PDV Sweeny v ConocoPhillips - USDC SDNY - Order & Opinion Confirming ConocoPhillips Award - 1...

8/20/2019 PDV Sweeny v ConocoPhillips - USDC SDNY - Order & Opinion Confirming ConocoPhillips Award - 1 September 2015

1/24

\JKPL@ WPIPLW @KWPRKGP GF\RP

WF\POLRJ @KWPRKGP FN JLS [FRE

]@^ Wwlljy, Kjg., lt ih.,

]ltktkfjlrs,

v

Gfjfgf]okhhkps Gf., lt ih.,

Rlspfj`ljts.

IHKWFJ

A

JIPOIJ, @kstrkgt Au`cl1

90-gv-


2/24

K

BIGECRF\J@

I ]irtkls

Poks gisl prkjgkpihhy gfjglrjs i afkjt vljturl bltwllj Gfjfgf]okhhkps ij` ]ltrfhlfs `l

^ljlzulhi, W.I. ( ]@^WI ). Wll @et. Jf. 2?, Lx. 9 ( ]irtkih Iwir` ) k99. Pol vljturl

kjvfhvl` i judblr f subsk`kirkls ij` i gfdphlx wlb f icrlldljts cfvlrjkjc tol supphy ij`

dijicldljt f tol fkh rlnkjkjc fplritkfj. Gfjfgf]okhhkps

ks

i @lhiwirl gfrpfritkfj ij` tol

pirljt f Wwlljy Wub. K`

kk

97. ]@^WI ks i ^ljlzulhij gfrpfritkfj wofhhy fwjl` by tol

^ljlzulhij cfvlrjdljt. K` k99=. ]@^ Wwlljy ij` ]@^ Plxis irl bfto kj`krlgthy wofhhy

fwjl` subsk`kirkls f ]@^WI. K`

?

;. Pwf ljtktkls gfdprksl` tol igtuih afkjt vljturl1

Dlrly Wwlljy, H.]., i @lhiwirl hkdktl` pirtjlrsokp, ij` Wwlljy Gfelr H.H.G. ( Wwlljy

Gfelr ), i @lhiwirl hkdktl` hkibkhkty gfrpfritkfj.

K`

9>. ]@^ Wwlljy ij` Wwlljy Wub wlrl

hkdktl` pirtjlrs kj Dlrly Wwlljy, H.]., wkto ligo ljtkty pfsslsskjc i 0;.< plrgljt stiel.

K`

Pol rldikjkjc 9 plrgljt kjtlrlst kj tol pirtjlrsokp wis gfjtrfhhl` by Wwlljy Gfelr, wokgo ktslhn

wis fwjl` kj lquih pirt by ]@^ Plxis ij` Gfjfgf]okhhkps.

K`

B Pol fkjt ^ljturl

Kj tol hitl 9;;=s, Gfjfgf]okhhkps, ]@^WI, ij` tolkr rlsplgtkvl subsk`kirkls gfddljgl`

i afkjt vljturl tf `lskcj, gfjstrugt, fwj, supphy, ij` fplritl rlnkjkjc nigkhktkls wktokj tol

brfi`lr gfjnkjls f i hircl rlnkjkjc gfdphlx fwjl` by Gfjfgf]okhhkps kj Plxis.

K` 9.

Poks

wis ejfwj is tol Wwlljy Rlnkjlry.

K`

99=. ]@^WI ij` kts innkhkitls supphkl` gru`l fkh

nrfd ^ljlzulhi wokgo wis tolj prfglssl` by Gfjfgf]okhhkps, wokgo oi` crlitlr rlnkjkjc ij`

fplritkfjih lxplrtksl toij ]@^WI.

K`

999. Gfjfgf]okhhkps' kjtlrlst kj tol irrijcldljt wis

toit kt wis ibhl

tf

slgurl i hfjc-tlrd, hfw-gfst sfurgl f gru`l fkh nrfd ^ljlzulhi, wokgo kt wis

2

Gisl 9190-gv-=


3/24

tolj ibhl tf gfjvlrt kjtf okco-vihul lj` prfùgts. ` Pol Wwlljy Rlnkjlry ij` ftolr ijgkhhiry

nigkhktkls wlrl fwjl` by Dlrly Wwlljy, H.]. ` 990.

I judblr

fn

icrlldljts cfvlrjl` tol rlhitkfjsokp bltwllj tol virkfus pirtkls tf tol

afkjt vljturl. Pol fbhkcitkfj

fn

]@^WI ij` kts innkhkitls tf supphy Gfjfgf]okhhkps ij` tol

Wwlljy rlnkjlry wkto ^ljlzulhij gru`l fkh wis cfvlrjl` by tol Idlj`l` ij` Rlstitl` Gru`l

Fkh Wupphy Icrlldljt (tol GFWI ).

Wll

]kzzurrf @llh., Lx. 75 ]irtkih

w i r ` ~

99;. Pol

GFWI, skcjl` kj 9;;;, ks cfvlrjl` by ^ljlzulhij hiw.

