Relevance of Mycotoxin Control to Food Security inmycotoxin.org.ng/conferences/Atawodi - Keynote...
Transcript of Relevance of Mycotoxin Control to Food Security inmycotoxin.org.ng/conferences/Atawodi - Keynote...
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Relevance of Mycotoxin
Control to Food Security in
the time of “Change”
By
Sunday Ene-Ojo Atawodi,
B.Sc (ABU), MSc., PhD (Ibadan), MAAAS, MNYAS, FUICC, FAS
Professor of BiochemistryAhmadu Bello University,
Zaria, Nigeria
[email protected] ; 08033850613
Being a Keynote Address, Presented at the
11th Annual Conf of Mycotoxicology Soc.
of Nigeria held @ Fed. Uni. Technol. Minna
25th - 28th Oct.2016
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Protocol
The Governor/Commissioner
The Vice Chancellor,
Members of the University Management, here present
The President of the MYCOTOXISON & Members of the Executive of the
Society
The Chairman and Members of the LOC
Members of the Society
Gentlemen of the Press,
Distinguished ladies and gentlemen,
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Prologue
When I type any message involving
my name “Atawodi”, my smart phone
will auto-correct it to “At wood”
The question, here is: who is correct,
and who is wrong between me and
the “smart” phone?.
I am not sure that your answer will be
the same as mine, but one thing I am
sure of, is that I will never give it to
the “smart” phone on this.
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When the organizers of the conference invited
me to suggest a topic for the Keynote address, I
submitted the above topic, viz “Relevance of
Mycotoxin Control to Food Security in the time of
Change” but this was auto-corrected to
“Relevance of Mycotoxin Control to Food
Security in climate Change”, But as the lecture
will later show, these topics may be similar, but
there are not exactly the same. Hence, my
decision to stick to the original topic.
So Mr Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, the topic
of my Keynote Address this morning is
“Relevance of Mycotoxin Control to Food
Security in the time of Change”
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Why this topic
Mycotoxin : is the basis for the existence
of this Society (MYCOTOXISON)
Food Security: Important for our
daily existence
Change - “Changing Climate” is a big
challenge to “Mycotoxin Control”,
especially with the unintended
consequences of the “Change Mantra”
and “Changing Economic Fortunes”
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Lecture Structure
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This Lecture, will examine the origin,
chemistry, health and economic
impacts of mycotoxins. These will
form the basis for the justification of
necessary investment on control of
mycotoxins. Finally, the inter-
relationship between Mycotoxins,
Climate Change and the un-intended
consequences of the Change Mantra,
which, unfortunately, is like a vicious
cycle, as they affect Food Security,
will be established.
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Thus, Mr. Chairman, ladies and
gentlemen, in this Lecture, I shall
draw knowledge from Geography
& Economics, two of my most
favorite Courses; Toxicology, my
main area of specialization
today, and Politics, in which all
humans, must partake.
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The Lecture
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Mycotoxins
Mycotoxins are Secondary fungal (molds)
metabolites, that cause a wide variety of
harmful effects in animals and human beings.
• More than 300 secondary metabolites have
been described, but only about 30 have been
demonstrated to exert toxic effects.
Potentially, up to 300,000 mycotoxins, may
exist, when all fungal species are studied
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Major Classes of
Mycotoxigenic Fungi
Fusarium,
Aspergillus,
Penicillium,
Cladosporium,
Claviceps,
Alternaria,
Helminthosporium
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Common toxigenic
fungi
Aspergillus
Penicillium
Stachybotrys
Fusarium
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Mycotoxin Classes, Toxigenic Fungi, Food
Sources and Main Toxic Effects
Mycotoxins Producing
Fungi
Food
Sources
Main Effects
Aflatoxins Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius
Maize, peanuts, tree nuts, dried fruit
Carcinogenic
Ochratoxins Aspergillus
ochraceus, A.
niger
Penicillium verrucosum
Cereal grains, wine, coffee, spices, dried figs, spices, nuts, cocoa
Nephrotoxic,
genotoxic,
Immunosuppr
ession,
teratogenic
&carcinogenic
effects
O
O
O
H
H
OO
OCH3
O
O
H
Cl
O
NH
COOH OH
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Mycotoxin Classes, Toxigenic Fungi, Food
Sources and Main Toxic Effects - Contd
Mycotoxins Producing
Fungi
Food
Sources
Main Effects
Fumonisins Fusariumverticillioides(moniliforme)F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans
Maize Esophageal Cancer, leucoencephalomacia in horses, pulmonary oedema in pigs
CH3
CH3
NH2
OHOH
OH
O
OCH3CH3
O OH
OOH
O
O OH
O
OH
O
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Mycotoxin Classes, Toxigenic Fungi, Food
Sources and Main Toxic Effects - Contd
Mycotoxins Producing Fungi Food
Source
s
Main Effects
Trichothecen
es –
(Deoxynivalen
ol
(DON, Vomitoxin)
Fusarium
graminearum, F.
