Integrang High Levels of Variable Renewable Energy … Systems Engineering Center Integrang High...

PowerSystemsEngineeringCenter

Integra(ngHighLevelsofVariableRenewableEnergyinElectricPowerSystems

BenKroposki,PhD,PE,FIEEEDirector–PowerSystemsEngineeringCenter

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•  UnderstandingCurrentandFuturePowerSystems

•  CurrentStateofVariableRenewableEnergy(VRE)–WindandSolar

•  CurrentPowerSystemswithVRE•  ChallengesandSoluBonsofOperaBngPowerSystemswithVeryHighLevelsofVariableRenewableEnergy(VRE)

•  NREL’sResearchtoDevelopSoluBons

PresentaBonOutline

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EvoluBonofthePowerSystem

New Challenges in a Modern Grid •  Increasing levels of power electronics based variable renewable

energy (VRE) – wind and solar • More use of Communications, Controls, Data, and Information (e.g.

Smart Grids) •  Other new technologies: EVs, Distributed storage, Flexible Loads •  Becoming highly distributed – more complex to control

Current Power System Future Power Systems

•  LargeCentral,SynchronousGenera(on

•  CentralControl•  CarbonIntensive•  HighlyRegulated

• MoreVRE• MoreInfo• MoreDistributed

•  LessCarbon

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CurrentStateofVariableRenewableEnergy(SolarandWind)

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SignificantDeclinesinRenewableCosts=IncreaseInstallaBon

Source:DOEWindVisionStudyhNp://energy.gov/eere/wind/downloads/wind-vision-new-era-wind-power-united-states

WindCostsWindInstalls

SolarCostsSolarInstalls

Source:DOEOnthePathtoSunShothNp://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/path-sunshot

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PVSystemsinUS

SolarStar

Source:SunpowerhNps://us.sunpower.com/sites/sunpower/files/media-library/fact-sheets/fs-solar-star-projects-factsheet.pdf

AnatoliaSubdivision–RanchoCordova,CA-Source:GoogleMaps

SolarSubdivisions

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WindSystemsinUS

AltaWindEnergyCenterTehachapiPass,CA1

600VetasWindTurbines1,547MW2,680.6GWh/yr

CapricornRidgeWindFarmSterlingandCokeCounty,TX2

407GE&SiemensTurbines663MW

Shepard'sFlatsArlingtonOR3

338GETurbines845MW2,000GWh/yr

Sources:1hNps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Wind_Energy_Center2hNp://www.nexteraenergyresources.com/pdf_redesign/capricornridge.pdf3hNps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm

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CurrentPowerSystemsOpera(ngwithVariableRenewableEnergy

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%VariableRe

newab

leEne

rgy

(ofa

nnua

lene

rgy)

SystemSize(GW)10.10.010.001 100010010

25

50

75

100

CurrentVREPenetraBonsvs.SystemSize

80

5

23

AlaskaVillage

Ireland Cont.USA

ERGISWWSIS

CA50%

42

Denmark

Lanai

ActualOpera(ngSystem

ModeledSystem

35

Maui25

CA

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ExamplesofHighLevelsofVRE–CaseStudyIrelandCurrentlyRunningat55%instantaneousNon-SynchronousPenetraBon

EirGrid(2010),“AllIslandTSOFacilitaBonofRenewableStudies”,FinalReport

Ireland•  23%WindonAnnualEnergyBasis(2015)•  IslandPowerSystem(6.5GWpeak)

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WesternWindandSolarIntegraBonStudy(WWSIS)

Canweintegrate35%renewablesintheWest?

•  Goal–  Tounderstandthecostsand

operaBngimpactsduetothevariabilityanduncertaintyofwind,PVandconcentraBngsolarpower(CSP)ontheWestConnectgrid

•  U(li(es–  ArizonaPublicService–  ElPasoElectric–  NVEnergy–  PublicServiceofNewMexico–  SaltRiverProject–  Tri-StateG&T–  TucsonElectricPower–  XcelEnergy–  WAPA WesternWindandSolarIntegraBonStudy(WWSIS)–(2007–2015)

hNp://www.nrel.gov/grid/wwsis.html

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Dispatchduringatameweek(July)Study Area Dispatch - Week of July 10th - No Wind

