Pct Manual 2.3.1

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    Contact:

    TRENCH LIMITED PLC Steve Marraccini330 FINCHDENE SQUARE. DOCK #6 Phn: (416) 298-8108 x314SCARBOROUGH. ONTARIO. Fax: (416) 298-2209

    CANADA. M1X-1A5. [email protected]

    www.trenchgroup.com PLC Marketing Coordinator

    PROGRAMMABLE CARRIER TERMINAL

    INSTRUCTION MANUAL

    T-20D400200 VERSION 2.3.1

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    Section 1Introduction

    Programmable Carrier Terminal (PCT) is designed to minimize lifetime costs of

    operating the terminal. Programming and level settings are all done automatically withoutuse of jumpers or manual level adjustments. The terminal can be programmed to operate

    over the 30 to 500 kHz frequency range as either an FSK terminal or an On-Off terminal.

    Channel times and required RF bandwidths are selectable in either mode of operation,thus allowing use of the terminal in most of the communication assisted power line

    protection schemes. The terminal can operate from any of the standard substation battery

    voltages 48 VDC, 125 VDC or 250 VDC. The recommended spare parts are minimal;one terminal can be spare for any number of terminals in operation. This reduces cost of

    operation.

    Programmable Carrier Terminal (PCT) can be programmed to operate as either an FSKPLC terminal or as an On-Off PLC terminal. Programming of the mode of operation is

    achieved via a computer connected to either an Ethernet port at the rear of the terminal or

    to a RS232 port at the front of the terminal. All software that is required to program theterminal is located in the terminal. The computer must only have an Internet browser

    installed in it.

    This versatile terminal can satisfy most telecommunication requirements of the power

    line protection schemes applied by majority of the North American Utilities.

    Programming of various parameters of the terminal is achieved by simple selection of the

    appropriate programming panel and activation of desired parameter by point and clickof the computer mouse. The receiver sensitivity in either mode of operation is selectable

    within appropriate range of values. The transmitter power output can be programmed for

    any power level from 1-Watt to 100-Watt output.

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    Features at a glance

    Feature Description Remarks

    Operating

    Frequency range

    30 kHz to 500 kHz Suitable for any operating

    frequencyDC Power Supply - 48 VDC

    - 125 VDC- 250 VDC

    Any standard battery voltage can

    be used to power the terminal

    Mode of operation - FSK- On-Off

    Same terminal is suitable for

    variety of applications

    Receiver channel

    time andbandwidth

    - FSK Mode:- 25 msec (200 Hz shift

    500 Hz bandwidth)

    - 10 msec (500 Hz shift 1 kHz bandwidth)

    - 5 msec (1000 Hz shift 2 kHz bandwidth)

    - On-Off mode:- 3 msec (2.0 kHz

    bandwidth)

    - 1.5 msec (4.0 kHzbandwidth)

    Transmitter RFpower output

    1-Watt to 100-Wattprogrammable in 1dB or 1-

    Watt steps

    Suitable for use at any frequencyand large variety of power line

    types and lengths.

    Transmitter and

    receiver operatingfrequencies

    Selectable in 1 Hz steps Transmitter and receiver

    operating channels areindividually programmable ineither mode of operation.

    Settings and level

    adjustments

    All settings are made by

    selecting desired parameter on

    a programming panel. Systemlevel adjustments are made

    automatically.

    Eliminates need for setting

    jumpers or doing any manual

    level adjustments.

    Real time level

    measurements

    Terminal monitors and

    displays transmitter and

    receiver levels as well as return

    loss measurement

    Eliminates need for external test

    equipment.

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    User connections are provided at the rear of the terminal. Same connection terminals are

    used for either type of operating mode (On-Off or FSK). Details of the user connectionsare provided on the User Connection diagram. There are six types of connections

    available on the rear panel:

    - Receiver output terminals (FSK Guard and Trip outputs, On-Off blocking

    outputs).- Transmitter keying inputs (FSK trip keying, On-Off Start, Stop,Supervisory, Reduced Power and Checkback remote control)

    - Alarm outputs System, Equipment, Maintenance alert, Power SupplyTransmitter and Receiver

    - Transmitter SER and Receiver SER outputs- 4-wire and 2-wire RF input/output connectors.- An Ethernet port for connection of the terminal to Local Area Network (LAN)

    or to a PC with appropriate Ethernet cable. In most cases a straight Ethernet

    cable can be used with PC that has 1 GB network adapter, however PC witholder network adapters will need a cross-over cable.

    - IRIG B connector that accepts both modulated and un-modulated IRIG-Bsignals (auto sense). This input has high impedance (10 K); therefore severalPCT terminals can be connected in parallel.

    In addition, the terminal has an Event Log filing system. This system records any event

    that happens within the terminal with a time stamp and detailed event description. Up to

    1200 events can be stored in the Event Log file.

    Rear panel terminals location

    Terminal can be accessed from a computer connected to either the Ethernet port at therear panel or to the RS232 port on the front panel. In either case, the access to the

    terminal is achieved by entering the IP address assigned to the terminal on the Internet

    browser line. The terminal responds with a request for User name and Password.Once this information is provided, the terminal provides main menu on the computer

    screen. Further selection is made by accessing various programming panels.

    The terminal is housed in a 2 RU (3.5) high 19 wide and 17 deep housing. Most of the

    circuitry is located on a single printed circuit board. Transmitter PA stage, front paneldisplay circuitry and the rear panel are separate circuit boards. The side panels of the

    housing are heath sink assemblies, one used as a heat sink for the power supply module

    and the other as a heat sink for the transmitter PA stage.

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    Section 2General Description and Block Diagram

    The terminal consists of a universal power supply unit, a programmable transmitter, twoprogrammable receivers, a microprocessor control unit (MCU), a Single Board Computer

    (SBC) and a rear panel with input and output circuitry. The front panel contains a power

    supply switch and associated LED, four LEDs indicating system, equipment, receiver and

    transmitter status, LCD display panel with associated selection controls and an RS232connector.

