Fuel Consumption Improvement Study over … Consumption Improvement Study over combinations of...
Transcript of Fuel Consumption Improvement Study over … Consumption Improvement Study over combinations of...
Fuel Consumption Improvement Study
over combinations of technologies [Rev. 2]
VOLPE vs. Autonomie (ANL)
For DOT/VOLPE
Jul 25th, 2015
Ehsan Sabri Islam, Ayman Moawad, Aymeric RousseauArgonne National Laboratory
Table of Contents
Introduction & Background
Calculation
Technology Decision Trees
– Engine Technology Tree
– Transmission Technology Tree
– Vehicle Technology Tree
– Hybridization Technology Tree
IAV Engines
Engine Technology Descriptions
Results Summary & Comparison [Part 1]
– Engine Technologies (ABS)
– Engine Technologies (INC)
– Transmission Technologies (ABS)
– Transmission Technologies (INC)
– Vehicle Technologies (ABS)
– Vehicle Technologies (INC)
– Hybridization Technology (ABS)
– Hybridization Technology (INC)
Plot Comparison Results [Part 2]
– Absolute Improvement Result
• Engine Technology
• Transmission Technology2
• Vehicle Technology
• Hybridization Technology
– Incremental Improvement Result
• Engine Technology
• Transmission Technology
• Vehicle Technology
• Hybridization Technology
Summary of Plot Results [Part 3]
– Engine Technology
• Absolute Improvement Result
• Incremental Improvement Result
– Transmission Technology
• Absolute Improvement Result
• Incremental Improvement Result
– Vehicle Technology
• Absolute Improvement Result
• Incremental Improvement Result
– Hybridization Technology
• Absolute Improvement Result
• Incremental Improvement Result 2
Introduction & Background
The objective of this report is to evaluate the impact ofdifferent technological advancements on fuel consumptionimprovements. The report further analyses the comparisonbetween the results from VOLPE and Argonne NationalLaboratories (Autonomie).
Calculation
Following is the detailed calculation process considered duringthis study:
The reference technology was considered to be the root ofeach of the respective technology trees from VOLPE and IAV
The reference fuel consumption was computed to be the fuelconsumption corresponding to the reference technology
Each of the fuel consumptions corresponding to theadvanced technologies were computed to be compared tothe reference fuel consumption.
Absolute % increase in fuel consumption:
Reference Fuel Consumption −Current Fuel Consumption
Reference Fuel Consumption%
Incremental % increase in fuel consumption:
Previous Tech. Fuel Consumption −Current Tech. Fuel Consumption
Previous Tech. Fuel Consumption%
3
Engine Technology Tree
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
5
Transmission Technology Tree
6
5-spd Trans (AUTO)
(no early lockup)
6-spd Trans w/Improved
Internals (Auto) (6AUTO)
6-spd DCT (DCT)
8-spd Trans w/Improved
Internals (Auto) (8AUTO)
8-spd DCT (DCT)
5-spd Manual/Improved
Internals (5MAN)
6-spd Manual/Improved
Internals (6MAN)
8-spd Manual/Improved
Internals (8MAN)
Auto / DCT / CVT
Manual (MAN)
6-spd Trans w/Improved
Internals (Auto) (6AUTO)
CVT Transmission
Vehicle Technology Tree
Mass Reduction # 0 (MR0)
Mass Reduction # 1 (MR1)
Mass Reduction # 3 (MR3)
Mass Reduction # 2 (MR2)
Mass Reduction # 4 (MR4)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 0 (ROLL0)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 1 (ROLL1)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 2 (ROLL2)
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction # 0 (AERO0)
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction # 1 (AERO1)
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction # 2 (AERO2)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 3 (ROLL3)
7
Hybridization Technology Tree
8
12 V Micro-Hybrid (MHEV)
Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Strong Hybrid # 1 (SHEV1)
Powersplit
Plug-in Hybrid – 30m Range
(PHEV1)
Electric Vehicle – 100m Range
(EV2)
Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
Conventional Powertrain
(CONV)
Pre Transmission (PAR HEV)
Engine Technology Descriptions
Eng1 - gasoline, 2.0l, 4 cyl, NA, PFI, DOHC, dual cam VVT
– Calibrations fully optimized for best bsfc and maximum torque (comb. phasing, valve timing, lambda, etc)
Eng2 - VVL system was added to the intake valves on Eng1
– Valve lift and timing optimized
Eng3 - Eng2 (PFI) converted to direct injection
– Comp ratio raised from 10.2 to 11.0 and injection timing optimized
Eng4 - Cylinder deactivation added to engine Eng3
– Engine fires only 2 cylinders at low loads and at speeds below 3000 RPM by deactivating valves on 2 cylinders
Eng5a - Eng1 converted to SOHC (gasoline, 2.0l, 4 cyl, NA, PFI, single cam VVT)
– Valve timing optimized for fixed overlap camshaft with standard friction model from DOHC concepts
Eng5b/ Eng6a/ Eng7a/ Eng8a - Reduced friction from Eng5a/ Eng2/ Eng3/ Eng4 respectively
– Engine FMEP reduced by 0.1 bar over entire operation range to understand friction benefit from SOHC
Eng5c/ Eng6b/ Eng7b/ Eng8b - Reduced friction from Eng5a/ Eng2/ Eng3/ Eng4 respectively
– Engine FMEP reduced by 25% over entire operation range to understand potential of ‘extreme’ friction reduction (this is a “what if” study which doesn’t necessary represent what is currently possible)
Eng12 - gasoline, 1.6l, 4 cyl, turbocharged, DI, DOHC, dual cam VVT, intake VVL
– Calibrations fully optimized for best bsfc (comb. phasing, valve timing, lambda, etc)
Eng13 - Eng12 downsized to 1.2l
– Turbocharger maps scaled to improve torque at low engine speeds
Eng14 - High pressure cooled EGR added to Eng13
– Cooled EGR target set points optimized
Eng15 - Eng14 downsized to 1.0l
– Cooled EGR target set points re-optimized and turbocharger maps re-scaled
Eng16 - Eng15 converted to 3cyl, 1.0l concept
– Intake and exhaust piping scaled to account for larger mass flows through each cylinder and cooled EGR target set points re-optimized
10
Engine Technologies (ABS)
Technology Maximum Value (%)
MinimumValue (%)
Baselinevehicle (ANL) %
VOLPE Result, %
[eng02] 5.1733 1.72 4.20 3.6
[eng03] 7.0291 3.66 6.30 5.2
[eng04] 15.3143 1.18 12.57 N/A
[eng05a] -0.6146 -3.37 -2.01 N/A
[eng05b] 1.6319 -0.82 0.97 N/A
[eng05c] 4.5855 0.99 3.78 N/A
[eng06a] 8.4759 4.00 7.07 3.6
[eng06b] 11.0201 6.89 9.66 3.6
[eng07a] 10.0811 5.82 9.08 5.2
[eng07b] 12.61 8.05 11.51 5.2
[eng08a] 18.61 4.79 15.36 N/A
[eng08b] 20.44 5.86 17.08 N/A
[eng12] 20.14 11.99 16.48 11.6
[eng13] 23.35 10.74 19.81 14.4
[eng14] 23.52 11.87 19.78 17.1
[eng15] 25.27 13.67 19.28 18.1
[eng16] 26.11 14.65 20.26 N/A
[eng17] 28.03 18.76 22.33 20.1
13
Engine Technologies (INC)
Technology Maximum Value (%)
MinimumValue (%)
Baselinevehicle (ANL) %
VOLPEResult, %
[eng02]_DOHC 5.17 1.72 4.20 3.6
[eng03]_DOHC 3.63 0.27 2.19 2.2
[eng04]_DOHC 9.33 -4.62 6.69 N/A
[eng12]_DOHC 14.15 3.33 4.47 7.5
[eng13]_DOHC 4.78 -2.76 3.98 3.5
[eng14]_DOHC 2.60 -1.40 -0.04 3.5
[eng15]_DOHC 3.49 -2.11 -0.62 1.4
[eng16]_DOHC 2.82 -1.76 1.21 N/A
[eng17]_DOHC 10.24 -0.05 2.59 2.8
[eng5a]_SOHC_01 -0.61 -3.37 -2.01 N/A
[eng5b] _SOHC_01 3.87 1.03 2.92 N/A
[eng6a] _SOHC_01 7.39 3.00 6.16 3.6
[eng7a] _SOHC_01 3.91 0.02 2.15 2.2
[eng8a] _SOHC_01 9.84 -3.41 6.91 N/A
[eng12] _SOHC_01 10.90 0.17 1.33 7.5
[eng13] _SOHC_01 4.73 -2.76 3.98 3.5
[eng14] _SOHC_01 2.60 -1.40 -0.04 3.5
[eng15] _SOHC_01 3.49 -2.11 -0.62 1.4
[eng16] _SOHC_01 2.82 -1.76 1.21 N/A
[eng17] _SOHC_01 10.24 -0.05 2.59 2.8
14
Engine Technologies (INC) [Continued]
Technology Maximum Value (%)
MinimumValue (%)
Baselinevehicle (ANL) %
VOLPEResult, %
[eng5c] _SOHC_02 6.65 2.73 5.68 N/A
[eng6b] _SOHC_02 7.09 3.62 6.11 3.6
[eng7b] _SOHC_02 3.53 -0.27 2.05 2.2
[eng8b] _SOHC_02 9.02 -3.9 6.29 N/A
[eng12] _SOHC_02 9.42 -1.77 -0.72 7.5
[eng13] _SOHC_02 4.73 -2.76 3.98 3.5
[eng14] _SOHC_02 2.60 -1.41 -0.04 3.5
[eng15] _SOHC_02 3.49 -2.10 -0.62 1.4
[eng16] _SOHC_02 2.82 -1.755 1.21 N/A
[eng17] _SOHC_02 10.24 -0.05 2.59 2.8
15
Transmission Technologies (ABS)
Technology Maximum Value (%)
MinimumValue (%)
Baselinevehicle (ANL) %
VOLPE Result, %
6-spd AUTO 8.22 -1.31 4.91 2
8-spd AUTO 11.14 -4.70 7.44 5.8
6-spd DCT 15.27 6.23 8.74 10
8-spd DCT 18.13 6.76 2.88 N/A
6-spd DM 3.71 0.87 3.25 2.4
8-spd DM 6.46 0.23 5.67 N/A
CVT 9.15 1.35 5.86 N/A
Technology Maximum Value (%)
MinimumValue (%)
Baselinevehicle (ANL) %
VOLPE Result, %
6-spd AUTO 8.22 -1.31 4.91 2
8-spd AUTO 3.52 -5.32 2.66 4.6
6-spd DCT 15.27 6.23 8.74 4.1