0

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20,000

30,000

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50,000

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70,000

MON JUL 10 TUE JUL 11 WED JUL 12 THU JUL 13 FRI JUL 14 SAT JUL 15 SUN JUL 16

MW

Nuclear Steam Coal WindSolar CSP w/ Storage Solar PV Combined CycleGas Turbine Pumped Storage Hydro Hydro

Study Area Dispatch - Week of July 10th - 10%R

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20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000


MW


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20,000

30,000

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60,000

70,000


MW


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10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000


MW

Nowind 10%wind

20% wind 30%wind

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Dispatchduringtheworstweek(April)Study Area Dispatch - Week of April 10th - 10%R

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

MON APR 10 TUE APR 11 WED APR 12 THU APR 13 FRI APR 14 SAT APR 15 SUN APR 16

MW

Study Area Dispatch - Week of April 10th - No Wind

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000


MW

Nuclear Steam Coal Wind

Solar CSP w/ Storage Solar PV Combined Cycle

Gas Turbine Pumped Storage Hydro Hydro

Study Area Dispatch - Week of April 10th - 20%R

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000


MW

Study Area Dispatch - Week of April 10th - 30%R

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000


MW

Nowind 10%wind

20% wind 30% wind – starting to impact nuclear – likely curtail wind

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WWSIS–3FrequencyResponse

LineOpens

FrequencyDips

VoltageDips

hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/64822.pdf

ImpactWesternInterconnectcansurviveamajorconBngencyoutagewith30%variablegeneraBon(inverter-based)

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EasternRenewableGridIntegraBonStudy(ERGIS)

•  Goalso  OperaBonalimpactof30%

windandsolarpenetraBonontheEasternInterconnecBonata5-minuteresoluBon.

o  EfficacyofmiBgaBonopBonsinmanagingvariabilityanduncertaintyinthesystem.

Opera(onalAreasofInteresto  Reserves

–  Types–  QuanBBes–  Sharing

o  CommitmentandDispatch–  Day-ahead–  4-hour-ahead–  Real-Bme

o  Inter-regionalTransacBons–  1-hour–  15-minute–  5-minute

ImpactDemonstratedthatverylargepowersystemscanoperateata5-mindispatchwith30%VREEasternRenewableEnergyIntegraBonStudy(ERGIS)(2016)hNp://www.nrel.gov/grid/ergis.html

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ChallengesandSolu(onsofOpera(ngPowerSystemswithVeryHighLevels

ofVariableRenewableEnergy

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TechnicalChallengeswithHighVRELevels

•  VariabilityandUncertaintyofVRE

•  PowerSystemStability•  Protec(onCoordina(on

•  Grounding•  Uninten(onalIslanding

•  BlackStartCapability•  ControlandOp(miza(on

PowersystemswithhighlevelsofVREwillbecomeinverterdominated

Source:BrianJohnson,NREL

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VariabilityandUncertaintyofVREChallenges•  EnergyShi]ing(VREproduceenergy

whenresourceisavailable–VariableandUncertain)

•  Forecas(ng(RenewableResourcesandLoad)

PossibleSolu(ons•  GeographicDiversity•  FlexibleConvenBonalGeneraBon•  Increasesharingbetweenbalancing

areas•  ExpansionoftheTransmissionSystem•  CurtailmentofexcessVREproducBon•  CoordinaBonofFlexibleLoad(acBve

demandresponse)•  EnhancedVREandLoadForecasBng•  ElectricalStorage•  InteracBonswithotherenergycarriers

Curtailment

Source:NRELRenewableEnergyFuturesStudy80%RenewablesCase

Source:DarkShadows:UnderstandingVariabilityandUncertaintyofPhotovoltaicsforIntegraBonwiththeElectricPowerSystem,A.Millsetal

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WindandSolarForecasBng

•  WindPowerForecasBng •  SolarPowerForecasBng

Source:ElectricityReliabilityCouncilofTexasshort-termwindpowerforecast

Actual wind power

Most recent short-term wind power forecast (updated hourly)

Day-aheadwindpowerforecast

Source: Brancucci Martinez-Anido et al. (2016). Solar Energy 129.