culmorum
F. pseudograminearum
Wheat ,
maize ,
other
grains
Immunosupp
ression,
vomiting,
Nausea
Zearalenone Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorumF. crookwellense
Wheat,
maize,
sorghum
, barley
Oestrogenic
effect,
infertility
O
O
OH
OH
HHH
H
O
H
OH
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Toxic Effects in
Economic Animals
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Conditions that favour
Mycotoxin Production:
Temperature (40 - 90o F ; 4 - 32o C)
Relative Humidity (> 70%)
Moisture (22-23% in grain)
Oxygen (1-2%)
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Relevance of Mycotoxin Control
• Mycotoxigenic fungi are a normal part of the microflora of crops
and stored foods
• They are usually ingested in contaminated food
• Mycotoxins constitute a major global food safety challenge
(can cause cancer, birth defects, liver damage, and nervous
tissue damage, etc. in man, and productivity-reducing
effects in animals).
• Most are not destroyed by normal cooking procedures.
• Usually no treatment for mycotoxin poisoning
• Has serious economic impact (up to $5b in USA/Canada) due to:
- crop losses
- reduced animal productivity
- costs of counter measures
- costs of complying with regulatory limits
- costs of monitoring
- loss of consumer confidence in food safety
- economic effect associated with impaired human health
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Challenges to Mycotoxin Control
Food insufficiency: Food quality theories not attractive to hungry population General economic challenges Poor infrastructure, technology and resources for routine food monitoring Cultural and political considerations
Inadequate multidisciplinary collaborations across agriculture, food safety, nutrition, health and economics Control strategies are implemented by developing countries, while priorities are set by the developed countries Need for development and adaptation of appropriate diagnostic methods for developing countries
Inadequate availability of field diagnostic methods requiring minimal training and equipment
Climate Change
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What is Climate
Change?
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Climate Change
Climate change is a term used to
describe the world increases in
temperature (global warming),
accompanied by increases in CO2 levels
and high variability and unpredictability in
weather conditions, including changes in
precipitation patterns and frequent
storms, which are believed to be brought
about, mainly, by human activities
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Manifestations of
Climate Change
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. .
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Desertification
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Drought/Water Stress
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Temperature Variations
.
Global warming:
temperature expected to
rise by up to 4.8OC by the
year, 2100 (Intergov.
Panel on Climate
Change, IPCC, 2014)
.
oC
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Other manifestations of
Climate Change
Elevated levels of carbon dioxide
Increase in insect populations
Spread of tropical pathogens
towards the poles
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Climate Change and
Mycotoxin
Contaminations.
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Climate Change and Mycotoxin
Contaminations
.
Elements of
Climate change,
coincidentally
favors
Mycotoxin
Production
along the Food
Chain
.
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Climate change and Mycotoxincontaminations.
iGlobal
Mycotoxin belt is expanding towards the poles because of increasing temperature (Global warming)
i
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Increasing Temperature/humidity&
Mycotoxins incidence
.Global
warming/humidity are encouraging increase in population of food-damaging insects & Pathogens, including, mycotoxigenicfungi at 3-5km/year towards the poles
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Flooding & frequent
storms increase
atmospheric humidity
Humidity is a major risk factor in mycotoxigenicfungal growth and toxin production
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The Change Mantra
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The Change Mantra
.A political mass
movement for a new social order, epitomized by Muhammadu Buhari, consisting of Over 15 million Nigerians, including civil Servants and the masses, that saw to the enthronement of GMB as PMB
.
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Un-intended Consequences of
“Change”.
The process of
socio-economic
re-engineering,
occasioned by
the change
agenda, has
some side
effects
.
.
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Climate-impacting, Un-intended
Consequences of “Change”
.Higher cost of
cooking gas and
kerosene - tree
felling, desertification:
Destruction of CO2 -
consuming Plants
.
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High cost of Kerosene,
cooking gas
.
Use of
firewoods &
Coal for
cooking:
.
generation of
greenhouse
gases
Destruction of
ozone layer and
aggravation of
Climate Change
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Change Mantra, Climate
Change and Incidence of
Mycotoxin & Control
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Dwindling Economic Fortunes
.
Inadequate
infrastructure,
including
transportation,
storage facilities,
power, mycotoxin
monitoring & Control
facilities, due to
dwindling economic
fortunes
.
Promotion of
mycotoxin
production
and exposure
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Change Mantra, Climate
Change and Incidence of
Mycotoxins.