    Front Panel View

    All user connections are made at the rear of the terminal. An Ethernet receptacle is

    provided for connection of either local Ethernet network or a computer terminal. Fiveconnector blocks are provided. Each block is of a different size ensuring that incorrect

    connection is unlikely to be made. Details of the connections are provided on the drawing

    User Interface. There is one drawing showing connections for an On-Off mode ofoperation and another drawing for the FSK mode of operation. In addition, the rear panel

    contains RF terminals UHF connector is provided for the transmitter output in a 4-wire

    operation or for connection of RF cable in 2-wire operation. Two BNC type ofconnectors are provided for connecting receiver RF input in 4-wire operation and for

    feeding the same RF signal to an adjacent receiver terminal. There is also one BNC

    connector available for connecting an IRIG B signal.

    A computer with Internet browser is required to program the terminal. The computer can

    be connected to the terminal via a router or a direct cross-connect cable. In either case the

    browser must have the IP address, assigned to PCT, entered in the browser address field.Once the correct address is entered and connection to PCT is requested, PCT will respond

    with a request for User Name and Password. After receiving correct user name and

    password, PCT will respond with a main menu selection. PCT uses Sun Java software to

    communicate with the computer. As a first step, PCT SBC (Single Board Computer) willverify if the computer has Java software installed in it. If the computer does not have Java

    software installed, the software will be downloaded from PCT to the computer

    automatically. The computer must have approximately 40 Mbits of free space forinstallation of Java software on the computer hard disk.

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    PCT BL OCK DIAGRAM

    RS 232

    CONNECTION

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    Single Board Computer (SBC) receives and stores programming information from the

    users computer. The stored information consists of operating mode (FSK or On-Off),operating transmit and receive frequencies and other parameters defining transmitter and

    receiver operation. The SBC passes specific parameters to MCU that controls operation

    of the transmitter and receiver in a real time. SBC has a 128 Mbit flash card as a main

    storage device. This flash card stores Linux operating system, Java software and detailedprogramming panels. One of the programming panels is an Event Log file that can store

    up to 1,200 events before over-riding will occur.

    The MCU contains programmed mode of operation, operating frequencies and other

    parameters for the transmitter and the receivers A and B. Using information received

    from SBC, MCU controls transmitter frequency and power output, controls frequencyand monitors output from receiver A such as Guard, Trip, LOS or Blocking and

    controls receiver B signal level measuring process. MCU monitors transmitter input

    keying circuitry and applies appropriate keying command to the transmitter. Outputsfrom receiver A are used to control Rx output circuitry in either mode of operation.

    MCU provides continuous information to SBC regarding any alarms detected in the PCTor received from other terminals forming the system.

    The transmitter obtains information from MCU regarding mode of operation (FSK or On-

    Off), operating frequency, power output setting and keying input information. The

    transmitter consists of a frequency synthesizer that produces on channel signal. Thissignal is fed to a programmable attenuator that is programmed for the selected transmitter

    output power. Output from the programmable attenuator is fed to the output amplifier

    (PA) stage of the transmitter. The PA stage is a linear amplifier that feeds the outputnetwork. The output network consists of a line transformer, which provides matching of

    the transmitter output impedance to the 50-Ohm coaxial cable impedance, and a forwardand reverse power monitoring network. In 2-wire operation, the reverse terminal of the

    output network is also used as the receiver RF input terminal. In 4-wire operation,

    receiver input is connected directly to the BNC receive RF input connector.

    Receiver A performs standard receiver functions. In FSK mode, the receiver provides

    detection of Guard or Trip signals and forwards this information to MCU for further

    processing. In addition, the receiver provides Loss of Signal (LOS) detection and noisedetection to MCU that controls the output contacts. MCU drives two output circuits one

    output is a heavy duty transistor Guard output and a heavy duty transistor Trip output.

    The second output circuit is two fast electronic relay output contacts one for Guard andthe other for Trip. In the On-Off mode, the receiver detects a presence of an on-channel

    signal that drives the two heavy duty transistors and the two fast electronic relay outputs.

    Receiver B is used to measure actual forward and reverse transmitted power output and

    actual received power level in dBm. This function is performed continuously when the

    terminal operates in FSK mode. With the terminal in On-Off mode of operation, this

    function is performed only during initial level setting procedure and during periodiccheckback sequence. In FSK mode of operation, the transmitter and the receiver operate

    on different RF frequencies. This information is provided to Receiver B from MCU.

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    Dynamic level measuring range of receiver B is approximately 50 dB. This is satisfactory

    if the 4-wire receive input level is less then 15 dBm. For stronger then 15 dBm receiveinput signals, an additional 20 dB attenuator must be provided. This attenuator is

    automatically switched in as soon as the receiver B detects that the received signal is

    above 15 dBm. Once activated this attenuator remains active until the received signal

    level drops to below 10 dBm. At that input level, the 20 dB attenuator is automaticallyswitched off. Measuring range of 4-wire receiver input signal is between +15 dBm and

    35 dBm without the 20-dB attenuator and it is switched to +35 dBm to 15 dBm with

    the 20 dB attenuator switched in.Receiver B can be programmed to either the transmitter or the receiver frequency.

    Transmitted forward and reverse RF levels are fed from the output network to inputs 1

    and 2 respectively of the receiver B input multiplex (MUX) circuit. The 4-wire receivesignal is fed to port 3 (or port 4 if 20 dB attenuator is switched in) of the input MUX

    circuit. When the terminal operates in 2-wire mode, the reverse port of the output

    network provides receive input signal to the MUX port 2. Receiver B pools each of thethree MUX inputs in a sequence. RF level is measured at each input by receiver B

    circuitry and the measured result is forwarded to MCU. MCU forwards the measuredinformation to SBC. SBC processes the received level information and displays details on

    the front LCD display panel, the Unit Status panel and via Ethernet (or RS232connection) on the users computer.

    Universal power supply module is an isolated switching DC to DC converter usingflyback design that converts input DC voltage to various DC voltages required by PCT

    circuitry. The module is designed to operate from a wide range of primary input voltages

    of 42 VDC to 280 VDC without any change to its setting or any jumper adjustments.Following separate voltages are provided to the PCT Circuitry:

    -5 VDC 3A to Single Board Computer (SBC) and MCU circuitry-5 VDC 1A to digital circuitry in the transmitter and the receivers

    -5 VDC 1A to analogue circuitry in the transmitter and the receivers

    -28 VDC to the receiver MUX circuitry-28 VDC is supplied to the transmitter PA stage if the programmed transmitter power

    output is 10 Watts or less, and 65 VDC if the programmed transmitter power output is

    greater then 10 Watts. The change of the supply voltage is controlled by Exalt

    command from MCU based on the programmed transmitter power output.

