promotion of human rights.

Establishment of good governance and rule of law.

Presence of democracy and power sharing.

Protection and preservation of environment.

UNDERSTANDING PEACE

NEGATIVE PEACE

PEACE = Absence of War and Violence

POSITIVE PEACE

Absence of

Structural Violence

Absence of

Personal

Violence

Positive

Peace

UNDERSTANDING VIOLENCE

Narrow Concept of Violence

Broader Concept of Violence

According to Johan Galtung, violence can be defined from two perspectives. One of them is narrow concept of violence and the other is broader concept of violence. Let us know what they mean and what we understand.

NARROW CONCEPT OF VIOLENCE

Violence means somatic incapacitation or deprivation of health alone such as- killing and murder etc.

BROADER CONCEPT OF VIOLENCE

Potential Achievement

Violence=Gap between Potential and Actual

Actual Achievement

Violence is defined as the cause of difference between the potential and actual, between what could have been and what is. Violence is that which increases the distance between the potential and the actual, and that impedes the decrease of this distance.

TYPOLOGY OF VIOLENCE (DSC TRIANGLE)

Direct Violence

Structural Violence

Cultural Violence

DIRECT VIOLENCE

Direct violence refers to physical injuries and the infliction of pain that is caused by a specific person. It may also take the form of verbal and psychological abuse. Killing and beating in interpersonal situation are the glaring examples of direct violence.

The simple formula of direct violence is the following.

Subject -Action - Object

INDIRECT VIOLENCE

Structural violence refers to discrimination, deprivation, social injustice, inequality between men and women, and denial of human rights. This type of violence is rooted in social structure.

What is structural violence?

INDIRECT VIOLENCE

What is cultural violence?

Cultural violence is seen as the source of other types of violence through its production of hatred, fear and suspicion. Religion, ideology and art may be pointed out as possible sources of cultural violence.

DIMENSIONS OF VIOLENCE

The first distinction to be made is between physical and psychological violence.

Physical Violence

•Under physical violence human beings are hurt somatically to the point of killing.

Psychological Violence

•Psychological violence includes lies, brainwashing, indoctrination of various kinds, threats, etc. that serve to decrease mental potentialities.

DIMENSIONS OF VIOLENCE (Cont.)

Negative Approach

•A person can be influenced not only by punishing him when he does what the influencer considers wrong.

Positive Approach

•A person can be influenced not only by rewarding him when he does what the influencer considers right.

DIMENSIONS OF VIOLENCE (Cont.)

The third dimension of violence is concerned with object side. The central argument is that when a person, group or nation is displaying the means of physical violence, whether by throwing stones around or testing nuclear weapons, there may not be violence present in the sense that anyone is hurt, but there is nevertheless the threat of physical violence and the indirect effect of mental violence that may even be characterized as some type of psychological violence.Image of Nuclear Test

Object side violence

DIMENSIONS OF VIOLENCE (cont.)

The fourth distinction is to be made based on the subject side. Individuals may be killed or hurt during both direct and indirect violence.

Subject side violence

DIMENSIONS OF VIOLENCE (cont.)

The fifth distinction is to be made between violence that is intended and unintended. The concept of guilt is decided based on intention.

Intended and Unintended

Violence

DIMENSIONS OF VIOLENCE (cont.)

The sixth distinction is to be made between violence that is visible and invisible. Visible and invisible violence are called as manifest and latent violence respectively.

Latent Violence

Manifest Violence

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