Wll

]irtkih w i r ` ~ 99;. I rlhitl`

icrlldljt wis tol Idlj`l` ij` Rlstitl` Wupphldljtih Gru`l Fkh Wupphy Icrlldljt (tol

WGFWI ) bltwllj ]@^WI ij` Gfjfgf]okhhkps. Pol WGFWI, ihsf cfvlrjl` by ^ljlzulhij

hiw, fbhkcitl` ]@^WI

tf

issudl tol rlspfjskbkhkty nfr supphykjc rlphigldljt gru`l fkh, fr piy

slhhlr ìdicls, tf Gfjfgf]okhhkps kj tol lvljt toit fjl fn kts subsk`kirkls wis prlvljtl` nrfd

supphykjc gru`l fkh uj`lr tol GFWI ùl

tf

tol igtkfjs

fn

tol ^ljlzulhij cfvlrjdljt.

Wll

]kzzurrf @llh., Lx. 05 ]irtkih

w i r ` ~

929.

G Pol Prijsnlr Icrlldljt ij` tol Gihh Fptkfj

Pol icrlldljt dfst `krlgthy it kssul kj toks gisl, ofwlvlr,

ks

tol Prijsnlr Icrlldljt.

Poit icrlldljt, cfvlrjl` by lw [fre hiw, rlstrkgtl` tol dijjlr kj wokgo tol pittkls gfuh`

trijsnlr afkjt vljturl kjtlrlsts.

Wll

]irtkih

w i r ` ~

99?. Pol Prijsnlr Icrlldljt `lhkjlitl`

twf gitlcfrkls

fn

fkjt vljturl kjtlrlst trijsnlrs. Pol nkrst, iutofrkzl` trijsnlrs, wlrl trijsnlrs

vfhujtirkhy di`l by tol pittkls, wokgo tol Icrlldljt subalgtl`

tf

glrtikj rlstrkgtkfjs.

Wll

]kzzurrf @llh., Lx.

2

Irt. KKK. Pol slgfj` gitlcfry, dijìtfry trijsnlrs, gfjglrjl` glrtikj

gfdpuhsfry trijsnlrs

fn

afkjt vljturl isslts.

K`.

Irt. K̂ . Dijìtfry trijsnlrs igtl` is i rldl`y

nfr Gfjfgf]okhhkps kj tol lvljt

fn

]@^WI's brligo.

Wll

]irtkih

w i r ` ~

99?. Poks wis rlnlrrl`

tf

is tol Gihh Fptkfj, wokgo gfuh` bl trkcclrl` by fjl

fn

slvlrih splgknkgihhy k`ljtknkl` gihh

7

Gisl 9190-gv-=


4/24

lvljts. ll ]kzzurrf @llh., Lx. 2 Irt K .̂, Wlg. 0.9. Pwf gihh lvljts k`ljtknkl` by tol Prijsnlr

Icrlldljt irl rlhlvijt tf toks gisl. Pol nkrst fggurrl`

k

i ]@^WI subsk`kiry nikhl` tf dllt kts

fbhkcitkfj tf supphy gru`l fkh uj`lr tol GFWI ij` toit nikhurl rldikjl` ujgurl` nfr ;= `iys.

K` Wlgfj`, ij` skdkhirhy, i gihh lvljt fggurrl` k ]@^WI nikhl` tf diel i piydljt fbhkcitkfj

uj`lr tol WGFWI ij` toit nikhurl rldikjl` ujgurl` nfr ;= `iys. K` \j`lr lktolr sgljirkf,

Gfjfgf]okhhkps wfuh` oivl tol rkcot tf lxlrgksl tol Gihh Fptkfj, iutfditkgihhy ihhfwkjc kt tf

igqukrl tol afkjt vljturl kjtlrlst f ]@^WI ij` kts subsk`kirkls. ll ]irtkih I w i r ` ~ 99?.

Kj tol lvljt toit fjl f tol pirtkls lhlgtl` tf lxlrgksl tol Gihh Fptkfj, tol Prijsnlr

Icrlldljt prfvk`l` twf nfrduhis nfr gihguhitkjc tol purgoisl prkgl.

K ` ~

9>


5/24

@ Pol @kssfhutkfj f tol Afkjt ^ljturl

Kj Aijuiry 2==;, tol ]@^WI pirtkls gurtikhl` tolkr supphy fn ^ljlzulhij gru`l fkh tf

Gfjfgf]okhhkps ùl, ihhlcl`hy, tf gutbiges kj tol prfùgtkfj ij` lxpfrt fn gru`l fkh nrfd

^ljlzulhi.

`

920-92>. Gfjfgf]okhhkps ghikdl` kt wis ùl slhhlr ìdicls uj`lr tol GFWI

ij` WGFWI ij` tol pirtkls blcij i gfrrlspfj`ljgl rlcir`kjc tol lxtljt fn

]@^WI s

hkibkhkty.

K ` ~ ~ 923-92;. Fj Iucust 2?, 2==;, Gfjfgf]okhhkps kjnfrdl` ]@^ Wwlljy ij` ]@^ Plxis

toit kt wis lxlrgkskjc tol Gihh Fptkfj uj`lr tol Prijsnlr Icrlldljt.

