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THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON

POPULATION OF COFFEE CROP PEST AND

DISEASES IN NORTHEN SUMATERA

FAKULTAS

PERTANIAN USU

Prof.Dr.Ir. Darma Bakti, MS

Dr.Ir. Hasanuddin, MS

Onrizal, S.Hut., M.Si

LOKAKARYA NASIONAL 22 MEI 2012FAKULTAS PERTANIAN USU

RESEARCH LOCATION

Dairi District, of North Sumatra Province and

Aceh Tengah District of Aceh Province.

STUDY AIM

To look at the relationship between climate

change that has occurred in recent years with the

population of pests and diseases of coffee in the

two study areas mentioned above.

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Land use area and production of coffee in Dairi and Central Aceh 2006 – 2010 Years

Regency

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Luas (Ha)

Produksi(Ton/thn)

Luas (Ha)

Produksi

(Ton/thn)Luas (Ha)

Produksi(Ton/thn)

Luas (Ha)

Produksi(Ton/thn)

Luas (Ha)

Produksi(Ton/thn)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Aceh Tengah

46.473 22.757 49.798 41.326 49.773 39.426 49.793 39.426 48.000 25.171

Dairi 21.000 10.474 20.306 11.807 20.165 12.285 20.159 15.560 19.048 13.338

Source : Dairi Regency in Figure and Office of Plantation of Central Aceh Distric

Regency

Years

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Central Aceh 0,49 0,83 0,80 0,79 0,52

Dairi 0,50 0,58 0,61 0,77 0,70

Compared with dry coffee production in Brazil and Vietnam reached 2tons per hectare, while the production of coffee in Dairi and Takengononly 0.5 - 0.8 tons per ha during the year 2006 - 2010. This valueindicates the production of coffee farmers in Dairi and Aceh Tengahare very lowAverage production figures above show that there are opportunities toincrease production by improving management and technical culture ofcoffee farming in Dairi and Aceh Tengah.

Average production of coffee per ha per year in Dairi and CentralAceh 2006 – 2010 Years

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Monthly Rainfall on Dairi Regency 2006-2010 Years (mm)

Month 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1 2 3 4 5 6

January 140 65 245 195 280 February 141 65 179 82 124 Mart 178 62 113 335 101 April 183 62 321 299 287 Mai 152 68 372 90 247 June 123 114 303 137 251 July 112 114 193 72 97 August 145 66 268 195 74 September 129 66 235 262 138 October 182 254 204 269 57 November 250 150 365 246 190 Desember 212 123 308 298 231 TOTAL 1.947 1.209 3.106 2.480 2.077

Mountly average

162,25 100,75 258,83 206,66 173,08

Source : Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency Regional I Northern Sumatra

Monthly Rainfall on Central Aceh 2006-2010 Years (mm)

Month 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1 2 3 4 5 6

Januari 164 167 110 143 234 Februari 261 196 73 135 54,5 Maret 305 199 112 460 119,5 April 33 157 103 389 282 Mei 158 239 118 307 156,5 Juni 170 269 124 21 131,5 Juli 54 67 131 25 108,5 Agustus 22 312 172 179 83 September 313 367 186 137 410,6 Oktober 619 308 269 245 73,5 November 270 252 156 88 427 Desember 246 236 130 450 272 TOTAL 2615 2769 1684 2579 2352,6

Monthly average

217,91 230,75 140,33 214,91 196,05

Source : Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency Regional I Northern Sumatra

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Regency YearsMonth

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Dairi

20062007200820092010

Central Aceh

20062007200820092010

wet month humid month dry month

According to Schmidth-Fergusson, area with a category of the dry month, humid month, and wet months are as follows:- Dry months: months with rainfall <60 mm- Humid month: the month with rainfall between 60 to 100 mm-Wet months: the month with rainfall> 100 mm.

classification of the monthly rainfall to the wet month, humid, and dry based on criterion of month kinds classification from

Schmidth-Fergusson

Coffee berry borer (Hypotenemus hampei), the most harmful beetle to the

arabica coffee crop was found out in Dairi and Aceh Tengah

Coffee berry borer infestation

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Coffee berry borer infestationIn Hawaii .It is unknown how the miniscule beetle got to Kona but the size of the infestation indicates that it has been going for some years.By late November the Hawaii Department of Agriculture declared a quarantine on all green (unroasted) beans leaving the island.Fumigation with a chemical such as methyl bromide or a six-

step procedure was needed.

Beauveria bassianaThe price of Kona coffee was expected to rise even further (up to $50 per pound by December 2010) if the infestation lingers or spreads, because the insect has the potential to reduce crop yields up to 90%. Some growers suspected that drought had reduced the fungus Beauveria bassiana, which might have kept the beettle population under control for years.