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    Section 3

    Equipment Application

    Programmable Carrier Terminal (PCT) can be used in either On-Off or FSK types of PLCsystems. Specific PLC system requirements dictate how PCT should be programmed.

    This manual section describes application of PCT in On-Off (Blocking) type of PLC

    system and FSK type of PLC system.

    3.1. Use of PCT in On-Off PLC systems

    PCT can be programmed as an On-Off single function keyed carrier terminal for use inline protection. The terminal can be programmed as wide band or narrow band terminal.

    Wide band terminal can be used in Phase comparison and Directional comparison line

    protection schemes, while the narrow band terminal can be used in DirectionalComparison Blocking (DCB) line protection scheme.

    Keying input controls are START and STOP. The controls can be programmed for

    keying voltage. START can be programmed for Apply voltage to key or Removevoltage to key. STOP is programmable for priority.

    With STOP priority programmed:

    1. STOP on inhibits all inputs2. START on switches transmitter to full programmed power unless STOP is on.

    START or STOP keying disable the checkback function. The transmitter keying can beprovided using the station battery voltage or a 5VDC output from a protective relay.

    The On-Off keyed carrier is keyed on and off by signals from associated protective relay

    equipment. The keying action causes the transmitter output to follow these signals. These

    keyed RF signals are received, attenuated, filtered, amplified and detected. The receivedand rectified signals are supplied to the associated external protection relay equipment.

    The PCT receiver provides several outputs:

    1. Two heavy duty transistor outputs at terminals TB4-3(+),2(-) and TB4-6(+),5(-)capable of switching 30A for 2 seconds and 5A continuously.

    2. Two high speed electronic relay outputs rated at 50 VA at terminals TB3-11,12 andTB3-9,10.

    3. One Current Output at terminals TB4-1(+) and TB4-2(-) for connection of 125 VDC30 Ohms relay coil.

    4. One Current Output at terminals TB4-4(+) and TB4-5 (-) for connection of 125 VDC100 mA load together with 5V/20 mA current source at TB3-13(+) and TB3-14(-).

    Note: Current Output available at TB4-1 and TB4-2 is equivalent to a legacy CS28A

    Current Output model 19B230595G2 (load is 125 VDC 30 Ohms), and Current Output

    available at TB4-4 and TB4-5 including a 20 mA/ 5VDC current source at TB3-13 and

    TB3-14 is equivalent to 19B230595G5 (load is 125 VDC 100 mA).

    The phase comparison scheme requires very fast signal pick up and signal drop out time.

    Wide band receiver should be used for this operation. Since phase comparison relaying

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    scheme keys the On-Off channel on a half-cycle basis, the provided transistor outputs

    should be used for this operation.

    Either wide band or narrow band receiver operation can be used for directional

    comparison blocking (DCB) line protection scheme. Either transistor outputs or fast relay

    outputs can be used in this scheme.

    A blocking scheme uses both tripping and blocking protection relays at all terminals of a

    transmission line. Tripping protection relays are set to detect all faults anywhere on theprotected line. Blocking relays are set to detect faults external to the protected line.

    In DCB scheme, the protection relays can differentiate between faults that are external orinternal the protected line section. If a fault occurs external to the protected line section,

    the associated directional relays and fault detectors cause the transmitter to send a carrier

    blocking signal which prevents the circuit breaker from tripping. However, if the faultoccurs internal to the protected section, the relays and fault detectors cut off the

    transmitter so that the blocking signal is not sent, and the breakers trip. Failure of thecarrier system does not prevent tripping of the breaker during internal fault. However,

    loss of the channel can cause false tripping for an external fault, and therefore, is lesssecure.

    In DCB scheme, protection tripping relays operate to stop carrier transmission and theexternal fault detecting relays are used to start carrier transmission. It is vital to start

    carrier and block tripping for every external fault. Therefore, the carrier start fault

    detectors must operate faster and be more sensitive then the tripping units. Summarizedbelow are the basic characteristics of a directional comparison scheme and the associated

    carrier equipment:1. The transmission of a carrier from any terminal prevents tripping of the

    protected line section.

    2. For external faults, the operation of a blocking protection relay initiates asignal to block tripping at all terminals of the protected line.

    3. Carrier transmission is stopped at each terminal for internal faults by theoperation of the directional protection relay at each terminal. The tripping

    relays have preference over the blocking relays in the control of the localtransmitter.

    4. Carrier transmission is off under normal, unfaulted condition.In DCB schemes, STOP must be selected as Keying Priority. Output from trippingprotective relay must be applied to STOP terminals to cause stop of any transmission of

    the carrier. START terminals must be connected to the output of blocking protection

    relays.

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    In summary, following are advantages and limitations of the directional comparison

    blocking (DCB) scheme:

    Advantages:

    1. Highly dependable.

    2. Does not require operation of the telecommunication channel to trip.3. Applicable on all types of line configurations, even on lines with weak infeedterminals.

    Limitations:1. Loss of communication channel can cause overtripping2. Less secure.

    In Phase Comparison Relaying, the role of wide band blocking-type ON-OFF keyed

    carrier channel equipment is to permit comparison of the phase angle of the current

    leaving the remote terminal with that of the local terminal. If these two currents areessentially in phase, there can be no fault in the protected line section. If these two

    currents are essentially 180 degrees out of phase, there is a fault on the line. When a faultoccurs that produces sufficient current to operate the level detector, the mixing network

    in the phase comparison relaying scheme provides two outputs. These two outputs are 60Hz square waves, one of which keys the wide band ON-OFF channel transmitter. The

    second output of the mixing network is fed to a comparer. Carrier start is arranged in

    such a way that the transmitter is keyed only on positive half-cycle. The compareroperates to trip the associated circuit breaker only on negative half-cycle if no received

    carrier is present. Summarized below are the basic characteristics of a phase comparison

    scheme and the associated carrier equipment:1. For external faults, the single-phase current output from the mixing network at

    the two ends of the line are 180 degrees out of phase with each other. Thisresults in keying the transmitters at both terminals on alternate half-cycles.