`

97>. Gfjfgf]okhhkps

lhlgtl` tf buy tol ]@^WI soirl

fn

tol afkjt vljturl iggfr`kjc tf tol slgfj` gfjtrigtuih nfrduhi,

wokgo rlqukrl` Gfjfgf]okhhkps

tf

piy lkcoty plrgljt

fn

tol ]@^WI pirtkls' gipktih gfjtrkbutkfjs

tf

tol afkjt vljturl dkjus ihh gipktih `kstrkbutkfjs nrfd tol afkjt vljturl tf tol ]@^WI pirtkls.

K`

9>?. Kj ellpkjc wkto tol Prijsnlr

Icrlldljt, Gfjfgf]okhhkps wis ihsf fbhkcitl` tf issudl tol ]@^WI pirtkls' futstij`kjc `lbt

fbhkcitkfjs, wokgo idfujtl` tf ipprfxkditlhy 9;< dkhhkfj. K` 9>;. Gfjfgf]okhhkps lhlgtl`

jft tf tlrdkjitl tol GFWI fr WGFWI ij` ]@^WI ij` kts innkhkitls rlsudl` sokpdljts fn gru`l

fkh kj Fgtfblr 2==;. K ` ~ 9>0.

L Pol Irbktritkfj

Pol ]@^WI pirtkls gfddljgl` irbktritkfj uj`lr tol KGG Ruhls fn Irbktritkfj fj

Nlbruiry 2


6/24

blgiusl kt rlsuhtl` kj i purgoisl prkgl

fn

zlrf `fhhirs nfr tolkr soirl

fn

tol

afkjt

vljturl, wokgo

tol Gfjfgf]okhhkps lxplrt wktjlss tf tol irbktritkfj vihul` bltwllj $7


7/24

ihsf ; \.W.G. § 2=2. Poks gisl nurtolr nihhs uj`lr tol Kjtlr-Idlrkgij Gfjvljtkfj fj

Kjtlrjitkfjih Gfddlrgkih Irbktritkfj ( Kjtlr-Idlrkgij Gfjvljtkfj ) blgiusl kt irfsl nrfd i

gfddlrgkih rlhitkfjsokp bltwllj gktkzljs

fn

skcjitfry jitkfjs tf toit Gfjvljtkfj. Wijhuks

@lvlhfpdljts H.H.G. v. GG] Wijhuks H.H.G. 0;?

N

Wupp. 2` >;;, 3=2 ([email protected].[. 2==3).

Pol Kjtlr-Idlrkgij Gfjvljtkfj splgknkls toit wolj bfto Gfjvljtkfjs ipphy,

kn

i

diafrkty

fn

tol pirtkls kf tol irbktritkfj icrlldljt irl gktkzljs

fn

stitls toit irl skcjitfrkls tf tol

Kjtlr-Idlrkgij Gfjvljtkfj ij` irl dldblr stitls fn tol Frcijkzitkfj fn Idlrkgij Wtitls, tol

Kjtlr-Idlrkgij Gfjvljtkfj dust cfvlrj. Ljlrcy Prijsp. Ht .̀

v.

D ^ Wij Wlbistkij 70? N

Wupp. 2` 9?>, 9;; ([email protected].[. 2==0) (gktkjc ; \.W.G. § 7=


8/24

Pwf

ekj`s

fn

igtkfjs fr prfgll`kjcs nihh uj`lr

tol

Jlw

[fre

Gfjvljtkfj ij` tolrlnfrl

ckvl

rksl

tf subalgt dittlr aurks`kg tkfj kj toks Gfurt1 nkrst, i pltktkfj nfr ij fr`lr gfjnkrdkjc ij irbktritkfj

iwir`,

sll

; \.W.G. § 2=3, ij` slgfj`, i pltktkfj nfr ij fr`lr gfdplhhkjc irbktritkfj

pursuijt

tf

ij irbktritkfj icrlldljt. Wll ; \.W.G. § 2=>. Fjhy fjl ekj`

fn

igtkfj nihhs uj`lr tol hjtlr

Idlrkgij Gfjvljt kfj, jidlhy, i pltktkfj nfr ij fr`lr tf gfjnkrd ij irbktritkfj iwir`. Wll ;

\.W.G. § 7=2. Blgiusl Rlspfj`ljts grfss-pltktkfj nfr ij fr`lr gfjnkrdkjc tol ]irtkih

Iwir`

ij`

Nkjih Iwir`, bfto tol Jlw

[fre

Gfjvljtkfj ij` Kjtlr-Idlrkgij Gfjvljtkfj, is kdphldljtl`

by tol NII,

prfvk`l

i aurks`kgtkfjih bisks nfr toks `ksputl uj`lr 2? \.W.G.

§

9779.