Forecast improvement

Day-ahead forecast

Real time market

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PowerSystemStabilityChallenges•  TransientandDynamicStability(loss

ofsysteminerBacouldreduceabilitytorespondtodisturbances–needride-thoughcapabiliBesinVRE)

•  FrequencyRegula(on(needprimary,secondary,andterBaryresponsefromVRE)

•  Volt/VarRegula(on(needabilitytolocallychangevoltagetostaywithinnominallimits)

Solu(ons•  SmartInverterswithAdvanced

FuncBonality•  MimicSynchronousGenerator

CharacterisBcs•  ProvideAcBvePower,ReacBve

Power,Voltage,andFrequencyControl

SmartPV

SmartWind

Source:MarkO’Malley,UniversityCollegeDublin

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AcBvePowerControlfromWindandSolarInverters

Technology Addressed •  Understanding how

Variable Generation (Wind and Solar) can provide primary and secondary reserves.

Impact •  Inertial control, Primary

Frequency Control (PFC), and Automatic Generation Control (AGC) from Wind and Solar is feasible with negligible impacts on loading


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PVprovidesgridservicesforPuertoRico

TechnologyAddressed•  PVpar(cipatedinAutoma(c

Genera(onControl(AGC)o  FollowAGCsignalwithin40%of

availablepower•  PVprovidedfrequencydroop

responseo  Bothupanddown-regulaBono  5%and3%symmetricdroop

•  FastFrequencyResponse(FFR)testso  Testplant’sabilitytodeployall

reservewithin500mso  Threenewcontrolswere

implementedandvalidated

AESIllumina20MWPVPowerPlant


ImpactFirstofakindreal-worldexperimentusingPVsystemstomaintainlargegridstability

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AddiBonalTechnicalChallengesChallenges•  Protec(onCoordina(on(lossofhigh

shortcircuitcurrentmayeffectprotecBonschemes)

•  Grounding(Properequipmentgrounding)

•  Uninten(onalIslanding(needmethodstoprotectagainstunintenBonalislanding)

•  BlackStart–abilitytorestoresystemfromoutageSource:hNp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/calculaBng-the-short-circuit-current-synchronous-generator

Curren

t

Time

6xI

Solu(ons•  Protec(onCoordina(on–

SynchronousCondensers,NewprotecBonSchemes

•  Grounding-understandingDER•  Uninten(onalIslanding–NewAI

opBons•  BlackStart–?

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Challenge:ControlsandOpBmizaBonofMillionsofDevices

Aswemigratefromacentrallycontrolled,synchronousgeneratorbasedgridtoahighlydistributed,inverterbasedsystem…

Weneedsmartinverterswithadvancedfunc(onalitytomaintaingridstabilityand…

Improvedop(miza(onformillionsofcontrollabledevicesinthegrid

ResearchNeeds•  Controltheory•  Advancedcontroland

opBmizaBonalgorithms•  Imbeddedcontrollersindevices•  LinkagetoAdvanced

DistribuBonManagementSystems(ADMS)

•  ValidaBonofconceptsanddeployment

hNp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/arBcleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6920041

hNp://www.arpa-e.energy.gov/?q=arpa-e-programs/nodes

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AdvancedDistribuBonManagementSystemTestbed

•  NRELisestablishingana(onal,vendor-neutralAdvancedDistribuBonManagementSystem(ADMS)testbedtoaccelerateindustrydevelopmentandadop(onofADMScapabili(es

•  EnableuBlitypartners,vendors,andresearcherstoevaluateexisBngandfutureADMSusecasesandintegratewithHILequipment

Source:MuraliBagguandBryanPalminBer,NREL

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Physicaland

CyberSecurity

Solu(ons

Interconnec(on

PowerElectronics Characteriza(on

InteroperabilitySolar

EVs

WindLoads

EnergyStorage

IntegratedDevicesandSystems

Opera(ons&ControlsOpera(ons&

Controls

ReliabilityandMarkets

GridSensors

ResourceMeasurementsSensing,Measurements,andForecas(ng

Forecas(ng

Design&Studies

Design&Studies

InsBtuBo

nalSup

port

NREL–PowerSystemsResearch

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EnergySystemsIntegraBonFacility(ESIF)

OfficesHPC-DCLaboratoriesUniqueCapabiliBes•  MulBpleparallelACandDCexperimental

busses(MWpowerlevel)withgridsimulaBonandloads

•  FlexibleinterconnecBonpointsforelectricity,thermal,andfuels

•  Mediumvoltage(15kV)microgridtestbed

•  VirtualuBlityoperaBonscenterandvisualizaBonrooms

•  SmartgridtesBnglabforadvancedcommunicaBonsandcontrol

•  InterconnecBvitytoexternalfieldsitesfordatafeedsandmodelvalidaBon

•  PetascaleHPCanddatamgmtsysteminshowcaseenergyefficientdatacenter

•  MW-scalePowerhardware-in-the-loop(PHIL)simulaBoncapabilitytotestgridscenarioswithhighpenetraBonsofcleanenergytechnologies