    This causes the receivers at both terminals to receive a continuous carrier

    signal, which blocks the comparers from tripping either breaker.2. For internal faults, the currents flowing into both terminals are in phase,

    causing the mixing network outputs to be in phase. For this condition, the

    transmitters at both terminals are keyed simultaneously every half cycle.

    Absence of a received signal plus a negative half-cycle signal from the mixingnetwork produces a trip output from the associated comparer. Thus the

    breakers at both terminals are tripped during this half cycle.

    3. Carrier transmission is off under normal, unfaulted condition.

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    In summary, the advantages and limitations of the Phase Comparison Blocking scheme

    are:

    Advantages:

    1. Simple one relay provides protection for all faults.

    2. Does not require an ac potential supply.3. Not affected by system swings.4. Not affected by zero sequence mutual effects.5. Dependable does not require channel operation for internal faults.

    Limitations:

    1. Relatively insensitive.2. Relatively slow since tripping is permitted only on alternative half cycles. The

    operating time can be decreased by using dual phase comparison which would

    permit tripping every half cycle.

    3. Phase comparison relaying requires a high speed wide band channel.

    4. Less secure loss of channel can cause overtripping.5. Single pole tripping and reclosure require additional devices for phase

    selection.

    Frequency Considerations in Blocking mode

    The PCT receiver is designed as zero Hz IF receiver. This implies that receipt of a

    signal on exactly receive channel frequency will result in zero Hz output. Therefore,the receiver is always set at the channel center frequency and the transmitter is

    programmed (offset) for only one of the following: -125 Hz, +125 Hz, -250 Hz, +250 Hz375 Hz or +375 Hz from channel center frequency. All of the On-Off terminals on thesame line section operate on the same channel frequency. Each transmitter must be offset

    for a different amount to avoid possible standing waves on the line if more then one

    transmitter is keyed at the same time. Maximum number of On-Off terminals on one linesection is six.

    Recommended minimum frequency spacing between two PLC channels on the same line

    is a function of the isolation between the transmitter on one channel and the receiver on

    the other channel on the same line section. Providing a minimum isolation of 15 dB, thenarrow band terminal requires 2 kHz separation while the wide band terminal requires 4

    kHz separation between the channel centers.

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    3.2. Use of PCT in FSK PLC systems

    PCT programmed in FSK mode can be used in protection schemes for either equipment

    protection or line protection. The protection schemes can be either one-way, such as

    transformer protection or breaker failure protection, or two-way, such as line protection.

    In addition to transformer protection, shunt reactors can similarly be protected bydifferential relays and one-way carrier transmission.

    PCT programmed in FSK mode can be used for following protection functions:

    Power transformer equipment protection.

    Shunt reactor equipment protection.

    Line protection

    Direct-underreaching transfer trip

    Permissive underreaching transfer trip

    Permissive overreaching transfer trip

    Unblocking relaying

    Combined unblocking and direct transfer trip

    Phase-comparison relaying

    Circuit breaker failure protection.

    In normal operation, a GUARD signal is continuously transmitted. At the receiver, the

    reception of the GUARD signal acts to produce blocking of the breaker trip circuit. At the

    same time, the GUARD signal provides continuous monitoring of the carrier system.When the fault does occur, the fault-sensing device causes the transmitter to shift

    transmitted frequency to the TRIP frequency. Reception of the TRIP frequency by the

    receiver acts to release the GUARD output and operate the TRIP output in the receiver.The terminal will only produce one output either GUARD or TRIP, but never both at

    the same time.

    In the case of equipment protection, differential relays are used at the transformer orshunt reactor to shift the frequency of the carrier transmitter to directly trip the remote

    breaker, while simultaneously tripping the local low-side breaker. In the case of line

    protection, the protective relaying scheme is classified as either direct or permissive,depending on whether the receive terminal trips the breaker directly or if the local fault-

    detecting relays must also operate before tripping can occur. Line protection may incur

    tripping through a fault and requires special receiver logic in the event of loss of signal,as discussed later.

    Application of channel equipment may be either single or dual-channel operation. In

    dual-channel operation, two transmitters are used at each transmitting terminal and two

    receivers at the receiving terminals. The dual-channel system is highly desirable in thatboth channels must operate before tripping can occur, thus increasing channel security.

    Furthermore, the dual system also permits testing of each channel separately without the

    danger of accidentally tripping the associated breaker. Some users apply the receiver

    outputs in parallel to increase dependability. With FSK operation, two-way channelsrequire a separate operating frequency in each direction. If two-way dual-channel

    operation is required, two operating frequencies are required in each direction.

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    Frequency-shift carrier equipment requires only a narrow band of frequencies. This

    allows single frequency line tuning and traps in the line coupling circuit, even whentwo-way dual channels are used. However, RF hybrid units are required to separate the

    closely spaced transmit and receive frequencies. These RF hybrids, usually a skewed

    hybrid, can be within the transmitter/receiver equipment (2-wire operation of PCT) or

    furnished as external units (PCT in 4-wire mode of operation).The PCT unit is designed to always produce GUARD signal with frequency above the

    channel frequency and TRIP signal with frequency below the channel frequency. The

    channel speed, minimum frequency separation between adjacent transmit and receivechannels and minimum channel RF bandwidths are determined by the selected frequency

    shift as per following table:

    Selected

    Frequency Shift

    Channel time Minimum

    frequencyseparation

    unidirectional

    systems

    Minimum

    frequencyseparation bi-

    directional

    systems

    Occupied

    channelbandwidth

    200 Hz 25 ms 500 Hz 500 Hz 500 Hz

    500 Hz 10 ms 1.0 kHz 1.0 kHz 1.0 kHz

    1,000 Hz 5 ms 2.0 kHz 2.0 kHz 2.0 kHz

    FSK Receiver Logic

    The logic system programmed in the PCT receiver operating in FSK mode allows

    optimum security and dependability that is required for operation of the protection

    schemes. The logic available in PCT FSK receiver is based on the followingconsiderations:

    Security against false trip Trip dependability under adverse conditions

    Tripping through a fault loss of signalThe logic function within PCT receives several inputs from the receiver and determines

    whether or not to initiate an alarm output. Following inputs are considered:

    GUARD output

    TRIP output

    Receiver squelch output (SNR)

    Receiver RF input signal level Loss of signal (LOS)The first three inputs are used in all logic functions. Any abnormal condition would block

    the logic TRIP output and activate a receiver alarm indicator called Channel Status Alarm

    CSA. The same alarm is activated for either a questionable Signal to Noise ratio or a

    loss of signal. The last input (LOS) is used only with U logic. This signal is used by thelogic function to produce a time limited Unblocking (Tripping) output when the

    receiver level drops below a preset receiver level triggering LOS output. A delay in

    providing Trip output after loss of signal can be programmed in Logic programmingpanel. Unblocking logic must be selected and the delay is programmed between 0 and

    200 ms.

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    Following receiver logic functions are provided in PCT and can be selected by point and

    click:

    LogicType

    Relay Scheme Logic Operation Functional Objective

    N GUARD or TRIPdetectedFast detection of transmittedfunction after channel failure

    DDUTT GUARD reset before

    TRIP

    Security against false trip after

    channel failure

    P PUTT, POTT Signal reset beforeTRIP

    Increased dependability of TRIPsignal after channel failure

    U Unblocking Loss of signal allowsTRIP

    Momentary (300 ms) TRIP outputafter channel failure

    Each logic function is described in details in the following paragraphs:

    Type D Logic

    Type D logic is defined as Guard Reset before Trip. This logic requires that, after

    channel has failed for more then 300 ms, a Guard signal must be received for at least 50ms before the logic can be reset to provide a Trip output in response to a valid trip signal.

    However, if the channel failure is less then 300 ms, valid trip or guard signal will

    normally be detected when received. The Guard before Trip logic is activated only

    after the 300 ms time expires.This type of logic is almost always used with direct transferred trip schemes for

    equipment protection and in the direct underreaching transferred trip (DUTT) schemes

    for transmission line protection where ultimate security is required. In order to ensure thatthe scheme would operate once the channel is restored, the transmitter is equipped with a

    Flasher circuit that causes the transmitter to alternate between Trip and Guardfrequencies when keyed to Trip by the protection relaying equipment.

    Type P Logic

    Type P logic is defined as Signal reset before Trip. After the channel has failed for

    more then 300 ms, this logic can be reset to normal by receipt of either a valid Guard or aTrip signal for 50 ms. If the channel failure is for less then 300 ms, normal Guard or Trip

    detection will take place. The Signal reset before Trip logic is activated only after 300

    ms time expires.This type of logic is often used with permissive overreaching and permissiveunderreaching transferred trip schemes (POTT and PUTT). By user preference, P logic is

    typically used, instead of D logic, with the direct transferred trip and direct undrreaching

    transfer trip schemes. P logic increases the dependability of the Trip signal. P logic is thesame as D logic except that Guard reset is not required to trip after an abnormality of the

    channel fault that exceeds 300 ms.

    The type P logic increases dependability, compared to D logic, of the Trip signal after achannel failure.

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    Type U Logic

    Type U logic is described as Loss of signal level allows trip. It is not necessary, withthis logic selected, to receive a trip signal in order to allow tripping. This type of logic is

    always used with unblocking relay schemes. After the channel has failed, the logic can be

    reset to normal by receipt of either Guard (Block) or Trip (Unblock) signal. U logic isarranged to allow the desired Trip (Unblock) output when the signal level is below a

    preset threshold setting. Line relaying internal fault characteristics exhibits low line noise

    (until the breaker opening begins) and high attenuation. The U logic functions the sameas P logic, with the additional condition that a Trip signal is also produced for up to 300

    ms when the loss of signal level occurs. A delay in providing Trip output after loss of

    signal is programmable in the Logic panel when U logic is selected. Default

    programming is 0 ms, and maximum programming is 200 ms. Programming is achievedby typing in a desired amount of time delay. This feature can be used to eliminate Trip

    outputs caused by Signal Holes possibly initiated by momentary firing of surge

    arrestors in either CCVT or Line Tuner.

    Type N Logic

    This logic allows Trip or Guard output providing a valid Trip or Guard signal is present

    at the receiver RF input. The outputs do not require any reset if RF signal is lost for any

    duration. This logic should be used if the protective relays make tripping decisions basedon local and remote voltage and current status.

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    Section 4

    Testing, Installation and Customer connection

    diagrams

    The terminal is shipped from the factory programmed in Idle mode. Neither transmitternor receiver is active. In order to program the terminal for a specific function, the unit

    needs to be programmed in the shop prior to installing it in the field. The terminal should

    be connected to test equipment as per following drawing:

    PCT TEST PANEL

    PCT UNDER TEST

    POWER SUPPLY

    50 OHM, 100W

    DUMMY LOADOR

    30-dB ATTENUATOR

    TX

    OUT

    RX

    IN

    ETHERNETPORT

    PERSONALCOMPUTER

    TB1

    TB2

    TB3

    TB4

    TB5

    RF VOLTMETER

    ORSPECTRUM ANALYZER

    OR

    FREQUENCY COUNTER

    The computer must meet following minimum specifications:

    - Pentium II or higher- 300 MHz or higher clock speed- At least 50 Mbits free space in hard disk (for installation of Java program)

    The computer can be connected to RS232 panel connector located at the front panel ofPCT or to an Ethernet port located at the rear of the PCT. Appropriate connection cable

    must be used. Standard RS232 straight cable can be used. If the connection is made to the

    Ethernet port, it is usually required to make such connection via a router or a gate.Alternatively, a cross connect Ethernet cable can be used, and the computer must have its

    IP settings programmed to be on the same subnet mask and IP range as PCT.