8-spd DCT 5.06 -2.38 2.88 N/A
6-spd DM 3.71 0.87 3.26 2.4
8-spd DM 2.90 -1.13 2.49 N/A
CVT 5.97 -2.62 1.00 N/A
Transmission Technologies (INC)
16
Vehicle Technologies (ABS)
Technology Maximum Value (%)
MinimumValue (%)
Baselinevehicle (ANL) %
VOLPE Result, %
MR1 2.64 -0.70 0.73 0.53
MR2 4.76 0.05 345 2.6
MR3 6.06 1.26 5.08 2.6
MR4 10.68 3.98 9.23 2.6
ROLL1 3.65 -1.11 0.72 1.9
ROLL2 4.70 -0.63 1.40 3.9
ROLL3 6.92 1.50 2.84 3.9
AERO1 5.81 0.66 1.99 2.3
AERO2 10.75 3.29 3.92 4.7
Vehicle Technologies (INC)
Technology Maximum Value (%)
MinimumValue (%)
Baselinevehicle (ANL) %
VOLPE Result, %
MR1 2.64 -0.70 0.73 0.5
MR2 4.03 -0.33 2.74 2.0
MR3 3.29 -0.98 1.69 0
MR4 6.68 0.68 4.37 0
ROLL1 3.38 0.64 0.72 1.9
ROLL2 4.07 0.25 0.69 2.0
ROLL3 3.89 0.80 1.45 0
AERO1 5.81 0.66 1.99 2.3
AERO2 5.86 0.72 1.97 2.517
Hybridization Technology (ABS)
Technology Maximum Value (%)
MinimumValue (%)
Baselinevehicle (ANL) %
VOLPE Result, %
Micro Hybrid (MHEV)
6.38 -2.17 5.05 6.80
BISG 14.52 2.84 9.76 6.80
Par HEV 35.70 11.56 35.00 N/A
SHEV1 48.23 43.90 44.75 48.60
PHEV1 76.14 71.86 72.75 69.5
EV2 80.9 78.44 79.01 90.4
FCV 65.16 61.58 62.24 90.4
Hybridization Technology (INC)
Technology Maximum Value (%)
MinimumValue (%)
Baselinevehicle (ANL) %
VOLPE Result, %
Micro-Hybrid (MHEV)
5.53 4.70 5.05 2.10
BISG 5.81 4.24 4.96 0.00
Par HEV 33.73 27.84 28.95 N/A
SHEV1 14.87 12.54 13.83 6.5
PHEV1 53.91 49.78 50.67 40.7
EV2 24.27 19.66 23.00 0
FCV -78.20 -82.35 -79.92 0
18
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
23
24
1 2 3 4 5 60
100
200
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng02-Discrete VVL (DVVLD)
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 0.5:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 3.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 4.2
VOLPE result = 3.6
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
25
26
3 4 5 6 7 80
50
100
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng03-Direct Injection (GDID)
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 0.6:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 5.8
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 6.3
VOLPE result = 5.2
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
27
28
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200
50
100
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng04-Cylinder Deactivation (DEACD)
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 2.7:
0
0.1
0.2
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 9.9
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 12.6
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
29
30
-3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.50
100
200
300
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng05a-Single Over head cam
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 0.2:
0
0.5
1
1.5
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = -2.1
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = -2.0
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
31
32
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 20
100
200
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng05b-Reduced Friction VVT
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 0.3:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 0.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 1.0
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
33
34
0 1 2 3 4 50
50
100
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng05c-Reduced Friction VVT
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 0.5:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 3.4
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 3.8
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
35
36
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9
0
20
40
60
80
100
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng06a-Dicrete VVL (DVVLS)
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 0.7:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 6.5
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 7.1
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
37
38
6 7 8 9 10 11 120
100
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng06b-Discrete VVL (DVVLS)
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 0.8:
0
0.5
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 8.9
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 9.7
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
39
40
5 6 7 8 9 10 110
20
40
60
80
100
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng07a-Direct Injection (GDIS)
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 0.8:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 8.4
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 9.1
VOLPE result = 5.2
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
41
42
8 9 10 11 12 130
50
100
150
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng07b-Direct Injection (GDIS)
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 0.9:
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 10.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 11.5
VOLPE result = 5.2
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
43
44
0 5 10 15 200
50
100
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng08a-Cylinder Deactivation(DEACS)
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 2.7:
0
0.1
0.2
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 12.9
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 15.4
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
45
46
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 240
50
100
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng08b-Cylinder Deactivation (DEACS)
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 2.7:
0
0.1
0.2
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 14.6
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 17.1
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
47
48
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 220
20
40
60
80
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng12-Turbocharging and Downsizing # 1 (TRBD1)
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 1.5:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 16.1
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 16.5
VOLPE result = 11.6
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
49
50
10 15 20 250
50
100
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng13-Turbocharging and Downsizing #2 (TRBD2)
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 2.2:
0
0.1
0.2
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 18.3
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 19.8
VOLPE result = 17.1
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
51
52
10 15 20 250
50
100
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng14-Cooled EGR#1 (CEGR1)
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 2.1:
0
0.1
0.2
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 18.5
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 19.8
VOLPE result = 16.0
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
53
54
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0
20
40
60
80
100
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng15-Cooloed EGR#2 (CEGR2)
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 2.1:
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 18.9
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 19.3
VOLPE result = 18.1
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
55
56
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 300
20
40
60
80
100
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng16-Cooled EGR (CEGR3)
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 2.1:
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 19.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 20.3
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
57
58
18 20 22 24 26 28 300
20
40
60
80
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng17-Advanced Diesel(ADLS)
Absolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP) [eng01]
Standard Deviation 2.1:
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 23.6
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 22.3
VOLPE result = 20.1
Density of data
61
-2 0 2 4 6 8 100
200
400
600
800