Shortening the time between innovation

and practice

hNp://www.nrel.gov/esif

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EnergySystemsIntegraBonFacility(ESIF)

Smartbuildings&controllableloads

PowerSystemsIntegra(onGridSimulators-Microgrids

EnergySystemsIntegra(onFuelCells,Electrolyzers

OutdoorTestAreasEVs,Transformers,CapacitorBanks,VoltageRegulators

Roo]opPV EnergyStorage-ResidenBal,Community&GridScaleStorage

HPC&DataCenter

AdvancedDistribu(onManagement

Systems

hNp://www.nrel.gov/esif/

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ImpacrulPublicaBons

Mar/Apr2015Issue-DERIntegra(on

Nov/Dec2015Issue-TransmissionGridIntegra(on

Sept2015Issue–FocusonEnergyStorage


HighPenPVHandbook

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•  AdvancedInverterFunc;onsandCommunica;onProtocolsforDistribu;onManagement,Nagarajanetal,Proceedingsofthe2016IEEE/PESTransmissionandDistribuBonConferenceandExposiBon(T&D),3-5May2016,Dallas,Texas5pp.

•  ExaminingSystem-WideImpactsofSolarPVControlSystemswithaPowerHardware-in-the-LoopPlaKorm,Chakraborty,etal.,Proceedingsofthe2014IEEE40thPhotovoltaicSpecialistConference(PVSC),8-13June2014,Denver,Coloradopp.2082-2087.

•  AdvancedGrid-FriendlyControlsDemonstraBonProjectforUBlity-ScalePVPowerPlants,Gevorgian,etal.,NREL/TP-5D00-65368January2016hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/65368.pdf

•  Inves;ga;ngtheImpactsofWindGenera;onPar;cipa;oninInterconnec;onFrequencyResponse,Gevorgian,etal.,IEEETransacBonsonSustainableEnergyVol.6(3)July2015pp.1004-1012.

•  Oscillator-BasedInverterControlforIslandedThree-PhaseMicrogrids,Johnson,etal.,IEEEJournalofPhotovoltaicsVol.4(1)January2014pp.387-395.

•  ExperimentalEvaluaBonofPVInverterAnB-IslandingwithGridSupportFuncBonsinMulB-InverterIslandScenarios,Hoke,etal.,NREL/TP-5D00-66732July2016hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/66732.pdf

•  GroundFaultOvervoltagewithInverter-InterfacedDistributedEnergyResources,Ropp,etal.,IEEETransacBonsonPowerDelivery2016

•  Evalua;onofMul;pleInverterVolt-VARControlInterac;onswithRealis;cGridImpedances,Chakraborty,etal.,Proceedingsofthe2015IEEEPowerandEnergySocietyGeneralMeeBng,26-30July2015,Denver,Colorado5pp.

•  MaximumPhotovoltaicPenetra;onLevelsonTypicalDistribu;onFeeders,Hoke,etal.,IEEETransacBonsonSustainableEnergy

FormoreinformaBon–IntegratedDevicesandSystems

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•  ValueofDay-AheadSolarPowerForecas;ngImprovement,BrancucciMarBnez-Anido,etal.,SolarEnergyVol.129May2016pp.192-203.

•  SuiteofMetricsforAssessingthePerformanceofSolarPowerForecas;ng,Zhang,etal.,SolarEnergyVol.111January2015pp.157-175.

•  Quan;fyingtheEconomicandGridReliabilityImpactsofImprovedWindPowerForecas;ng,Wang,etal.,IEEETransacBonsonSustainableEnergy2016

•  TheValueofImprovedShort-TermWindPowerForecas;ng,Hodge,etal.,NREL/TP-5D00-63175February2015,hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osB/63175.pdf

•  WindPowerRampEventForecas;ngUsingaStochas;cScenarioGenera;onMethod,Cui,etal.,IEEETransacBonsonSustainableEnergyVol.6(2)April2015pp.422-433.

•  FastAll-SkyRadia;onModelforSolarapplica;ons(FARMS):AlgorithmandPerformanceEvalua;on,Yu,etal.,SolarEnergyVol.135October2016pp.435-445.