    The power supply must be capable of providing instantaneous input current for variousvoltages and a continuous current as per following table:

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    Output Voltage (VDC) Maximum Current (A) Continuous current (A)

    48 8-10 5

    125 4-5 3

    250 2-3 1

    If the power supply does not have sufficient maximum current capability, PCT will notbe fully powered up. The terminal front LEDs and the display panel will start flashingand the PSU Alarm relay will be switched on and off. The instantaneous high current is

    required for about 15 msec to start the built in power supply module. Once the powersupply module inside PCT is powered up, the continuous current requirement is much

    lower. The value for continuous current listed on the table refers to the transmitter keyed

    at maximum 100-Watt power output.

    The RF load or RF attenuator must be capable of absorbing 100 Watts of RF power. The

    impedance of the RF load or attenuator must be 50 Ohms.

    The PCT Test Panel is a convenient assembly of LEDs and switches that allow testing ofthe PCT transmitter and receiver operation. This test panel can be replaced with

    individual switches and indicators.

    Once the terminal is successfully powered up, it must be accessed from the computer.

    The computer must have Internet browser activated and the IP address for the PCTentered in the address line. The default IP address for all PCT units shipped from the

    factory is:

    192.168.1.NNN

    NNN represents three digits that appear in the top right corner on the display panel.

    Complete IP address is also available on the front display panel. Once the correct IP

    address is sent to PCT, it will respond with request for User Name and Password.Default User Name is admin and default password is trench. The password can be

    changed if required as described in the section on the Administration panel. This

    password permits the user to see all programmed parameters and operating conditions of

    the terminal. Another password is provided on the programming panel to changeparameter settings.

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    Once the correct User Name and Password are received, PCT will respond with themain menu. If this is the first time the computer is connected to a PCT, the program

    within PCT will verify if the computer has Java program installed. If not, the Java

    program will be automatically transferred from PCT to the computer. The main menuwill then look as follows:

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    This menu allows opening of all programming panels. The Configuration panel should

    be programmed first. This panel is used to program the terminal for the required use.Details of programming each panel and associated sub-panels are described in Section

    Equipment programming.

    The PTC parameters should be programmed to satisfy ultimate use of the terminal in the

    PLC system. Since all parameters are fully programmable, it is important to understandwhat results will be achieved with programming of each parameter.

    Opening of the Configuration panel permits selection of Terminal Type and RF

    Interface. Default selection of Terminal Type is Idle. Other selections available are

    FSK or Blocking. Selecting either FSK or Blocking will display default settingof the selected type of operation. It is important to note that the Transmitter and the

    Receiver selection is Not Enabled. Each sub-panel of the selected type of operation

    must be verified and, if necessary, the selection changed to satisfy operating requirementsof the PLC system.

    RF termination of the unit can be selected on Configuration panel. Available selection

    is 2-wire termination or 4-wire termination. If 2-wire is selected, a built in skewed hybrid

    is used to connect the transmitter and the receiver to the UHF input/output connector. Ifthe selection is 4-wire, the transmitter output is connected to the UHF connector at the

    rear of the unit and the receiver input is connected to the BNC connector at the rear of the

    unit. The second receive BNC connector allows connection of another receiver inparallel. In 4- wire configuration, the receiver input impedance can be programmed to be

    either 50-Ohm or Hi Z. The Hi Z impedance is greater then 2.5 kOhms, allowing

    paralleling of number of receivers.

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    Programming terminal in Blocking mode

    Typically, Directional Comparison Blocking (DCB) protection scheme uses On-Off type

    of PLC system to assist protection relays. Up to 6-ended power line can be protectedusing this scheme, as much as more common usage is on 2-ended or 3-ended power line.

    The DCB protection scheme requires that the transmitter be keyed when the detected

    power line fault is outside of the protected line section. The transmitter must be turned offif the detected fault is considered to be within the protected line section. The receiver

    provides an input to the protection relay, blocking the tripping, in response to reception of

    a valid RF signal from a remote transmitter. If no valid signal is received from anyremote transmitter, the receiver allows tripping to be controlled by the local protection

    relay.

    Such an operation would require that the terminal be programmed in a following fashion:

    Receiver programming all parameters are programmed on the Rx sub-panel.

    - Receiver should be Enabled by clicking on this field.

    - Frequency should be selected as a channel frequency. The selected frequencyin Hz is a center of the receiver bandwidth. All receivers in the same systemmust have the same receiver frequency selected.

    - Channel Time selection must be made according to the required channelspeed. Selection of channel time also selects the required RF bandwidth. The

    3 ms channel time requires 2 kHz bandwidth and the 1.5 ms selection requires4 kHz bandwidth.

    - Levels Sensitivity should be set to 5 dBm unless specific site conditionsrequire different. The sensitivity level can be programmed in a range of 0

    dBm to 10 dBm. If the expected line noise levels are lower then 20 dBm,the receiver sensitivity can be adjusted to 10 dBm, however, if the line noise

    level is higher then 20 dBm, the sensitivity should be adjusted to 5 dBm.Only in situations where the line noise level is expected to be close to 10dBm, should the sensitivity be adjusted close to 0 dBm. It should be

    considered that less sensitive receiver would produce lower total line loss

    budget.

    - Levels Margin can be set within the limits of 10 to 20 dB. Setting themargin level allows nominal received signal level to be programmed abovethe set receiver sensitivity. It is recommended that the margin be programmed

    for 15 dB unless specific conditions require different. Some may use term

    reserve signal level instead of margin.

    - Auto-Set Sensitivity is an adjustment that is made in the field as part of theautomatic system level adjustment. The electrically furthest transmitter must

    be transmitting full power. Clicking on the Auto-Set Sensitivity will

    automatically adjust receiver input attenuation control and set the receiversensitivity to a level that is lower then the received signal by the amount of

    programmed margin.

    All other fields on the Rx sub-panel are not programmable. These provide informationonly.

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    Transmitter Programming all parameters are programmed on the Tx sub-panel.

    - Transmitter should be Enabled by clicking on this field.- Offset selects the amount of frequency offset from the receiver channel

    frequency. As much as all the receivers in the same system must have the

    same frequency selected, each transmitter in the system must have a different

    offset frequency selected. This is required to avoid a potential cancellation ofthe transmitted signals if two transmitters on the same line become keyed at

    the same time and their signals arrive at receiver input totally out of phase.