1000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Transmission-AUTO-(early lockup)-6-spd
Absolute percentage compared with: AUTO-5spd (no early lockup)
Standard Deviation 1.1:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 2.8
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 4.9
VOLPE result = 2.0
Density of data
63
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140
500
1000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Transmission-AUTO-(early lockup)-8-spd
Absolute percentage compared with: AUTO-5spd (no early lockup)
Standard Deviation 2.1:
0
0.2
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 3.6
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 7.4
VOLPE result = 10.0
Density of data
65
6 8 10 12 14 160
500
1000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Transmission-DCT-6-spd
Absolute percentage compared with: AUTO-5spd (no early lockup)
Standard Deviation 1.7:
0
0.2
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 9.3
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 8.7
VOLPE result = 5.8
Density of data
67
5 10 15 200
200
400
600
800
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Transmission-DCT-8-spd
Absolute percentage compared with: AUTO-5spd (no early lockup)
Standard Deviation 1.7:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 10.8
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 12.8
Density of data
5-spd Manual/Improved Internals (5MAN)
6-spd Manual/Improved Internals (6MAN)
8-spd Manual/Improved Internals (8MAN)
68
69
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Transmission-DM-6-spd
Absolute percentage compared with: DM-5spd
Standard Deviation 0.7:
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 2.4
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 3.3
VOLPE result = 2.4
Density of data
5-spd Manual/Improved Internals (5MAN)
6-spd Manual/Improved Internals (6MAN)
8-spd Manual/Improved Internals (8MAN)
70
71
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
20
40
60
80
100
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Transmission-DM-8-spd
Absolute percentage compared with: DM-5spd
Standard Deviation 1.8:
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 3.5
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 5.7
Density of data
72
5-spd Trans (AUTO)(no early lockup)
6-spd Trans w/Improved Internals
(Auto) (6AUTO)
CVT Transmission
73
-2 0 2 4 6 8 100
200
400
600
800
1000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Transmission-AUTO-(early lockup)-6-spd
Absolute percentage compared with: AUTO-5spd (no early lockup)
Standard Deviation 1.1:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 2.8
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 4.9
VOLPE result = 2.0
Density of data
74
5-spd Trans (AUTO)(no early lockup)
6-spd Trans w/Improved Internals
(Auto) (6AUTO)
CVT Transmission
Mass Reduction # 0 (MR0)
Mass Reduction # 1 (MR1)
Mass Reduction # 3 (MR3)
Mass Reduction # 2 (MR2)
Mass Reduction # 4 (MR4)
Mass Reduction # 5 (MR5)
77
78
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occ
ure
nc
es
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Mass Reduction#1 (MR1)
Absolute percentage compared with: Mass Reduction#0 (MR0)
Standard Deviation 0.2:
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 0.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 0.7
VOLPE result = 0.5
Density of data
Mass Reduction # 0 (MR0)
Mass Reduction # 1 (MR1)
Mass Reduction # 3 (MR3)
Mass Reduction # 2 (MR2)
Mass Reduction # 4 (MR4)
Mass Reduction # 5 (MR5)
79
80
0 1 2 3 4 50
1000
2000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Mass Reduction#2 (MR2)
Absolute percentage compared with: Mass Reduction#0 (MR0)
Standard Deviation 0.5:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 3.1
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 3.5
VOLPE result = 2.5
Density of data
Mass Reduction # 0 (MR0)
Mass Reduction # 1 (MR1)
Mass Reduction # 3 (MR3)
Mass Reduction # 2 (MR2)
Mass Reduction # 4 (MR4)
Mass Reduction # 5 (MR5)
81
82
1 2 3 4 5 6 70
1000
2000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Mass Reduction#3 (MR3)
Absolute percentage compared with: Mass Reduction#0 (MR0)
Standard Deviation 0.6:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 4.2
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 5.1
VOLPE result = 2.5
Density of data
Mass Reduction # 0 (MR0)
Mass Reduction # 1 (MR1)
Mass Reduction # 3 (MR3)
Mass Reduction # 2 (MR2)
Mass Reduction # 4 (MR4)
Mass Reduction # 5 (MR5)
83
84
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120
200
400
600
800
1000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Mass Reduction#4 (MR4)
Absolute percentage compared with: Mass Reduction#0 (MR0)
Standard Deviation 1.2:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 8.3
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 9.2
VOLPE result = 2.5
Density of data
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 0 (ROLL0)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 1 (ROLL1)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 2 (ROLL2)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 3 (ROLL3)
85
86
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
1000
2000
3000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Low Rolling Resistance Tires#1(ROLL1)
Absolute percentage compared with: Low Rolling Resistance Tires#0(ROLL0)
Standard Deviation 0.2:
0
0.5
1
1.5
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 0.9
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 0.7
VOLPE result = 1.9
Density of data
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 0 (ROLL0)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 1 (ROLL1)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 2 (ROLL2)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 3 (ROLL3)
87
88
-1 0 1 2 3 4 50
1000
2000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Low Rolling Resistance Tires#2(ROLL2)
Absolute percentage compared with: Low Rolling Resistance Tires#0(ROLL0)
Standard Deviation 0.3:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 1.8
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 1.4
VOLPE result = 3.9
Density of data
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 0 (ROLL0)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 1 (ROLL1)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 2 (ROLL2)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 3 (ROLL3)
89
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 70
500
1000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Low Rolling Resistance Tires#3(ROLL3)
Absolute percentage compared with: Low Rolling Resistance Tires#0(ROLL0)
Standard Deviation 0.6:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 3.6
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 2.8
VOLPE result = 3.9
Density of data
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction # 0 (AERO0)
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction # 1 (AERO1)
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction # 2 (AERO2)
91
92
0 1 2 3 4 5 60
2000
4000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Aerodynamic Drag Reduction#1 (AERO1)
Absolute percentage compared with: Aerodynamic Drag Reduction#0 (AERO0)
Standard Deviation 0.5:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 2.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 2.0
VOLPE result = 2.3
Density of data
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction # 0 (AERO0)
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction # 1 (AERO1)
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction # 2 (AERO2)
93
94
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120
500
1000
1500
2000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Aerodynamic Drag Reduction#2 (AERO2)
Absolute percentage compared with: Aerodynamic Drag Reduction#0 (AERO0)
Standard Deviation 1.0:
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 5.3
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 3.9
VOLPE result = 4.7
Density of data
96
12 V Micro-Hybrid (MHEV)
Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Strong Hybrid # 1 (SHEV1) Powersplit
Plug-in Hybrid – 30m Range (PHEV1)
Electric Vehicle – 100m Range (EV2)
Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
Conventional Powertrain (CONV)
Pre Transmission (PAR HEV)
97