Un-intended
consequences
of change
(e.g)
aggravates
climate
change:
.
Climate Change
elements like flooding,
humidity, global warming,
increase in population of
food-damaging insects,
etc promote
Mycotoxigenic fungi
growth and mycotoxin
production
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Mycotoxins as Challenge to realization of
change Objectives
Effect of Mycotoxins
Food insecurity
Poor and declining
economy
Unhealthy work –force
Challenges to Change
Agenda
Crises and national insecurity
low returns on agricultural
investments, poor export
potential of agricultural
products, higher investment on
unhealthy population
poor contributor to economic
growth, unnecessary burden
on an already lean and
declining economy, higher
investment on health, lack of
virile work
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Bottom-line…….
Adequate Budgetary investment in
Mycotoxin Control is of paramount
importance in the realization of the
Objectives of the “Change Agenda”
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Food Security
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Food Security
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical andeconomic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet theirdietary needs and food preferencesfor an active and healthy life.(FAO/World Food Summit, 1998)
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Defining Elements of FOOD SECURITYhttp://www.channelstv.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/food_wares.jpg
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Climate Change and
Food inSecurity
Reduced arable land – Drought, Desertification
and gully erosion has reduced land available for
agriculture
More frequent extreme weather events (e.g.
floods) which can damage crops physically, and
make foods more susceptible to spoilage &
contaminations (e.g with mycotoxins),
Extreme changes in weather may cause
nutritious and staple crops to go into extinct
Pests and diseases - The changing climate is also
bringing pest and diseases into new areas where
they could not previously survive, thereby
reducing agricultural output
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Change Mantra, Climate
Change, Mycotoxins &
Food Security
CH3
CH3
NH2
OHOH
OH
O
OCH3CH3
O OH
OOH
O
O OH
O
OH
O
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The Change Mantra, Climate Change and
Mycotoxins & Food Security
.Un-intended
consequenc
es of
change (e.g)
aggravates
climate
change,
which in
turn favors
Mycotoxin
Production,
&
Exacerbate
Food
Insecurity
.
S/No Un-intended
Consequen
ces of
Causes of
Climate
Change
Climate
Change
Indicators
Factors
favoring
Mycotoxin
Production
1 Felling of
trees
deforestation High temp High temp
2 Wood for
Cooking
Greenhouse
gases
generation
High
humidity
High
humidity
3 Crop
damage
Crop
damage
4 Increase
in
pathogens
Increase in
pathogens
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Mycotoxins and Food
inSecurity
Food shortages due to mycotoxin contaminations
Inadequate agricultural workers due to
mycotoxins-related illnesses
Diminished productivity gains (esp. in cereals
and legumes) due to mycotoxin presence
Decreased bioavailability & nutritional
performance (blockage of micronutrient uptake,
enteropathy, etc.)
Collateral damages, including unemployment for
workers of the agricultural value chain
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The Change Mantra, Climate
Change, Mycotoxins & Food
Security
Summary
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The Change Mantra, Climate Change, Mycotoxins & Food Security (Atawodi, 2016)
Security
Change (un-intended
Consequences)
Climate Change
Aggravation
Promotion of Mycotoxigenic
Fungi/Mycotoxin
Food insecurity
Mycotoxin Control is important in National Security
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Conclusion
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Fungal secondary metabolites called
mycotoxins, have wide ranging health and
economic impacts. Unfortunately,
mycotoxin contamination of food is
exacerbated by climate change and some
un-intended consequences of the “change”
process, including climate change-
aggravation, and the attendant fall-outs,
including higher potential for contamination
and consumption of mycotoxins, resulting
in food insecurity, poor human health, lack
of virile work force, and greater inability to
revive an already declining economic
fortunes, occasioned low international
prices of crude oil.
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Therefore, to achieve the laudable and
commendable objectives of “change
mantra”, it is my humble
recommendation, that there is need for
governments at all levels, to invest
adequately and wisely in mycotoxin
control, since there seems to be an
unholy alliance between Climate
Change, mycotoxin production and food
insecurity to frustrate meaningful
national development
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Acknowledgements
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To the President,
the Executive and
the LOC
Chairman/Members
To my dear
colleague that
presented this
paper on my behalf
For inviting me to
be the Keynote
Speaker at the 11th
Annual Conference
of MYCOTOXISON
It is never easy to
present lecture/
slides prepared by
another
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Thank you
all for
keenly
listening to
my Keynote
Address,
even in my
unavoidable
absenceProfessor Sunday Ene-Ojo ATAWODIB.Sc. (ABU), MSc., PhD (Ibadan), MAAAS, MNYAS, FUICC, FAS