Pe Intr1 3 Handout

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F. Z. Peng: Slide 1August 1, 2004

Introduction to Power Electronics

Fang Z. PengDept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Michigan State UniversityPhone: 517-336-4687, Fax: 517-353-1980

Email: [email protected]


Contents

• Chapter 1: Introduction of Power Electronics

• Chapter 2: Power Converter Basic Circuits and Operating Principles

• Chapter 3: Control of Power Converters

• Chapter 4: Power Converter System Control, Analysis, and Design

• Chapter 5: Circuit Models and Simulation

• Chapter 6: Power electronic systems and applications

• Chapter 7: Automo tive App licatio ns: HEV and FC HEV SystemConfigurations and Their Power Electronic Circuits

• Chapter 8: Utility Applications: DG grid interconnection,Statcom, activ e fil ter, UPFC, and FACTS devices


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What is Power Electronics? Cont.

Power Processor(PE Circuits)

Raw power inDesired power out(V, I, P, F)

To loads:MotorUtility lineComputerEquipmentProcessControl

BatteryFuel CellUtilitySolarWind

Capacitor/InductorDc or ac


Multi-disciplinary Nature of Power Electronics

Power Electronics

Circuittheory Systems &

Control theory

Comm. & Signalprocessing

ElectronicsDSP, FPGA

ElectromagneticsEMI

Power systems

Electricmachine

Simulation &computing

Solid-statephysics

DSP Control Board


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Principle of Power Control Using Switch

Vd

RV

RL

iL

Vd

/RL

iL

0t

Vd

S

DF

LF

RL

vDF

Vd

vDF

t

TON

TOFF T

t

Vd

/RL

iL

• Current Control UsingVariable Resistor • Current Control UsingSwitching Device


Category of Power Conversion

• AC-DC Conver ter (Rectif ier )

• AC-AC Conver ter (Power Controll er, Cyc loconverter,Matrix converter)

• DC-AC Converter (Inverter)

• DC-DC Converter (DC Chopper - Buck/Boost/Buck-Boost Converter)


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Principle of AC-DC Converter (Rectif ier)

L o a

d

S 1

S 2 S 4

S 3

v1

v2

v1

S 1, S 4

S 2, S 3

v2

ONOFF

Aver age t

t

t

t

V1 - AC SourceV2 - DC Load Waveforms of AC-DC Converter


Principle of AC-AC Converter

(AC Power Controller)

S

L o a

d

v1

v2

V1 - AC SourceV2 - AC LoadS - AC Switch

v1

S

v2

ON

OFF t

t

Resistor Load

t

Waveforms of AC Power Adjuster


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Why Switching?

Vdc

LightBulb

RL

iL

iB

iC

vCE+ -

Vdc

LightBulb

RL

iL

r

V r R

r dc L+

⎛ ⎝ ⎜

⎞ ⎠⎟

2

Power Loss:

Power Consumption: V r R

Rdc L

L+⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞

⎠⎟

2

Vdc

LightBulb

RL

iLS

Vdc

Ileak

iC

Vdc

/RL

Vsat

t

POFF

Ic

P ON

t

PSW

PLoss

=vCE

iC


Switching DevicesCurrent Uncontrollable On -

Controllable

On and Off Controllable

Uni-Direction

+ v -

i

Diode

i +

-v

iG

Thyristor

Transistor

MOSFET *

GTO

IGBT

SIT, SITh, MCT,MTO, etc.

Bi-Direction Triac Module

* Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor


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Diode and Recti fier

+ v -

i

v

i

vac

vac

vO

L o a

d

iL

vO

ω t2

iL


Thyristor and Phase-Controlled Rectifier

i +

-v

iG

v

i

IG1

=0IG2IG3

IG3

>IG2

>IG1

vac

vac

vO

L o a

d

iL

vO

iL

2 ω t


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Power Transistor and Inverter

Load

S 1

S 2 S 4

S 3

vdc

vac

t

vac

(PWM)

RG

RG0VGE1

VGE0

IGBT

Gate Drive Circuit of IGBT


Safe Operating Area and Snubber Circuit

VCE

IC

WithoutSnubber

WithSnubber

VCE

IC

Safe Operating Area

WithoutSnubber

WithSnubber

InitialState

FinalState

Turn-off Waveform

SOA and Turn-off Trajectory

RCDSnubber

Circuit

RCSnubber

Circuit

Traditional Snubber Circuits


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IGBT Technology

0.10 1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

1 s t G e n .( ' 8 5 ) 2 n d G e n .( ' 8 9 )

3 r d G e n .( ' 9 4 ) f u r t h e r c u r v e

t f [us]

S a

t u r a

t i o n

V o

l t a g e

V C E

[ V ]


Progress of Large VA Rated GTO

'65 '95'90'85'80'75'700

3.0

2.0

1.0

Year

T u r n - o

f f C u r r e n

t [ k A ]

'00

4.0

6.0

400V/5A 600V/200A2.5kV/600A

2.5kV/1kA

2.5kV/2kA

4.5kV/2.5kA

4.5kV/2.7kA

5kV/2.5kA6kV/2.5kA

6kV/3kA4.5kV/3kA

5kV/4kA

6kV/6kA


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High-Voltage Power IC

• 220V/1A one-chip 3-phase inverter IC

• Smart power switching device module /IntelligentPower Module (IPM)

• Power Electronics Building Block (PEBB)

• etc.