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 80
500
1000
1500
2000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Hybrid-12V Micro-Hybrid(MHEV)
Absolute percentage compared with: Conventional Powertrain
Standard Deviation 1.2:
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 3.1
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 5.0
VOLPE result = 6.8
Density of data
98
12 V Micro-Hybrid (MHEV)
Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Strong Hybrid # 1 (SHEV1) Powersplit
Plug-in Hybrid – 30m Range (PHEV1)
Electric Vehicle – 100m Range (EV2)
Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
Conventional Powertrain (CONV)
Pre Transmission (PAR HEV)
99
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Hybrid-Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Absolute percentage compared with: Conventional Powertrain
Standard Deviation 1.6:
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 8.8
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 9.8
VOLPE result = 6.8
Density of data
100
12 V Micro-Hybrid (MHEV)
Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Strong Hybrid # 1 (SHEV1) Powersplit
Plug-in Hybrid – 30m Range (PHEV1)
Electric Vehicle – 100m Range (EV2)
Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
Conventional Powertrain (CONV)
Pre Transmission (PAR HEV)
101
10 15 20 25 30 35 400
200
400
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Hybrid-Pretransmission Hybrid
Absolute percentage compared with: Conventional Powertrain
Standard Deviation 5.0:
0
0.05
0.1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 25.3
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 35.9
Density of data
102
12 V Micro-Hybrid (MHEV)
Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Strong Hybrid # 1 (SHEV1) Powersplit
Plug-in Hybrid – 30m Range (PHEV1)
Electric Vehicle – 100m Range (EV2)
Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
Conventional Powertrain (CONV)
Pre Transmission (PAR HEV)
103
43 44 45 46 47 48 490
2
4
6
8
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Hybrid-Strong Hybrid#1 (SHEV1)
Absolute percentage compared with: Conventional Powertrain
Standard Deviation 1.1:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 46.1
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 44.8
VOLPE result = 48.6
Density of data
104
12 V Micro-Hybrid (MHEV)
Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Strong Hybrid # 1 (SHEV1) Powersplit
Plug-in Hybrid – 30m Range (PHEV1)
Electric Vehicle – 100m Range (EV2)
Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
Conventional Powertrain (CONV)
Pre Transmission (PAR HEV)
105
71 72 73 74 75 76 770
5
10
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Hybrid-Plug-in Hybrid 30m Range (PHEV1)
Absolute percentage compared with: Conventional Powertrain
Standard Deviation 1.1:
0
0.2
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 74.0
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 72.8
VOLPE result = 69.5
Density of data
106
12 V Micro-Hybrid (MHEV)
Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Strong Hybrid # 1 (SHEV1) Powersplit
Plug-in Hybrid – 30m Range (PHEV1)
Electric Vehicle – 100m Range (EV2)
Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
Conventional Powertrain (CONV)
Pre Transmission (PAR HEV)
107
78 78.5 79 79.5 80 80.5 810
5
10
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Hybrid-Electric Vehicle - 100m Range (EV2)
Absolute percentage compared with: Conventional Powertrain
Standard Deviation 0.6:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 79.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 79.0
VOLPE result = 90.4
Density of data
108
12 V Micro-Hybrid (MHEV)
Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Strong Hybrid # 1 (SHEV1) Powersplit
Plug-in Hybrid – 30m Range (PHEV1)
Electric Vehicle – 100m Range (EV2)
Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
Conventional Powertrain (CONV)
Pre Transmission (PAR HEV)
109
61 61.5 62 62.5 63 63.5 64 64.5 65 65.5 660
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Hybrid-Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
Absolute percentage compared with: Conventional Powertrain
Standard Deviation 0.9:
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 63.4
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 62.2
VOLPE result = 90.4
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
113
114
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 60
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng02-Discrete VVL (DVVLD)-DOHC
Incremental percentage compared with: 01-Dual Cam Phasing(DCP)-DOHC
Standard Deviation 0.5:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 3.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 4.2
VOLPE result = 3.6
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
115
116
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40
200
400
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng03-Direct Injection (GDID)-DOHC
Incremental percentage compared with: 02-Discrete VVL (DVVLD)-DOHC
Standard Deviation 0.3:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 2.2
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 2.2
VOLPE result = 2.2
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
117
118
-5 0 5 100
50
100
150
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng04-Cylinder Deactivation (DEACD)-DOHC
Incremental percentage compared with: 03-Direct Injection (GDID)-DOHC
Standard Deviation 2.6:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 4.3
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 6.7
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
119
120
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160
50
100
150
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occ
ure
nc
es
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng12-Turbocharging and Downsizing # 1 (TRBD1)-DOHC
Incremental percentage compared with: 04-Cylinder Deactivation (DEACD)-DOHC
Standard Deviation 2.1:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 6.8
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 4.5
VOLPE result = 7.5
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
121
122
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 60
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng13-Turbocharging and Downsizing #2 (TRBD2)-DOHC
Incremental percentage compared with: 12-Turbocharging and Downsizing # 1 (TRBD1)-DOHC
Standard Deviation 1.2:
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 2.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 4.0
VOLPE result = 3.5
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
123
124
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
200
400
600
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng14-Cooled EGR#1 (CEGR1)-DOHC
Incremental percentage compared with: 13-Turbocharging and Downsizing #2 (TRBD2)-DOHC
Standard Deviation 0.2:
0
0.5
1
1.5
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 0.3
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = -0.0
VOLPE result = 3.5
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
125
126
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
0
50
100
150
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng15-Cooloed EGR#2 (CEGR2)-DOHC
Incremental percentage compared with: 14-Cooled EGR#1 (CEGR1)-DOHC
Standard Deviation 0.9:
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 0.4
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = -0.6
VOLPE result = 1.4
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
127
128
-2 -1 0 1 2 30
200
400
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng16-Cooled EGR (CEGR3)-DOHC
Incremental percentage compared with: 15-Cooloed EGR#2 (CEGR2)-DOHC
Standard Deviation 0.4:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 1.1
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 1.2
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
129
130
-5 0 5 10 150
50
100
150
200
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng17-Advanced Diesel(ADLS)-DOHC
Incremental percentage compared with: 16-Cooled EGR (CEGR3)-DOHC
Standard Deviation 2.4:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 4.8
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 2.6
VOLPE result = 2.8
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
131
132