Ofwlvlr, kt ks kdpfrtijt tf jftl toit ]ltktkfjlrs' dftkfj tf vigitl, stij`kjc ihfjl,

wfuh`

jlglssktitl i `kstkjgt bisks nfr aurks`kgtkfj. Jlktolr tol Jlw

[fre

Gfjvljtkfj

jfr

tol Kjtlr

Idlrkgij Gfjvljtkfj diels UijyT dljtkfj fn vigitur igtkfjs. Gfurts toit oivl

spfelj

fj tol

kssul, lvlj kj `kgti, ujkvlrsihhy icrll toit nl`lrih `kstrkgt gfurts `f jft oivl frkckjih

aurks`kgtkfj

tf olir i

dftkfj

tf vigitl ij irbktrih iwir` pursuijt tf tol Gfjvljtkfj,

wolj tol dftkfj tf

vigitl ks tol sfhl bisks

fr

subalgt dittlr aurks`kgtkfj." Kjcislfsis Kjt' Gf

v

Igfjgicui

Kjvlstkjc Ht`.,

=;-gv-27=3?,

2=99SH


9/24

hiw ij` rlgfcjkzls `lnljsls tf tol ljnfrgldljt fn ij iwir`. ) Ofwlvlr, toks prlsicls i

grktkgih kssul j toks gisl5 jidlhy, toit tol Kjtlr-Idlrkgij Gfjvljtkfj prfvk`ls jf kj`lplj`ljt

bisks nfr vigitur lxglpt nfr tofsl bisls ivikhibhl uj`lr `fdlstkg hiw.

Khh ]LPKPKFJ PF ^ G PL POL S R@

]ltktkfjlrs rlqulst toit tol Gfurt vigitl tol ]irtkih Iwir` tf tol lxtljt kt nfuj` tol Gihh

Fptkfj prfvkskfj fn tol Prijsnlr Icrlldljt tf gfjstktutl i vihk` ij` ljnfrglibhl gfjtrigt ghiusl,

wokgo toly gfjtlj` kj nigt igtl` is ij ujljnfrglibhl pljihty. Is i hlcih bisks nfr vigitur,

pltktkfjlrs ircul toit Irtkghl


10/24

uj`lrdkjkjc tol twkj cfihs fn irbktritkfj, jidlhy, sltthkjc `ksputls lnnkgkljthy ij` ivfk`kjc hfjc

ij` lxpljskvl hktkcitkfj.

Ljgyghfpil`ki \jkvlrsihks

WI v

Ljgyghfpil`ki Brktijjkgi, Kjg.,

0=7

N.7` ?; N

Wupp. 2` 02, >>< N.7` 7?0, 7;3 (2` Gkr. 2=99)).

Pol Jlw [fre Gfjvljtkfj prfvk`ls k`ljtkgih crfuj`s nfr rlnuskjc tf rlgfcjkzl ij irbktrih iwir`

ij` gfurts wktokj toks Gkrgukt oivl skdkhirhy `lsgrkbl` tolsl crfuj`s is `lnljsls tf

ljnfrgldljt. Wll, l.c., Plhljfr Dfbkhl Gfddg js IW v Wtfrd HHG,


11/24

virkfus `lnljsls tf i pltktkfj tf ljnfrgl ij iwir`, but `fls jft prfvk`l ij kj`lplj`ljt bisks nfr

sllekjc vigitur.

Wll [usunIodl` Ihcoijkd Wfjs

v.

Pfys R

\s

Kjg.,

92> N.7` 9> (BLJ) (JHW), 2=9= SH 2?0-?< ([email protected].[. 2==7)

(ofh`kjc toit i gfurt ipphykjc tol Kjtlr-Idlrkgij Gfjvljtkfj diy vigitl ij irbktritkfj iwir`

bisl` fj tol crfuj`s rlgfcjkzl` kj ; \.W.G. § 9F i)) (gktkjc Kjtlrjitkfjih Kjs. Gf. v. Giai

Jigkfjih

`l Iofrrf v Wlcurf, FF-gv->3=7, 2==9 SH 722==


12/24

Nkjihhy, tol Wlgfj` Gkrgukt ois rlgfcjkzl` fjl jfj-stitutfry pito tf vigitur uj`lr tol

Jlw [fre Gfjvljtkfj ij` tol Kjtlr-Idlrkgij Gfjvljtkfj. "Kj i``ktkfj tf tol stitutfry

prfvkskfjs, ij iwir` diy bl vigitl`

k

kt wis rlj`lrl` kj 'dijknlst `ksrlcir`

f

tol Aiw."'

Bijgf `l Wlcurfs, 2?< (quftkjc Crlljblrc v. Blir, Wtlirjs Gf. 22= N.7`

22, 2? (2` Gkr. 2===)). Pol gfjtkjul` lxkstljgl f toks `fgtrkjl ois bllj gist kjtf `fubt by tol

Wuprldl Gfurt's `lgkskfj kj

Oihh Wtrllt Issfgkitls,

H.H.G.

v. Dittlh, Kjg.,

32 j.7 (2=9=). Iggfr`kjchy, gfurts wktokj tol

Wlgfj` Gkrgukt oivl gfjtkjul` tf rfutkjlhy ipphy tol `fgtrkjl.

Wll, l.c., ]isoi

v.