BionomiThe maturation of the insect (from egg to adult) lasts

between 24 and 45 days, varying according to the

weather.

Usually, the female drills the berry through the central

disc, even though it can enter through the side walls if

the fruit is dry. Two days after the access, the beetle lays

35--50 eggs, which produce 13 females for each male.

The length or life for females is 35--190 days and for

males 40 days. The new insects mate inside the seed.

Some females lay the eggs in the same coffee plant,

others colonise new ones. The males never leave the

fruit.

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BIONOMIThe same plant can host three to five generations of beetles. Up to a hundred beetles can be located in a

sole fruit.

The insect is very sensitive to desiccation, and waits for the rains to leave the fruit.

The most affected areas in the crops are the shady and moist ones.

According to Schmidth-Fergusson, Dairi and Aceh Tengah area are including to humid and wet months

all the year since 2006

Hama H. hampei dewasa

TELUR DAN LARVA DALAM BIJI

LUBANG GEREKAN HAMA H. HAMPEI

KERUSAKAN BIJI KOPI

panjang 1,2-1,7 mm dan lebar 0,6-0,7 mm

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BEBERAPA GEJALA SERANGAN PENGGEREK BUAH KOPI DI LAHAN KEBUN

KEHILANGAN HASIL KOPI AKIBAT SERANGAN

HAMA PENGGEREK BIJI KOPI (PBKo)

> 50% TIDAK

DAPAT DIPETIK

BUAH RANUM TAK BERARTI UANG

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20,5% DIBUANG

SETELAH

PENGERINGAN

UNTUK MENJAGA

KUALITAS AROMA

KOPI GILING

BIJI KOPI KERING SEBELUM GRADING

70 % TIDAK DAPAT DIPETIK KARENA BUSUK

30 % DIJUAL KE PEDAGANG PENGUMPUL

20% DIBUANG SETELAH PENGERINGAN

(0,2 X 30% = 6%)

BIJI KOPI RUSAK KARENA PBKo = 70% + 6% = 76%

PENDAPATAN KELUARGA TANI = 24%

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MASIH TERSENYUM MESKI HASIL

PANEN TAK LEBIH DARI 30%

KATA MEREKA “AH ..... ITUPUN

SUDAH CUKUUUP”

SESUNGGUHNYA MEREKA TIDAK

MENYADARI APA SEBETULNYA

MASALAH MEREKA, SEBAB

MEREKA MERASA SEMUA BIASA-

BIASA SAJA.

SEANDAINYA MEREKA

MEMPEROLEH 100% DARI HASIL

KERJANYA, TENTU ITU AKAN

LEBIH DARI SEKEDAR CUKUP.

MASIH ADAKAH HARAPAN PETANI KOPI ?

DITEMUKAN DI LOKASI

SURVEY JAMUR YANG

MENGINFEKSI ULAT

PENGGEREK BATANG

YANG BERPOTENSI

DIKEMBANGKAN

SEBAGAI AGENSIA

HAYATI PENGENDALIAN

HAMA-HAMA KOPI

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Embassy of the United States San Salvador, El SalvadorThu May 17 2012 18:24:52 GMT+0700 (SE Asia Standard Time)

•Press Release (10232007) News

2007 Press ReleasesUSAID-Financed Coffee Laboratory Inagurated

Press ReleaseOctober 23, 2007U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador Charles L. Glazer and Salvadoran President Antonio Saca inaugurated the laboratory for the production of the fungus Beauveria bassiana at the Salvadoran Foundation for Coffee Research (PROCAFE)’s Technological Center today at Finca San Antonio in Santa Ana. The facility was built and equipped by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)’s Promoting Economic Opportunities Program with funds in the amount of $259,000. The laboratory will be used to produce a fungus that is a natural enemy of the coffee borer (Hypotenemus hampei), which causes damage to the beans, decreasing their quality and affecting farmers’ income. The fungus will be part of an integrated pest management approach that will result in reduced pesticide use and healthier conditions for farm laborers. The inauguration ceremony was also presided by USAID Acting Mission Director Larry Brady; Minister of Agriculture Mario Salaverría; Presidential Commissioner for Coffee, José Antonio Salaverría; Presidential Commissioner for Agriculture, Carmen Elena Díaz Bazán de Sol; and PROCAFE’s President, Mario Acosta Oertel.

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WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS RESEARCH, WE WOULD LIKE MANY THANKS TO

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL INDONESIA, WHICH HAS DONATED ALL ACTIVITY OF THE

RESEARCH PROJECT.

TERIMAKASIH