-3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.50
100
200
300
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng05a-Single Cam VVT (SCVVT)-SOHC-RedFric01
Incremental percentage compared with: 01-Dual Cam Phasing(DCP)-SOHC-RedFric01
Standard Deviation 0.2:
0
0.5
1
1.5
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = -2.1
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = -2.0
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
133
134
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40
100
200
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng05b-Reduced Friction VVT-SOHC-RedFric01
Incremental percentage compared with: 05a-Single Cam VVT (SCVVT)-SOHC-RedFric01
Standard Deviation 0.3:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 2.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 2.9
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
135
136
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 80
50
100
150
200
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng06a-Dicrete VVL (DVVLS)-SOHC-RedFric01
Incremental percentage compared with: 05b-Reduced Friction VVT-SOHC-RedFric01
Standard Deviation 0.5:
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 5.8
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 6.2
VOLPE result = 3.6
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
137
138
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40
100
200
300
400
500
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng07a-Direct Injection (GDIS)-SOHC-RedFric01
Incremental percentage compared with: 06a-Dicrete VVL (DVVLS)-SOHC-RedFric01
Standard Deviation 0.3:
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 2.1
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 2.1
VOLPE result = 2.2
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
139
140
-5 0 5 100
50
100
150
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng08a-Cylinder Deactivation(DEACS)-SOHC-RedFric01
Incremental percentage compared with: 07a-Direct Injection (GDIS)-SOHC-RedFric01
Standard Deviation 2.5:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 5.0
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 6.9
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
141
142
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
50
100
150
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng12-Turbocharging and Downsizing#1 (TRBD1)-SOHC-RedFric01
Incremental percentage compared with: 08a-Cylinder Deactivation(DEACS)-SOHC-RedFric01
Standard Deviation 2.1:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 3.5
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 1.3
VOLPE result = 7.5
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
143
144
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 60
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng13-Turbocharging and Downsizing#2 (TRBD2)-SOHC-RedFric01
Incremental percentage compared with: 12-Turbocharging and Downsizing#1 (TRBD1)-SOHC-RedFric01
Standard Deviation 1.2:
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 2.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 4.0
VOLPE result = 3.5
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
145
146
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
200
400
600
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng14-Cooled EGR#1 (CEGR1)-SOHC-RedFric01
Incremental percentage compared with: 13-Turbocharging and Downsizing#2 (TRBD2)-SOHC-RedFric01
Standard Deviation 0.2:
0
0.5
1
1.5
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 0.3
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = -0.0
VOLPE result = 3.6
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
147
148
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
50
100
150
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng15-Cooloed EGR#2 (CEGR2)-SOHC-RedFric01
Incremental percentage compared with: 14-Cooled EGR#1 (CEGR1)-SOHC-RedFric01
Standard Deviation 0.9:
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 0.4
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = -0.6
VOLPE result = 1.4
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
149
150
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
200
400
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng16-Cooled EGR (CEGR3)-SOHC-RedFric01
Incremental percentage compared with: 15-Cooloed EGR#2 (CEGR2)-SOHC-RedFric01
Standard Deviation 0.4:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 1.1
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 1.2
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
151
152
-5 0 5 10 150
50
100
150
200
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng17-Advanced Diesel(ADLS)-SOHC-RedFric01
Incremental percentage compared with: 16-Cooled EGR (CEGR3)-SOHC-RedFric01
Standard Deviation 2.4:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 4.8
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 2.6
VOLPE result = 2.8
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
153
154
-3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.50
100
200
300
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng05a-Single Cam VVT (SCVVT)-SOHC-RedFric02
Incremental percentage compared with: 01-Dual Cam Phasing(DCP)-SOHC-RedFric02
Standard Deviation 0.2:
0
0.5
1
1.5
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = -2.1
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = -2.0
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
155
156
2 3 4 5 6 70
100
200
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng05c-Reduced Friction VVT-SOHC-RedFric02
Incremental percentage compared with: 05a-Single Cam VVT (SCVVT)-SOHC-RedFric02
Standard Deviation 0.6:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 5.4
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 5.7
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
157
158
3 4 5 6 7 80
100
200
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng06b-Discrete VVL (DVVLS)-SOHC-RedFric02
Incremental percentage compared with: 05c-Reduced Friction VVT-SOHC-RedFric02
Standard Deviation 0.5:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 5.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 6.1
VOLPE result = 3.6
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
159
160
-1 0 1 2 3 40
200
400
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng07b-Direct Injection (GDIS)-SOHC-RedFric02
Incremental percentage compared with: 06b-Discrete VVL (DVVLS)-SOHC-RedFric02
Standard Deviation 0.3:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 2.0
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 2.0
VOLPE result = 2.2
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
161
162
-5 0 5 100
100
200
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng08b-Cylinder Deactivation (DEACS)-SOHC-RedFric02
Incremental percentage compared with: 07b-Direct Injection (GDIS)-SOHC-RedFric02
Standard Deviation 2.4:
0
0.2
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 4.4
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 6.3
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
163
164
-2 0 2 4 6 8 100
50
100
150
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng12-Turbocharging and Downsizing # 1 (TRBD1)-SOHC-RedFric02
Incremental percentage compared with: 08b-Cylinder Deactivation (DEACS)-SOHC-RedFric02
Standard Deviation 2.1:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 1.6
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = -0.7
VOLPE result = 7.5
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
165
166
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 60
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng13-Turbocharging and Downsizing #2 (TRBD2)-SOHC-RedFric02
Incremental percentage compared with: 12-Turbocharging and Downsizing # 1 (TRBD1)-SOHC-RedFric02
Standard Deviation 1.2:
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 2.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 4.0
VOLPE result = 3.5
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
167
168
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
200
400
600
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng14-Cooled EGR#1 (CEGR1)-SOHC-RedFric02
Incremental percentage compared with: 13-Turbocharging and Downsizing #2 (TRBD2)-SOHC-RedFric02
Standard Deviation 0.2:
0
0.5
1
1.5
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 0.3