    The actual transmit operating frequency is displayed in the Frequency field.

    If the transmitter frequency must not be tied to the receiver channel frequency,Manual field should be clicked. A desired frequency can then be entered in

    the frequency field in Hz.

    - Power field allows programming of the transmitter power output. Theallowable range is 1 Watt to 100 Watts in steps of 1 Watt, or 30 dBm to 50

    dBm in steps of 1 dB. The transmitter is capable of transmitting up to 10

    Watts continuously. The 10 to 100-Watt operation range is permitted only for

    a short period of time (up to 4 or 5 minutes). If the transmitter remains keyedbeyond that period of time, a temperature sensing circuit will turn the

    transmitter off. The transmitter normal operation can be restored bysubmitting the terminal setting. The transmitter power output should be

    programmed for a power level required for a reliable operation of the system.

    Flexibility is provided to program desired power level to within 1 dB.

    - Keying Priority is set for Stop priority. There are two keying inputs to PCT.These are:

    Start keys transmitter to full programmed power output

    Stop forces transmitter to be turned off

    Stop keying input must be programmed as a priority that is, applying akeying command to this terminal will force keying commands to all other

    keying terminals to be ignored. This is required in order to permit properoperation of the terminal in the protection schemes.

    - Keying Voltage allows selection of the battery voltage used to key thetransmitter. The selected voltage level indicates to PCT at what input voltage

    level the transmitter must be keyed and unkeyed. The input voltage requiredto key the transmitter is equal to one half of the programmed keying voltage

    that is the transmitter will only be keyed once the rise in the keying input

    voltage level reaches above one half of the programmed voltage. Similarly,

    the transmitter will become unkeyed only once the fall of the keying voltage

    reaches one half of the programmed voltage.- Keying Mode allows selection of a mode of transmitter keying. Some users

    prefer keying of the transmitter by removing voltage, since the applied keyingvoltage is fed via closed contacts of the controlling protection relaying

    equipment thus providing continuous monitoring of the closed contacts.

    Others may prefer that the transmitter become keyed only when commandedby the protective relay supplying battery voltage as an input. Selection of

    Apply Voltage to Key ensures that the transmitter will only be keyed when

    required by applying the keying voltage.

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    Alarms Programming allows programming of the receiver and transmitter maintenance

    and fault levels. Programming of what alarms and alerts will be displayed on the frontpanel, what relays will be alarmed at the rear of the terminal and what alerts and alarms

    will be stored in the Event Log files is also provided. Considering that the terminal in a

    blocking mode of operation is on standby most of the time, the alarms and alerts can only

    display terminal conditions as result of either manual or automatic system verificationusing checkback procedure. Maintenance and fault levels programmed on this sub-panel

    are used in performing system analyses after the checkback procedure is completed.

    - Receiver Levels allows programming of alert and alarm receive levels. Thealert and alarm levels represent reduction of received signal level from anominal received level as programmed during initial system level adjustment.

    It is required that maintenance alert level be smaller in level reductions then

    the fault level. These levels are programmed in dB and can be changed in 1dB steps. Default settings are 6 dB for maintenance and 12 dB for fault levels.

    The maximum fault level can be equal to the programmed margin level or

    lower.

    - Transmitter Levels allows programming of transmitter alert and alarm levelsas well as programming of the return loss alert and alarm levels. The

    maintenance and fault levels are referenced to the programmed transmitterpower output level. Default levels are 6 dB for maintenance and 10 dB for

    fault. The return loss levels are measure of matching of the transmitter output

    impedance to the line load. The levels represent the amount of transmitted

    signal expressed in dB that is reflected back to the transmitter from the load.Consequently, maintenance Return Loss level must be lower then the fault

    level. Default levels are Return Loss Maintenance 10 dB and Return Loss

    Fault 8 dB. Nominal return loss should be greater then 12 dB.- Maintenance Alerts allows selection of maintenance alerts that will activate

    maintenance alert relays outputs at the rear of the terminal. If maintenancealerts are not desirable, the appropriate field can be un-selected by clicking on

    it.

    - Fault Alarms allow selection of fault alarms that activate fault relayscontacts at the rear of the terminal. Again, if some of the alarms are not

    desirable to be displayed, those can be un-selected by clicking on the

    appropriate field.Since the terminal operating in a blocking mode does not normally transmit or receive,

    the corresponding levels can not be measured. Consequently, receiver and transmitter

    alerts and alarms are not displayed continuously. However, if the checkback detects

    either a fault or a maintenance condition on either the transmitter or the receiver, the

    associated equipment alert or alarm will be activated. Similarly, if an equipment alert oralarm exists on any of the terminals forming a system, the overall system will display

    either System Maintenance alert or System Fault alarm. Performing a new checkbacksequence after the underlining cause of either alert or alarm has been rectified can reset

    those indications.

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    Checkback programming

    Activation of either manual or automatic checkback sequence is required in On-Off PLC

    system in order to verify that the system operates as designed. Most of the time thesystem is on standby and the transmitters and the receivers are not generating or receiving

    signals. Occasionally, it is prudent to verify that the terminals forming a system will

    perform as expected when commanded by the associated protection relays. Theverification process consists of keying each transmitter in sequence and measuring

    received signal at all receiver sites in sequence. The results of these measurements can be

    analyzed and displayed either at the terminal or at the computer that accessed theterminal. The checkback sequence must be stopped as soon as either Start or Stop

    command is applied to the terminal.

    The PCT type of checkback sequence can only be used if all terminals in the system are

    PCT units. None type can be used if the PCT terminal is in a system with a third partyterminal. It is assumed that the terminals forming system do not understand each others

    checkback sequence, and an external checkback unit is required. The ACMS type ofcheckback must be used if at least one terminal in the system is CS28A terminal

    equipped with an ACMS checkback module.

    None selection allows use of an external checkback sequence. PCT transmitter can be

    keyed to full programmed power by applying a keying command to Supervisory

    command input, and to 10 dB reduced power by applying a command to Reduced

    terminal. The receiver relay output contacts are available at the rear terminals of PCT.