Chapter 1

What We have Learned:

• What’s Power Electronics

• How to use ideal switches to do power con version

• How to mo del and analyze PE circuits (basic p rinciple)

• Real swi tch ing devices (D, Thy, IGBT, MOSFET, GTO, IGCT,etc)

• Snubber circuits for safer operation

• Combinations of transistor(s) and diode(s) for – Bi-directional current and unidirectional voltage switches

– Bi-directional current and bi-directional voltage switches (ac switch)


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Chapter 2 Basic Circuits of Power Conversion

Contents• Natural (Line, Load) Commutated Converter, Rectifi er, and

Cycloconverter

• Self-commutated Converter – Voltage-Source (Voltage-Fed) Invert er

– Current-Source (Voltage-Fed) Inverter

• DC Chop per and DC/DC Converter

• AC Swi tch: AC Pow er Ad just ing and Matrix Converter

• Multilevel inverters


Diode Rectifier

VRR

D

VS

VS

VR

VRR

D

VS

LF

VL

VS

VLVR

Half Bridge Rectifier

Half Bridge Rectifier withSmoothing Inductor


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Diode Rectif ier (Cnt’d)

VS

LF

VRRVL

VS

VL VR

VS

VL VRVRR

D

VS

LF

VLDF

With Free-Wheeling Diode

Full Bridge Rectifier



VDC

VS

VSab

VDC VR

VSbc

VSca


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VS

VDC

iSa

iSavSa

VSab

VDC

VSbc V

Sca

VSab VSbc VSca

-VSab

-VSbc

-VSca


Natural Commutated Converter

- phase-controlled rectifier (1 phase) -

VS

LF

VRRVL

S 1

S 4

S 2

S 2

VS

VLVR

α

S 1, S 4

S 2, S 3


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VSab

VDC VR

α

VSbc VSca

Natural Commutated Converter

- phase contro lled rectifier (3 phase) -

VS

LF

VRRVDC


Self-Commutated Power Converter

- voltage-source inverter -

S 1

S 2 S 4

S 3

vdc

vac

DF1

DF4

DF2

DF3 iac

Vac

DF1

S 1 , S 4

S 2 , S 3DF4 DF2

DF3DF1DF4

iac

Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter and Freewheeling Diode or

Antiparallel DiodeRec.Mode

Inv.Mode


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Self-Commutated Power Converter

- current-source inverter -

S 1

S 2 S 4

S 3

vac

DB1

DB4DB2

DB3 iac

Idc iac

vac


Dual Relationship of PE Circuits

• Voltage-source• Voltage• Current• Parallel connection• Series connection• Inductive component• Capacitive component• Switch open• Switch close• Line-to-line voltage

• Current-source• Current• Voltage• Series connection• Parallel connection• Capacitive component• Inductive component• Switch close• Switch open• Line /or phase current


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VS

VDC Motor

General Purpose Motor Drive System


Voltage-SourceInverter (6-step)

E

E/2

E/2Gap

Gan

Gbp Gcp

GcnGbn

Va

VcVb

Va=(Gap− Gan)E/2Vb=(Gbp− Gbn)E/2Vc=(Gcp− Gcn)E/2

Vn

+

-

on=1off=0Gap

Gan

Gbp

Gbn

Gcp

Gcn

I+-+

II+--

III++-

IV--+

V-++

VI-+-

I+-+

Va

Vb

Vc

Vab

E/2− E/2

E

− E

Vn − E/6E/6

Van2E/3

E/3− E/3 − 2E/3

ia

modeabc


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Voltage-Source Inverter (PWM)

E

E/2

E/2Gap

Gan

Gbp Gcp

GcnGbn

Va

Vc

Vb

Va=(Gap − Gan)E/2Vb=(Gbp − Gbn)E/2Vc=(Gcp − Gcn)E/2

Vn

+

-

vab

(PWM)


DC/DC Converter a) Buck Converter

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iD

iLiT

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iD

iLiT

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iD

iLiT

i) Circuit

ii) S on

iii) S off

v

v

v

iv) waveforms

gate of S off onTon Toff

T

0

iLiT iTiD iD

0

v EoutEinvoltage

current

Eout = 0 ~ Ein


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DC/DC Converter b) Boost Converter

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iDiL

iT

v

off onTon Toff

T

0

iLiT iTiD iD

0

vEinEout

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iDiL

iT

v

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iDiL

iT

v

Eout = Ein ~


DC/DC Converter c) Buck/Boost Converter

Ein LC

Eout

-

+

DS iD

iL

iT

v

Ein LC

Eout

-

+

DS iD

iL

iT

v

Ein LC

Eout

-

+

DS iD

iL

iT

v

off onTon Toff

T

0

iLiT iTiD iD

0

v

Eout

Ein

Eout = 0 ~


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AC Switches: AC Power Regulator

S

L o a

d

v1

v2


AC Switches: Matrix Converter

3-Phase Load

or Motor

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