1. An intermediary inventivemind Psychology is a science, andteaching is an art; and sciencesnever generate arts directly out ofthemselves. An intermediaryinventive mind must make theapplication, by using its originality James, 1892, p. 24 P Conway, PDE @ UCC 1

2. Types of research designs Descriptive, .e.g. Piaget (1920s-1970s) Correlational Experimental, e.g. reciprocal teaching(Brown & Palinscar, 1986) Single-subject case studies Micro-genetic, e.g. Inside Classrooms(Lyons et al, 2004) Moment-to-moment Ethnography Meta-analyses Review many studies, e.g. Inside Black Box(Black & Wiliam, 1998)P Conway, PDE @ UCC2 3. II. Growing Up: Socialcontext of adolescence Changing social context Family School-to-work Globalisation, e.g. new media, mobility,glocalisation Health Challenges for education systems Complexity Diversity Flow of: People & ideas (f) globalisation, sustainable development & knowledge society P Conway, PDE @ UCC 3 4. Adolescence in Ireland: 1950,1980 & 2010 Points of comparison Population Age of puberty Family Gender & social expectations Travel Leisure e.g. sport, music, mediaetc. School-to-work % completing post-primary education & entering third level Sexuality, e.g. changing norms, age of consent Health, e.g. obesityP Conway, PDE @ UCC 4 5. Changing contexts:demographics Population: Immigrant pop (Smyth et al,2009, ESRI) 3% (1993), 6% (2002), 10% (2006) Issues: identity e.g. in-group/out-group, bi-culturalism, stereotyping, some bullying (see CRC Report, 2009), funds of knowledge (Moll, 1991) Issues of identity especially salient in adolescence (Erikson, 1968, Identity Youth and Crisis - a classic psychological study) P Conway, PDE @ UCC 5 6. Identity: search for somethingand somebody to be true to The evidence in young lives of the search forsomething and somebody to be true to can beseen in a variety of pursuits more or lesssanctioned by society. It is often hidden in abewildering combination of shifting devotion andsudden perversity, sometimes more devotedlyperverse, sometimes more perversely devoted.Yet in all youths seeming shiftiness, a seekingafter some durability in change can be detected Erikson (1968) Identity: Youth and CrisisP Conway, PDE @ UCC 6 7. Age of puberty: growth spurt& reproductive maturity Physical and sexual maturation: Younger than in the past In Ireland menarche decrease from 13.5(mid 80s) yrs to 12.5 yrs (2008) Timing & spread: Starts earlier for girls thanboys but Timing: Girls (10-14 yrs); Boys (12-18yrs) Spread: e.g. Girls, 1.1yrs SD thus 66% either within 2.2yrs Issues: Imaginary audience (Elkind, 1985): Body changes and centrality of body-image to sense of self (i.e. self-concept) & value on self (I.e. self-worth or self-esteem) (Feldman, 2008) Social comparison e.g. own and other genderP Conway, PDE @ UCC7 8. Changing adolescents in achanging family systems More diverse family structures in Ireland(& other Western countries, Coleman,2010) now than in past Parental work patterns (changing - boom tobust), blended families, smaller, more singleparent households, separation & divorce Issues: Earlier bio-psycho-social maturity amongadolescents, e.g. pressure to be more independent earlier (Feldman, 2008) Family boundaries & roles more changingblurred,e.g. adolescents as workers, onlinelives, access to moneyP Conway, PDE @ UCC 8 9. P Conway, PDE @ UCC 9 10. Marcias 4 identity statuses Diffusion:I havent chosen the occupation I really wantto get into, but Im working toward becoming a _____until something better comes along. When it comes toreligion, I just havent found any that Im really intomyself. Foreclosure:I guess Im pretty much like my parentswhen it comes to politics. I follow what they do in termsof voting and such. Ive never really questioned myreligion. If its right for my parents, it must be right forme. Moratorium: I just cant decide how capable I am as aperson and what jobs Ill be right for. There are somany different political parties and ideals, I cant decidewhich to follow until I figure it all out. Identity Achievement: A persons faith is unique to eachindividual. Ive considered and reconsidered it myselfand know what I can believe. P Conway, PDE @ UCC10 11. Adolescence as period ofidentity transition Self, family, peersThis search is easily misunderstood, and often it isonly dimly perceived by the individual himself, becauseyouth, always set to grasp both diversity in principleand principle in diversity, must often test extremesbefore setting on a considered course. Theseextremes, particularly in times of ideological confusionand widespread marginality of identity, may include notonly rebellious but also deviant, delinquent, and self-destructive tendencies. However, all of this can be inthe nature of a moratorium, a period of delay in whichto test the rock bottom of some truth before committingthe powers of the mind and body to a segment of theexisting (or a coming) order (Erikson, 1968, p. 235-36).P Conway, PDE @ UCC 11 12. Changing contexts andidentity Cognitive influences E.g. Piagets concrete & formal operations Parenting influences E.g. authoritative parents; provide opportunities for responsible freedom while providing a foundation of support Next steps & sense of time What are you going to be when you grow up? push people toward setting career goals and making stablevocational commitments, but may delay political and religiouscommitments Peer influences Peer social networks and associated values, e.g. ??? Online and off-line lives Schooling as age-graded micro-cultures Cultural-historical influences Did identity crises occur in our hunter-gatherer history as a human species? P Conway, PDE @ UCC12