Aijslsoek,

90-

gv-9?3=, 2=9< SH 9=>99>0, it * 9 (2` Gkr. Dir. 92, 2=9


13/24

@kst. Gfujgkh Slhnirl Nuj`, ]ljskfj Nuj ,̀ Ijjukty Nuj̀ , Prikjkjc ]rfcrid Nuj` v

Jigkrldi Ljvth. Wlrvs. Gf., 97-gv-7>;


14/24

`lnlrljtkih `fgtrkjl fn dijknlst `ksrlcir` lxksts is i jfj-stitutfry bisks nfr vigitur).

Iggfr`kjchy, tol Gfurt jfw dust `ltlrdkjl woltolr fr jft ]ltktkfjlrs irl ljtkthl` tf vigitur

uj`lr tol stitutfry crfuj`s fn

tol NII fr tol `fgtrkjl

fn

dijknlst `ksrlcir`.

B Ipphkgitkfj

Blgiusl ]ltktkfjlrs slle tf slt isk`l tol ]irtkih I wir` fj tol bisks fn i jfj-lxkstljt

pubhkg pfhkgy ritkfjihl nfr vigitur, tolkr dftkfj `fls jft `krlgthy i``rlss woltolr tol irbktrih

]ijlh dijknlsthy `ksrlcir`l` tol hiw fr woltolr fjl fn tol nfur stitutfry crfuj`s nfr vigitur

uj`lr tol NII ks ipphkgibhl. Pol Gfurt wkhh gfjstrul ]ltktkfjlrs' dftkfj is sllekjc tf vigitl

tol ]irtkih I wir` uj`lr tofsl hlcih crfuj`s igtuihhy ivikhibhl tf told.

Nuj`idljtihhy, ]ltktkfjlrs gfjtlj` toit tol ]ijlh crfsshy dksipphkl` wlhh-lstibhksol`

Jlw [fre gfjtrigt hiw rlcir`kjc tol ljnfrglibkhkty

fn

gfjtrigt prfvkskfjs fplritkjc is i pljihty.

Wll ]lt s B r ~ ~ 3, 9>; ([email protected].[. 9;;=) (gktkjc Brlgolr

v

Hikekj, 07= N.Wupp. 9=7, 9=> ([email protected].[.

90

Gisl 9190-gv-=


15/24

9;33)). Ofwlvlr, kt ks nir nrfd ghlir toit toit `fgtrkjl gfjtrfhhl` tol `kspfsktkfj fn toks gisl.

Rlspfj`ljts tffe tol pfsktkfj toit i gfjtrigt ghiusl gij fjhy bl `lldl` ij ujljnfrglibhl

pljihty kn kt diy ihsf bl gitlcfrkzl` is i hkqukìtl` ìdicls ghiusl. Wll ]irtkih Iwir` 93?-

9?3. ]ltktkfjlrs, fj tol ftolr oij`, ircul` toit gfjtrigtuih pljihtkls wlrl jft jlglssirkhy

gfjgfdktijt wkto hkqukìtl` ìdicls ghiusls ij` toit ijy ghiusl gfuh` bl `lldl` i pljihty sf

hfjc is kt dlt fjl fn i judblr fn tlsts lstibhksol` by Jlw [fre hiw. K` 932-933. Pol ]ijlh

uhtkditlhy grl`ktl` tol Rlspfj`ljts' pfsktkfj, gfjghu`kjc toit tf nkj` toit tol gfjglpt

fn

ujljnfrglibhl pljihty ks kj`lplj`ljt nrfd tol gfjglpt fn hkqukìtl` ìdicls wfuh` ujùhy

`lpirt nrfd

Jlw

[fre hiw.

K`

9?;. Blgiusl tol ]ijlh nurtolr gfjghu`l` toit tol Gihh

Fptkfj igtl` is i tlrdkjitkfj prfvkskfj, ritolr toij i hkqukìtl` ìdicls prfvkskfj, kt gfjghu`l`

tolrl wis jf jll` tf `ltlrdkjl woltolr tol ghiusl gfuh` bl `lldl` i pljihty.

K`

]ltktkfjlrs kjskst toit tol ]ijlh lrrl`. Pol Gfurt `fls jft `ksgfujt toit pfsskbkhkty, but

]ltktkfjlrs oivl jfjltolhlss nikhl` tf dllt tolkr bur`lj

fn

`ldfjstritkjc tol lxkstljgl

fn

i

ghlirhy cfvlrjkjc hlcih prkjgkphl ij` tol irbktritfr's dijknlst `ksrlcir`

fn

sugo i prkjgkphl.

j

rl Irbktritkfj Bltwllj Itolrtfj Fjhkjl ^k l̀f Jltwfre Kjg. 230 N Wupp. 2` )).