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = -0.0
VOLPE result = 3.6
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
169
170
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
50
100
150
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng15-Cooloed EGR#2 (CEGR2)-SOHC-RedFric02
Incremental percentage compared with: 14-Cooled EGR#1 (CEGR1)-SOHC-RedFric02
Standard Deviation 0.9:
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 0.4
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 0.6
VOLPE result = 1.4
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
171
172
-2 -1 0 1 2 30
200
400
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng16-Cooled EGR (CEGR3)-SOHC-RedFric02
Incremental percentage compared with: 15-Cooloed EGR#2 (CEGR2)-SOHC-RedFric02
Standard Deviation 0.4:
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 1.1
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 1.2
Density of data
Single Cam VVT[eng5a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5b]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6a]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7a]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8a]
Reduced friction VVT
[eng5c]
Discrete VVL (DVVLS) [eng6b]
Direct Injection (GDI) [eng7b]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACS) [eng8b]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDD1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDD2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRD1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRD2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR # 3 (CEGRD3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLD)
[eng17]
Dual Cam Phasing (DCP)
[eng01]
Discrete VVL (DVVLD) [eng02]
Direct Injection (GDID) [eng03]
Cylinder Deactivation
(DEACD) [eng04]
SOHC
DOHC
Reduced friction – Stage 1
Reduced friction - Stage 2
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1) [eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2) [eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 1 (TRBDS1) [eng12]
Turbocharging and Downsizing
# 2 (TRBDS2) [eng13]
Cooled EGR # 1 (CEGRS1)
[eng14]
Cooled EGR # 2 (CEGRS2)
[eng15]
Cooled EGR (CEGRS3) [eng16]
Advanced Diesel (ADSLS)
[eng17]
173
174
-5 0 5 10 150
50
100
150
200
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Eng17-Advanced Diesel(ADLS)-SOHC-RedFric02
Incremental percentage compared with: 16-Cooled EGR (CEGR3)-SOHC-RedFric02
Standard Deviation 2.4:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 4.8
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 2.6
VOLPE result = 2.8
Density of data
177
-2 0 2 4 6 8 100
200
400
600
800
1000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Transmission-AUTO-6-spd
Incremental percentage compared with: 5-spd
Standard Deviation 1.1:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 2.8
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 4.9
VOLPE result = 2.0
Density of data
179
-6 -4 -2 0 2 40
500
1000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Transmission-AUTO-8-spd
Incremental percentage compared with: 6-spd
Standard Deviation 1.2:
0
0.2
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 0.9
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 2.7
VOLPE result = 4.6
Density of data
181
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 160
500
1000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Transmission-DCT-6-spd
Incremental percentage compared with: 5-spd
Average : 9.3093
Standard Deviation 1.7:
0
0.2
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 9.3
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 8.7
VOLPE result = 5.8
Density of data
183
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 60
500
1000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Transmission-DCT-8-spd
Incremental percentage compared with: 6-spd
Average : 1.6636
Standard Deviation 1.4:
0
0.2
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 1.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 12.8
Density of data
5-spd Manual/Improved Internals (5MAN)
6-spd Manual/Improved Internals (6MAN)
8-spd Manual/Improved Internals (8MAN)
184
185
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40
100
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Transmission-DM-6-spd
Incremental percentage compared with: 5-spd
Standard Deviation 0.6:
0
0.5
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 2.3
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 3.3
VOLPE result = 2.4
Density of data
5-spd Manual/Improved Internals (5MAN)
6-spd Manual/Improved Internals (6MAN)
8-spd Manual/Improved Internals (8MAN)
186
187
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
20
40
60
80
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Transmission-DM-8-spd
Incremental percentage compared with: 6-spd
Standard Deviation 1.1:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 1.1
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 5.7
Density of data
188
5-spd Trans (AUTO)(no early lockup)
6-spd Trans w/Improved Internals
(Auto) (6AUTO)
CVT Transmission
190
5-spd Trans (AUTO)(no early lockup)
6-spd Trans w/Improved Internals
(Auto) (6AUTO)
CVT Transmission
Mass Reduction # 0 (MR0)
Mass Reduction # 1 (MR1)
Mass Reduction # 3 (MR3)
Mass Reduction # 2 (MR2)
Mass Reduction # 4 (MR4)
Mass Reduction # 5 (MR5)
193
194
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Mass Reduction#1 (MR1)
Incremental percentage compared with: Mass Reduction#0 (MR0)
Standard Deviation : 0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 0.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 0.7
VOLPE result = 0.5
Density of data
Mass Reduction # 0 (MR0)
Mass Reduction # 1 (MR1)
Mass Reduction # 3 (MR3)
Mass Reduction # 2 (MR2)
Mass Reduction # 4 (MR4)
Mass Reduction # 5 (MR5)
195
196
-1 0 1 2 3 4 50
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Mass Reduction#2 (MR2)
Incremental percentage compared with: Mass Reduction#1 (MR1)
Standard Deviation : 0.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 2.5
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 2.7
VOLPE result = 2.0
Density of data
Mass Reduction # 0 (MR0)
Mass Reduction # 1 (MR1)
Mass Reduction # 3 (MR3)
Mass Reduction # 2 (MR2)
Mass Reduction # 4 (MR4)
Mass Reduction # 5 (MR5)
197
198
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40
2000
4000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Mass Reduction#3 (MR3)
Incremental percentage compared with: Mass Reduction#2 (MR2)
Standard Deviation : 0.3
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 1.1
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 1.7
VOLPE result = 0.0
Density of data
Mass Reduction # 0 (MR0)
Mass Reduction # 1 (MR1)
Mass Reduction # 3 (MR3)
Mass Reduction # 2 (MR2)
Mass Reduction # 4 (MR4)
Mass Reduction # 5 (MR5)
199
200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Mass Reduction#4 (MR4)
Incremental percentage compared with: Mass Reduction#3 (MR3)
Standard Deviation : 0.7
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 4.3
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 4.4
VOLPE result = 0.0
Density of data
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 0 (ROLL0)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 1 (ROLL1)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 2 (ROLL2)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 3 (ROLL3)
201
202
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.50
100
200
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Low Rolling Resistance Tires#1(ROLL1)
Incremental percentage compared with: Low Rolling Resistance Tires#0(ROLL0)
Standard Deviation : 0.3
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 1.8
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 0.7
VOLPE result = 1.9
Density of data
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 0 (ROLL0)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 1 (ROLL1)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 2 (ROLL2)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 3 (ROLL3)
203
204
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 50
50
100
150
200
250
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Low Rolling Resistance Tires#2(ROLL2)
Incremental percentage compared with: Low Rolling Resistance Tires#1(ROLL1)