•  BestPrac;cesHandbookfortheCollec;onandUseofSolarResourceDataforSolarEnergyApplica;ons,Sengupta,etal.,NREL/TP-5D00-63112February2015,hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osB/63112.pdf

ForMoreInformaBon–Sensing,Measurement,andForecasBng

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•  Op;malPowerFlowPursuit,Dall'Anese,Proceedingsofthe2016AmericanControlConference(ACC),6-8July2016,Boston,MassachuseNs

•  PhotovoltaicInverterControllersSeekingACOp;malPowerFlowSolu;ons,Dall’Anese,etal.,IEEETransacBonsonPowerSystems,2015

•  Op;malDispatchofResiden;alPhotovoltaicInvertersUnderForecas;ngUncertain;es,Dall'Anese,etal.,IEEEJournalofPhotovoltaicsVol.5(1)January2015pp.350-359.

•  DecentralizedOp;malDispatchofPhotovoltaicInvertersinResiden;alDistribu;onSystems,Dall'Anese,etal.,IEEETransacBonsonEnergyConversionVol.29(4)December2014pp.957-967.

•  CoordinatedOp;miza;onofDistributedEnergyResourcesandSmartLoadsinDistribu;onSystems,Yang,etal.,2016IEEEPowerandEnergySocietyGeneralMeeBng,Boston,MassachuseNs,July17–21,2016

•  Synchrophasor-BasedAuxiliaryControllertoEnhancetheVoltageStabilityofaDistribu;onSystemWithHighRenewableEnergyPenetra;on,Jiang,etal.,IEEETransacBonsonSmartGridVol.6(4)July2015pp.2107-2115.

•  Stochas;cOp;malSchedulingofResiden;alApplianceswithRenewableEnergySources,Wu,etal.,Proceedingsofthe2015IEEEPowerandEnergySocietyGeneralMeeBng,26-30July2015,Denver,Colorado5pp.

•  System-of-SystemsApproachforIntegratedEnergySystemsModelingandSimula;on,MiNal,etal.,ProceedingsoftheSummerComputerSimulaBonConference(SCSC2015),26-29July2015,Chicago,Illinois.pp.446-455

ForMoreInformaBon–PowerSystemOperaBonsandControls

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•  EasternRenewableGenera;onIntegra;onStudy,Bloom,etal.,NREL/TP-6A20-64472August2016hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/64472.pdf

•  OnthePathtoSunShot:EmergingIssuesandChallengesinIntegra;ngHighLevelsofSolarintotheElectricalGenera;onandTransmissionSystem,Denholm,etal.,NaBonalRenewableEnergyLaboratory.NREL/TP-6A20-65800.hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/65800.pdf

•  WesternWindandSolarIntegra;onStudyPhase3A:LowLevelsofSynchronousGenera;on,Milleretal.,NREL/TP-5D00-64822November2015hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/64822.pdf

•  Alterna;vesNoMore:WindandSolarPowerAreMainstaysofaClean,Reliable,AffordableGrid,Milliganetal.,IEEEPowerandEnergyMagazineVol.13(6)November/December2015pp.78-87.

•  OnthePathtoSunShot:EmergingIssuesandChallengesinIntegra;ngSolarwiththeDistribu;onSystem,PalminBer,etal.,NaBonalRenewableEnergyLaboratory.NREL/TP-5D00-65331.hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/65331.pdf

•  FinalTechnicalReport:IntegratedDistribuBon-TransmissionAnalysisforVeryHighPenetraBonSolarPV,PalminBer,etal.,NREL/TP-5D00-65550January2016,hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/65550.pdf

•  High-PenetraBonPVIntegraBonHandbookforDistribuBonEngineers,Seguin,etal.,NREL/TP-5D00-63114January2016,hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/63114.pdf

•  Photovoltaic(PV)ImpactAssessmentforVeryHighPenetra;onLevels,Cheng,etal.,IEEEJournalofPhotovoltaicsVol.6(1)January2016pp.295-300.

•  InDivergenceThereisStrength:MeasuringandMiBgaBngSolarPVImpactsinSouthernCaliforniaUsingPowerFactorsOtherthanOne,Mather,etal.,IEEEPowerandEnergyMagazineVol.13(2)March-April2015pp.62-70.

ForMoreInformaBon–PowerSystemDesignandStudies

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Integra(onChallenges

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Integrang High Levels of Variable Renewable Energy … Systems Engineering Center Integrang High...

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