Jf sugo ghirkty lxksts kj toks gisl. Jlktolr pirty ois kjtrfùgl` ijy hlcih iutofrkty toit

gfjghuskvlhy ijswlrs tol qulstkfj put blnfrl tol ]ijlh gfjglrjkjc woltolr tol Gihh Fptkfj igtl`

is i pljihty. ]ltktkfjlrs kjtrfùgl twf iutofrktkls fj tol kssul. Pol nkrst, tol Rlstitldljt

9<

Gisl 9190-gv-=


16/24

(Wlgfj`) fn Gfjtrigts, jftls kj i gfddljt toit i gfurt wkhh hffe tf tol substijgl

fn

tol

icrlldljt tf `ltlrdkjl woltolr tol pirtkls oivl ittldptl` tf `kscuksl i prfvkskfj nfr i

pljihty, kjghu`kjc tofsl toit purpfrtUT tf phigl i vihuitkfj fj prfplrty tf bl `lhkvlrl`.

Rlstitldljt (Wlgfj`) fn Gfjtrigts § 7 gdt g (9;?9 . But tol igtuih substijgl fn toit slgtkfj

fn tol Rlstitldljt, jftibhy tkthl` Hkqukìtl` @idicls ij` ]ljihtkls, stitls ujlqukvfgihhy toit

i tlrd nkxkjc ujrlisfjibhy hircl hkqukìtl` ìdicls ks ujljnfrglibhl fj crfuj`s

fn

pubhkg

pfhkgy is i pljihty.

K`

§ 7(9) (ldpoisks i``l`). Kt wis oir`hy ujrlisfjibhl nfr tol ]ijlh tf

gfjghu`l fj tol bisks fn toks iutofrkty toit i 'tlrd nkxkjc ujrlisfjibhy hircl hkqukìtl` ìdicls'

ks i prlrlquksktl tf `lldkjc i ghiusl 'ujljnfrglibhl fj crfuj`s

fn

pubhkg pfhkgy is i pljihty.'

]ltktkfjlrs nurtolr gktl Kj

rl

= ]

D Hliskjc Wlrvs., Kjg., 27

B.R. 9=0 (Bijer. [email protected].[.

9;?2), wokgo stij`s fjhy nfr tol prfpfsktkfj toit hiblhs irl krrlhlvijt kj `ltlrdkjkjc woltolr i

ghiusl igts is i pljihty. But jftokjc kj tol ]irtkih Iwir` gfjtri`kgtl` toit biskg prfpfsktkfj. Kj

nigt, tol ]irtkih Iwir` phikjhy stitl` toit tol Prkbujih icrlls wkto tol Ghikdijts Uk.l.

]ltktkfjlrsT toit tol hiblh ckvlj tf i prfvkskfj `fls jft dittlr.

Wll

]irtkih Iwir` r 9?;.

Jftokjc lhsl kj toit gisl suppfrts tol ]ltktkfjlrs' ircudljt toit ujljnfrglibhl pljihtkls lxkst

kj`lplj`ljthy

fn

hkqukìtl` ìdicls ghiusls. Kj`ll`, tol nigts

fn

toit gisl splgknkgihhy

gfjglrjl` i hkqukìtl` ìdicls ghiusl ij` tol gfurt olh` jftokjc dfrl toij toit kt wfuh` jft

ljnfrgl i hkqukìtl` ìdicls ghiusl toit ks kj rlihkty i pljihty.

K`

it 999. ]ltktkfjlrs diy

tolrlnfrl oivl `ldfjstritl` tol lxkstljgl fn i wlhh-lstibhksol` `fgtrkjl fnJlw [fre hiw, but

toly oivl jft `ldfjstritl` kts fbvkfus ipphkgitkfj tf toks gisl.

I``ktkfjihhy, ]ltktkfjlrs oivl nikhl` tf `ldfjstritl toit tol ]ijlh, tofuco iwirl

fn

cfvlrjkjc prlgl`ljt, rlnusl` tf ipphy kt fr kcjfrl` kt ihtfcltolr.

Sihhigl,

73? N.7` it 9?;-;=.

Kj nigt, tol ]ijlh gfjsk`lrl` tol pfsktkfj

fn

bfto pirtkls lxtljskvlhy, kjghu`kjc tol ]ltktkfjlr's

9>

Gisl 9190-gv-= fn 20


17/24

ircudljt toit tol Gihh Fptkfj igtl` is i pljihty. Wll ]irtkih Rlpfrt kkk 932-9?3. Poit tol ]ijlh

uhtkditlhy grl`ktl` tol Rlspfj`ljts' pfsktkfj

ks

jft lvk`ljgl fn dijknlst `ksrlcir` nfr tol hiw.

Kj sud, UtTolrl ks jf lxphkgkt lvk`ljgl kj tol rlgfr` toit ijy fn tol irbktritfrs blhklvl` toit

Uujljnfrglibhl pljihtyT hiw ipphkl`. Jfr ks tolrl ijy `lhkblritljlss fr wkhhnuhjlss lxokbktl`

wktokj tol iwir` toit sofws tol irbktritfrs' kjtljt tf nhfut tol hiw. Pol irbktritfrs' rlisfjkjc

`fls jft strikjUT grlùhkty. Wll Sklj Dihekj HH] v Olhdshly-Wplir, Kjg., > J.[.7` 039,

0?0 (2==>) (gktkjc Slstlrblel, 7=0 N 7` it 29>) (kjtlrjih quftitkfjs rldfvl`). Pol ]ijlh wis

iwirl fn tol hlcih prkjgkphls toit tol ]ltktkfjlrs blhklvl suppfrtl` tolkr pfsktkfj, but uhtkditlhy

`ltlrdkjl` toit toly `k` jft ipphy. Poit ks jft i nhfutkjc

fn

tol iàu`kgitkvl prfglss, but ritolr

kts usuih nujgtkfjkjc.