Standard Deviation : 0.4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 1.8
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 0.7
VOLPE result = 2.0
Density of data
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 0 (ROLL0)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 1 (ROLL1)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 2 (ROLL2)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires # 3 (ROLL3)
205
206
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40
100
200
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Low Rolling Resistance Tires#3(ROLL3)
Incremental percentage compared with: Low Rolling Resistance Tires#2(ROLL2)
Standard Deviation : 0.4
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 1.9
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 1.5
VOLPE result = 0.0
Density of data
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction # 0 (AERO0)
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction # 1 (AERO1)
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction # 2 (AERO2)
207
208
0 1 2 3 4 5 60
2000
4000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Aerodynamic Drag Reduction#1 (AERO1)
Incremental percentage compared with: Aerodynamic Drag Reduction#0 (AERO0)
Standard Deviation : 0.5
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 2.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 2.0
VOLPE result = 2.3
Density of data
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction # 0 (AERO0)
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction # 1 (AERO1)
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction # 2 (AERO2)
209
210
0 1 2 3 4 5 60
2000
4000
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Technology-Aerodynamic Drag Reduction#2 (AERO2)
Incremental percentage compared with: Aerodynamic Drag Reduction#1 (AERO1)
Standard Deviation : 0.5
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 2.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 2.0
VOLPE result = 2.5
Density of data
212
12 V Micro-Hybrid (MHEV)
Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Strong Hybrid # 1 (SHEV1) Powersplit
Plug-in Hybrid – 30m Range (PHEV1)
Electric Vehicle – 100m Range (EV2)
Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
Conventional Powertrain (CONV)
Pre Transmission (PAR HEV)
213
4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.60
5
10
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Hybrid-12V Micro-Hybrid(MHEV)
Incremental percentage compared with: Conventional Powertrain
Average : 5.2045
Standard Deviation : 0.2
0
1
2
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 5.2
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 5.0
VOLPE result = 2.1
Density of data
214
12 V Micro-Hybrid (MHEV)
Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Strong Hybrid # 1 (SHEV1) Powersplit
Plug-in Hybrid – 30m Range (PHEV1)
Electric Vehicle – 100m Range (EV2)
Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
Conventional Powertrain (CONV)
Pre Transmission (PAR HEV)
215
4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 60
10
20
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Hybrid-Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Incremental percentage compared with: 12V Micro-Hybrid(MHEV)
Average : 5.0519
Standard Deviation : 0.3
0
0.5
1
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 5.1
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 5.0
VOLPE result = 0.0
Density of data
216
12 V Micro-Hybrid (MHEV)
Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Strong Hybrid # 1 (SHEV1) Powersplit
Plug-in Hybrid – 30m Range (PHEV1)
Electric Vehicle – 100m Range (EV2)
Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
Conventional Powertrain (CONV)
Pre Transmission (PAR HEV)
217
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 340
5
10
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Hybrid-Pretransmission Hybrid
Incremental percentage compared with: Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Average : 30.6879
Standard Deviation : 1.4
0
0.2
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 30.7
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 28.9
Density of data
218
12 V Micro-Hybrid (MHEV)
Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Strong Hybrid # 1 (SHEV1) Powersplit
Plug-in Hybrid – 30m Range (PHEV1)
Electric Vehicle – 100m Range (EV2)
Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
Conventional Powertrain (CONV)
Pre Transmission (PAR HEV)
219
12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 150
2
4
6
8
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Hybrid-Strong Hybrid#1 (SHEV1)
Incremental percentage compared with: Pretransmission Hybrid
Average : 13.5932
Standard Deviation : 0.6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 13.6
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 13.8
VOLPE result = 6.5
Density of data
220
12 V Micro-Hybrid (MHEV)
Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Strong Hybrid # 1 (SHEV1) Powersplit
Plug-in Hybrid – 30m Range (PHEV1)
Electric Vehicle – 100m Range (EV2)
Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
Conventional Powertrain (CONV)
Pre Transmission (PAR HEV)
221
49 49.5 50 50.5 51 51.5 52 52.5 53 53.5 540
10
20
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Hybrid-Plug-in Hybrid 30m Range (PHEV1)
Incremental percentage compared with: Strong Hybrid#1 (SHEV1)
Average : 51.7559
Standard Deviation : 1.2
0
0.2
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 51.8
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 50.7
VOLPE result = 40.7
Density of data
222
12 V Micro-Hybrid (MHEV)
Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Strong Hybrid # 1 (SHEV1) Powersplit
Plug-in Hybrid – 30m Range (PHEV1)
Electric Vehicle – 100m Range (EV2)
Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
Conventional Powertrain (CONV)
Pre Transmission (PAR HEV)
223
19 20 21 22 23 24 250
5
10
15
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Occu
ren
ces
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Hybrid-Electric Vehicle - 100m Range (EV2)
Incremental percentage compared with: Plug-in Hybrid 30m Range (PHEV1)
Average : 21.8204
Standard Deviation : 1.4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = 21.8
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = 23.0
VOLPE result = 68.5
Density of data
224
12 V Micro-Hybrid (MHEV)
Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Strong Hybrid # 1 (SHEV1) Powersplit
Plug-in Hybrid – 30m Range (PHEV1)
Electric Vehicle – 100m Range (EV2)
Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
Conventional Powertrain (CONV)
Pre Transmission (PAR HEV)
225
-83 -82.5 -82 -81.5 -81 -80.5 -80 -79.5 -79 -78.5 -78
0
2
4
6
8
Fuel Consumption Improvement (INC), %
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
ren
ce
s
Distribution of Fuel Consumption for Hybrid-Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
Incremental percentage compared with: Electric Vehicle - 100m Range (EV2)
Average : -80.2945
Standard Deviation : 0.9
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Number of occurences - all tech. combined
Average value = -80.3
Baseline vehicle (ANL) = -79.9
VOLPE result = 0.0
Density of data
230
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Engine Technology Map
Av
g. Im
pro
ve
d %
(A
BS
)
General trendline on engine technologiesAbsolute percentage compared with: Dual Cam Phasing(DCP)[eng01]
eng02
eng03
eng04
eng05
a
eng05
b
eng05
c
eng06
a
eng06
b
eng07
a
eng07
b
eng08
a
eng08
b
eng12
eng13
eng14
eng15
eng16
eng17
Dual Over Head Cam (DOHC)
Single Over Head Cam (SOHC)
Turbo Downsizing
231
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS)
Den
sit
y [
0,1
]
Density profile of different engine technologiesAbsolute density profile compared with: Dual Cam Phasing (DCP) [eng01]
02-Discrete VVL (DVVLD)
03-Direct Injection (GDID)
04-Cylinder Deactivation (DEACD)
05a-Single Over head cam
05b-Reduced Friction VVT
05c-Reduced Friction VVT
06a-Dicrete VVL (DVVLS)
06b-Discrete VVL (DVVLS)
07a-Direct Injection (GDIS)
07b-Direct Injection (GDIS)
08a-Cylinder Deactivation(DEACS)
08b-Cylinder Deactivation (DEACS)
12-Turbocharging and Downsizing # 1 (TRBD1)
13-Turbocharging and Downsizing #2 (TRBD2)
14-Cooled EGR#1 (CEGR1)
15-Cooloed EGR#2 (CEGR2)
16-Cooled EGR (CEGR3)