Wll Woijcoik Nff`stunns Kdp. Lxp. Gfrp.

v

Kjt' Gold., Kjg.,

;;-gv-

772= (RGG), 2==0 SH 297=9;, it 7 ([email protected].[. Nlb. 0, 2==0) (gktkjc Bijgf `l Wlcurfs `l

Lsti`f v Dutuih Dirkjl Fnnkgl, Kjg., 700 N.7` 2 N.7` 9290, 929> (2` Gkr. 2==2) (gktkjc Wklclh

v Pktij Kjùs. Gfrp., 33; N.2` ?;9, ?;2-;7 (2` Gkr. 9;?


18/24

uhtkditl gfjghuskfj, kt gfjsk`lrl` tol ircudljts fn bfto pirtkls, rlvklwl` tol pl9kkjljt nigts ij`

stitl gisl hiw, ij` ittldptl` kts fwj rlisfjl` ipphkgitkfj fnJlw [fre hiw tf tol nigts fn tol

gisl.

Wll

]irtkih Iwir` 9??-299. Pol ]irtkih Iwir` prfvk`ls ij lxphijitkfj fn woy tol

]ijlh grl`ktl` tol Rlspfj`ljts' vlrskfj fn tol hiw fvlr ]ltktkfjlrs' ij` glrtikjhy fnnlrs i

birlhy gfhfribhl austknkgitkfj fn tol rlsuht.

Wll Sihhigl

73? N.7` it 9;=. Ghlirhy tolrl `k`

jft lxkst olrl 'dfrl toij lrrfr fr dksuj`lrstij`kjc wkto rlsplgt tf tol hiw.' Kj

rl Irbktritkfj

Bltwllj ]OW. ÎJ FDDLRLJ

J

^

v

AJF. DgGihh Gfih Lxp. Gfrp.

?;-gv->? (ADS),

9;;= SH 990300, it *0 ([email protected].[. Ipr. 23, 9;;=) (quftkjc Bfbelr ?=? N.2` it ;77).

Blgiusl ]ltktkfjlrs oivl nikhl` tf `ldfjstritl toit tol ]ijlh dijknlsthy `ksrlcir`l`

rlhlvijt hiw, ij` blgiusl tol stitutfry crfuj`s nfr vigitur kj tol NII irl ghlirhy kjippfsktl

tf

toks gisl, ]ltktkfjlrs' dftkfj tf vigitl ks `ljkl`.

K^. GRFWW-]LPKPKFJ PF GFJNKRD RLGFCJKQL IJ@ LJNFRGL POL

ISIR@

Rlspfj`ljts grfss-pltktkfj nfr gfjnkrditkfj

fn

tol ]ijlh's ]irtkih Iwir` ij` Nkjih

Iwir`. Nfr tol rlisfjs blhfw, tol grfss-pltktkfj ks crijtl`.

I Hlcih Wtijìr`

Pol Rlspfj`ljts' grfss-pltktkfj ks skdkhirhy cfvlrjl` by tol Kjtlr-Idlrkgij Gfjvljtkfj,

wokgo ipphkls gf-lxtljskvlhy wkto tol Jlw [fre Gfjvljtkfj.

Wll ]rfùgtfs Dlrgijtkhls

27

N.7` it 0


19/24

Cftt`kljlr,

0>2 N.7` ;).

Wll ihsf

N

Ofnndijj-Hi Rfgol Ht̀ .

v

Ykiclj

Ciktolrsburc, Kjg., 37= N. Wupp. 2` 79?, 772 ([email protected].[. 2=9=). Poks hkdktl` rlvklw ks jlglssiry

tf ivfk` uj`lrdkjkjc tol twkj cfihs fn irbktritkfj, jidlhy, sltthkjc `ksputls lnnkgkljthy ij`

ivfk`kjc hfjc ij` lxpljskvl hktkcitkfj. '

Ljgyghfpil`ki \jkvlrsihks,

0=7 N.7` it ;= (quftkjc

[usun5

92> N.7` it 27).

@lspktl tol jfrdihhy rfutkjl jiturl fn gfjnkrdkjc irbktrih iwir`s, Irtkghl ^ fn tol Kjtlr

Idlrkgij Gfjvljtkfj prfvk`ls toit tol rlgfcjktkfj ij` lxlgutkfj fn ij irbktrih `lgkskfj diy

ihsf bl rlnusl` kn tol gfdpltljt iutofrkty fn tol Wtitl kj wokgo tol rlgfcjktkfj ij` lxlgutkfj ks

rlqulstl` nkj`s1 UtToit tol rlgfcjktkfj fr lxlgutkfj

fn

tol `lgkskfj wfuh` bl gfjtriry tf tol

pubhkg pfhkgy ( fr`rl pubhkg ) fn toit Wtitl. Wll Kjtlr-Idlrkgij Gfjvljtkfj, Irt. ^(2)(b).