17-Advanced Diesel(ADLS)
232
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS) (DOHC)
De
ns
ity
[0,1
]
Density profile of different engine technologiesAbsolute density profile compared with: Dual Cam Phasing (DCP) [eng01]
02-Discrete VVL (DVVLD)
03-Direct Injection (GDID)
04-Cylinder Deactivation (DEACD)
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
0.5
1
1.5
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS) (SOHC)
De
ns
ity
[0,1
]
05a-Single Over head cam
05b-Reduced Friction VVT
05c-Reduced Friction VVT
06a-Dicrete VVL (DVVLS)
06b-Discrete VVL (DVVLS)
07a-Direct Injection (GDIS)
07b-Direct Injection (GDIS)
08a-Cylinder Deactivation(DEACS)
08b-Cylinder Deactivation (DEACS)
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS) (Turbo Downsizing)
De
ns
ity
[0,1
]
12-Turbocharging and Downsizing # 1 (TRBD1)
13-Turbocharging and Downsizing #2 (TRBD2)
14-Cooled EGR#1 (CEGR1)
15-Cooloed EGR#2 (CEGR2)
16-Cooled EGR (CEGR3)
17-Advanced Diesel(ADLS)
234
0
2
4
6
8
Engine Technology Map (Incremental)
Avg
. %
FC
Im
pro
ved
(IN
C)
General Incremental trendline on engine technologiesIncremental percentages compared with preceding technology, [eng01] is the baseline
eng02
eng03
eng04
eng12
eng13
eng14
eng15
eng16
eng17
Dual Over Head Cam Map
-5
0
5
10
Engine Technology Map (Incremental)
Avg
. %
FC
Im
pro
ved
(IN
C)
eng5a
eng5b
eng6a
eng7a
eng8a
eng12
eng13
eng14
eng15
eng16
eng17
Single Over Head Cam-ReducedFriction-01
-5
0
5
10
Engine Technology Map (Incremental)
Avg
. %
FC
Im
pro
ved
(IN
C)
eng5a
eng5c
eng6b
eng7b
eng8b
eng12
eng13
eng14
eng15
eng16
eng17
Single Over Head Cam-ReducedFriction-02
235
-5 0 5 10 15
0
0.5
1
1.5
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (INC)
Den
sit
y [
0,1
]
Density profile of different engine technologiesIncremental density profile compared with preceding technology, [eng01] is the baseline
eng02
eng03
eng04
eng12
eng13
eng14
eng15
eng16
eng17
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
0.5
1
1.5
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (INC)
De
ns
ity
[0,1
]
eng5a
eng5b
eng6a
eng7a
eng8a
eng12
eng13
eng14
eng15
eng16
eng17
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
0.5
1
1.5
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (INC)
De
nsit
y [
0,1
]
eng5a
eng5c
eng6b
eng7b
eng8b
eng12
eng13
eng14
eng15
eng16
eng17
238
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Number of Gears
Avg
. Im
pro
ved
% (
AB
S)
General trendline on transmission technologiesAbsolute percentages compared with: 5-spd transmission
6-sp
d
8-sp
d (/CVT)
Auto Transmission
DM Transmission
DCT Transmission
CVT Transmission
239
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 120
0.5
1
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (ABS) (AUTO)
Den
sit
y [
0,1
]
Density profile of transmission technologiesAbsolute density profile compared with: 5-spd transmission
6-spd
8-spd
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (ABS) (DM)
Den
sit
y [
0,1
]
6-spd
8-spd
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200
0.2
0.4
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (ABS) (DCT)
Den
sit
y [
0,1
]
6-spd
8-spd
-2 0 2 4 6 8 100
0.5
1
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (ABS) (CVT)
Den
sit
y [
0,1
]
Auto-6spd
CVT Transmission
242
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 100
0.5
1
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (INC) (AUTO)
Den
sit
y [
0,1
]
Density profile of transmission technologiesIncremental density profile compared with preceding technology,
5-spd is the baseline
6-spd
8-spd
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
0.5
1
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (INC) (DM)
Den
sit
y [
0,1
]
6-spd
8-spd
-5 0 5 10 15 200
0.2
0.4
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (INC) (DCT)
Den
sit
y [
0,1
]
6-spd
8-spd
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 100
0.5
1
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (INC) (CVT)
Den
sit
y [
0,1
]
AUTO-6spd
CVT Transmission
245
0
5
10
Mass Reduction Technology
Avg
. Im
pro
ved
% (
AB
S)
General trendline on different vehicle technologiesAbsolute percentages compared with: MR0/AERO0/ROLL0
MR1
MR2
MR3
MR4
Mass Reduction
2
3
4
5
6
Aero Reduction Technology
Avg
. Im
pro
ved
% (
AB
S)
AERO1
AERO2
Aero Reduction
0
1
2
3
4
Rolling Resistance Reduction Technology
Avg
. Im
pro
ved
% (
AB
S)
ROLL1
ROLL2
ROLL3
Rolling Resistance Reduction
246
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 120
0.5
1
1.5
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (ABS)
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Density profile of vehicle technologiesAbsolute density profile compared with: MR0/AERO0/ROLL0
Mass Reduction#1 (MR1)
Mass Reduction#2 (MR2)
Mass Reduction#3 (MR3)
Mass Reduction#4 (MR4)
-2 0 2 4 6 80
0.5
1
1.5
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (ABS)
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Low Rolling Resistance Tires#1(ROLL1)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires#2(ROLL2)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires#3(ROLL3)
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (ABS)
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction#1 (AERO1)
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction#2 (AERO2)
248
0
2
4
6
Mass Reduction Technology
Avg
. Im
pro
ved
% (
INC
)
General trendline on different vehicle technologiesIncremental percentages compared with preceding technology,
MR0/AERO0/ROLL0 is the baseline
MR1
MR2
MR3
MR4
Mass Reduction
2.6
2.65
2.7
2.75
Aero Reduction Technology
Avg
. Im
pro
ved
% (
INC
)
AERO1
AERO2
Aero Reduction
1.8
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88
Rolling Resistance Reduction Technology
Avg
. Im
pro
ved
% (
INC
)
ROLL1
ROLL2
ROLL3
Rolling Resistance Reduction
249
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (INC)
De
ns
ity [
0,1
]
Density profile of vehicle technologiesIncremental density profile compared with preceding technology,
MR0/AERO0/ROLL0 is the baseline
Mass Reduction#1 (MR1)
Mass Reduction#2 (MR2)
Mass Reduction#3 (MR3)
Mass Reduction#4 (MR4)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.50
0.5
1
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (INC)
De
ns
ity [
0,1
]
Low Rolling Resistance Tires#1(ROLL1)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires#2(ROLL2)
Low Rolling Resistance Tires#3(ROLL3)
0 1 2 3 4 5 60
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (INC)
De
ns
ity [
0,1
]
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction#1 (AERO1)
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction#2 (AERO2)
252
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Hybrid Technology
Av
g.
Imp
rov
ed
% (
AB
S)
General trendline on hybridization technologiesAbsolute percentage compared with: Conventional Powertrain (CONV)
12V M
icro
-Hyb
rid
Bel
t ISG
Par
HEV
SHEV
PHEV1
EV2
FCV
Hybrid engine technologies
253
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 900
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Fuel Consumption Improvement (ABS)
Den
sit
y [
0,1
]
Density profile of different hybrid technologiesAbsolute density profile compared with: Conventional Powertrain (CONV)
12V Micro-Hybrid(MHEV)
Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Pretransmission Hybrid
Strong Hybrid#1 (SHEV1)
Plug-in Hybrid 30m Range (PHEV1)
Electric Vehicle - 100m Range (EV2)
Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
255
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Hybrid Technology
Av
g.
Imp
rov
ed
% (
INC
)
General trendline on hybridization technologiesIncremental percentages compared with preceding technology,
Conventional Powertrain (CONV) is the baseline
12V M
icro
-Hyb
rid
Bel
t ISG
Par
HEV
SHEV
PHEV1
EV2
FCV
Hybrid engine technologies
256
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 600
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Fuel Consumption Improvement % (INC)
De
ns
ity
[0
,1]
Density profile of different hybrid technologiesIncremental density profile compared with preceding technology,
Conventional Powertrain (CONV) is the baseline
12V Micro-Hybrid(MHEV)
Integrated Starter Generator (BISG)
Pretransmission Hybrid
Strong Hybrid#1 (SHEV1)
Plug-in Hybrid 30m Range (PHEV1)
Electric Vehicle - 100m Range (EV2)
Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)