7

Iggfr`kjchy, tol ]ltktkfjlrs' pubhkg pfhkgy ircudljts `f nkj` i ofdl kj tol Gfjvljtkfj 's

splgknkgihhy ljudlritl` `lnljsls

tf

ljnfrgldljt, rlgfcjktkfj, ij` gfjnkrditkfj fn ij irbktrih

iwir`, lvlj tofuco pubhkg pfhkgy prfvk`ls jf innkrditkvl crfuj` nfr vigitur uj`lr tol Kjtlr

Idlrkgij Gfjvljtkfj fr NII.

Wll, l.c., Hij`lr,

9=3 N.7` it 03?5

[usun,

92> N.7` it 22.

Jfjltolhlss, tol pubhkg pfhkgy `lnljsl sofuh̀ bl gfjstrul` jirrfwhy. Sitlrsk`l

Fglij Jivkcitkfj

Gf v

Kjtlrjitkfjih Jivkcitkfj Ht`.,

373 N.2` 9

([email protected].[. 2==0) (quftkjc

]irsfjs Sokttldfrl Fvlrslis

Gf v

Wfgkltl Cljlritl `l

H'hj`ustrkl `u ]ipklr,

;,

;37 30

(2` Gkr. 9;30)). Iggfr`kjchy, Irtkghl ^(2)(b) ois

bllj rli` tf ljgfdpiss fjhy tofsl gkrgudstijgls wolrl ljnfrgldljt wfuh` vkfhitl fur dfst

7

Pol Jlw [fre Gfjvljtkfj gfjtikjs ij k`ljtkgih prfvkskfj.

Wll

29 \.W.P. 2


20/24

biskg jftkfjs fn dfrihkty ij` austkgl. Plhljfr,


21/24

Iwir` wfuh` vkfhitl tol dfst biskg jftkfjs

fn

dfrihkty ij` austkgl, tol grfss-pltktkfj dust bl

crijtl`.

@lspktl rlstkjc tolkr ircudljts nfr vigitur ij` `ljkih fn gfjnkrditkfj fj pubhkg pfhkgy

crfuj`s, ]ltktkfjlrs nikh tf dljtkfj tol wlhh-lstibhksol` stij`ir` nfr rlnuskjc gfjnkrditkfj fn ij

iwir` `ul tf pubhkg pfhkgy.

Wll l.c. Ickhkty ]ub. Sirlofuskjc

Gf

E.WG.

]rfn

Gfjtrigt

I`dkjkstritfrs v Wuprldl Nff`slrvkgl CdbO 0;< N Ipp'x 90;, 9


22/24

lvksglritl tol vlry cfih

fn

tol Gfjvljtkfj. Gfutkjof Girf

Gf

\W.I. v Dirgus Pri`kjc,

Kjg., ;2(ISP), 2=== SH 07, it *92 (@. Gfjj. Dir. 90, 2===).

Pol ]ijlh's ihhlcl` dksipphkgitkfj

fnJlw

[fre gfjtrigt hiw gfjglrjkjc ujljnfrglibhl

pljihtkls `fls jft vkfhitl tol stitl

fr

jitkfj's dfst biskg jftkfjs fn dfrihkty

fn

austkgl. Wugo

jftkfjs dkcot bl tirjksol` kn tol `lnljìjt's ùl prfglss rkcots oi` bllj vkfhitl`- nfr

lxidphl,

kn

`lnljìjt oi` bllj subalgt tf ijy gflrgkfj fr ijy pirt

fn

tol icrlldljt oi` bllj tol

rlsuht fn ùrlss. Idlrfpi IC v Oivk Fglij

Gf

HHG, 9F-gv-720= (P]C), 2=99 SH , 2=99) (gktkjc

Prijsdirkjl Wliwiys Gfrp. qn Dfjrfvki

v

Dirg Rkgo

Gf

I.C.,

0?=

N.

Wupp. 7


23/24

innkrdl` tol hfwlr ipplhhitl gfurt's `ltlrdkjitkfj toit tol irbktrih iwir` sofuh` bl gfjnkrdl`

`lspktl ghlirhy kdpfskjc i pljihty.

Wll Issfgkitl` Clj Gfjtrigtfrs Jlw [fre Wtitl Goiptlr

Kjg

v Wivkj Brfs. 0< [email protected]` 97>, 900 (J.[. Ipp. @kv. 9;30). Poks gisl ois bllj gktl` nfr tol

sidl prfpfsktkfj by i gfurt wktokj toks @kstrkgt. Wll IP P Gfrp. v ]ub. Wlr. Ljtlrp. fn]i.

Kjg.

;?-gv->977 (HI]), 9;;; SH >32, 9;;;) (gktkjc

Dittlr fn

Issfgkitl` Clj Gfjtrigtfrs 7>

J.

[.2` it ;


24/24

@itl`1

~ ,

=9<

lw

r

lw

[fre

Gisl 9190-gv-=

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