    ACMS selection will allow PCT to perform checkback sequence using pulse width

    modulation of the transmitter output. In a checkback test, each ACMS-equipped CS28A

    or PCT with ACMS type of checkback selected, transmits in turn, and allows each other

    unit in the system to monitor its received signal and compare it to a minimum acceptablethreshold. The terminals forming the system communicate with each other using a pulse-width modulated on-off keying of the power line carrier at approximately 16 pps. This

    communication capability is used to orchestrate checkback tests, collect test results and

    implement other control functions. The PCT receiver blocks its output if the pulse width

    modulated signals are detected or if the PCT type Checkback commands is initiated. Thisaction is required in order to allow an external event recorder to record any actual

    received command.

    A checkback test can be manually initiated from any unit in the system. If the initiatingunit is not designated as Master, it will send a code to the master unit, requesting that

    master unit initiates the checkback sequence. Tests can be triggered using a front panel

    button, or via an ASCII command entered at the RS232 port or Ethernet port. Only the

    master unit initiates testing by transmitting a checkback sequence initiation command.After this command, each unit in the system transmits, in turn, a 1 second full power

    unmodulated signal. The master unit always transmits first, followed by up to five

    remotes, each in their own 1 second time slot. The number of units in the system andtheir ID (timeslot) is programmable in the Checkback sub-panel.

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    The master unit, according to the programmed parameters, performs automatic checkback

    initiation. Auto-test must be enabled, and Test Interval and Retry Interval timingmust be programmed for the automatic checkback sequence to operate.

    While any unit in the system is transmitting during its 1 second time slot, it measures and

    logs its own transmitter power output level, and all other units measure and log the signal

    level they receive from that unit. Thus each terminal records how much signal it receivesfrom all other units. After the test-signaling phase of the checkback sequence, a data

    collection phase begins. Each unit reports back the summary results of the checkback

    observations for all others to record. Data reporting is done in the same sequence as theoriginal test signal phase. This reporting provides information regarding relative transmit

    and receive levels and any local alarm conditions. Actual measured values are not

    reported at this time.

    Actual transmit and receive levels are reported during the results gathering phase. Anyunit in the system can initiate a request for detailed measured data or results gathering

    phase. The terminals will report measured results in the same sequence as the original test

    signal phase. These results are used to perform system analyses and system statusdisplay. The results of the checkback sequence are used in PCT to activate maintenance

    or fault alerts/alarms on the terminal if warranted by the results.

    PCT selection of checkback sequence should be made only if all terminals forming a

    system are PCT types. The sequence of system verification is similar to the one describedfor the ACMS type of checkback sequence. Major difference is in duration of

    transmitting time allocated to by each unit in the system. Instead of transmitting in 1

    second intervals, each unit is allowed approximately 10 seconds to transmit. The longerduration of transmit signal allows each terminal to measure its transmit or receive level in

    dBm and display such values in the System Analyses summary panel. InitialCheckback command at the master terminal establishes receive and transmit levels at the

    initial installation time. These levels are used as reference levels for all future checkback

    measurements.

    Manual checkback can be initiated at any terminal. If the terminal is not designated as

    Master, it transmits a coded message to Master terminal requesting that manual

    checkback be initiated. Terminal designated as Master initiates transmission of acommand to all terminals in the system indicating that a checkback test is to be

    performed. After this command, each unit in the system transmits, in turn, 10-second fullpower unmodulated signal. The master unit always transmits first, followed by up to fiveremotes, each in their own 10-second time slot. The number of units in the system and

    their ID (timeslot) is programmable in the Checkback sub-panel.

    While any unit in the system is transmitting during its 10-second time slot, it measures

    and logs its own transmitter forward and reverse power output level, and all other unitsmeasure and log the signal level they receive from that unit. Thus each terminal records

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    how much signal it receives from all other units. After the test-signaling phase of the

    checkback sequence, a data collection phase begins. Each unit reports back the summaryresults of any detected alarm/alert condition and the checkback observations for all others

    to record. Data reporting is done in the same sequence as the original test signal phase.

    This reporting provides information regarding actual transmit and receive levels and any

    local alarm conditions. These results are used to perform system analyses and systemstatus display. The results of the checkback sequence are used in PCT to activate

    maintenance or fault alerts/alarms on the terminal if warranted by the results.

    The master unit, according to the programmed parameters, performs automatic checkbackinitiation. Auto-test must be enabled, and Test Interval and Retry Interval timing

    must be programmed for the automatic checkback sequence to operate.

    Programming of the Checkback sub-panel is similar for either ACMS or PCT type ofcheckback. If None is selected, no other fields are programmable since the checkback

    may be performed only with an external programmer.Default Terminal Designation programming is done when the transmitter offset

    frequency is programmed. The first offset frequency is assigned to Master terminal,second to Remote 1 and so on. The terminal designation can be programmed de-coupled

    from the assigned transmitter offset frequency by selected desired field. Only one

    terminal can be programmed as Master or Remote 15. Similarly, the terminaldesignation must be done in order Master, Remote 1, Remote 2 etc. If this rule is

    not followed, the checkback sequence will not work since two or more terminals will

    attempt to transmit at the same time.No. of Terminals must reflect exactly how many terminals are in the system.

    Auto-Test controls if an automatic checkback sequence will be performed. If this field isenabled in the master terminal, the checkback sequence will be performed asprogrammed. Enabling this field in the remote terminal will ensure that a remote terminal

    will remind the master terminal that a checkback that should have been performed was

    missed. Default setting is that Auto-Test field is enabled.

    Start First CB at field allows selection of the time of day when first checkback sequenceis initiated. The field is programmable in 0 to 24 hour basis. This field is active only at

    the time of initial installation and level setting at the Master terminal. If the setting of

    this field must be changed at a later date, DC power switch at the terminal must be turnedoff and turned on again. Once the terminal is back in operation this field can be

    programmed for a new start time. This must be done at Master terminal only. Remote

    terminal does not use this filed at all.Test Interval allows selection time duration between two automatic tests in hours. If theresult of first checkback test is an indication that the system is in fault, the sequence will

    be repeated up to two more times. The system failure will only be displayed if the results

    of the checkback sequence performed three times in a row indicate that faulty conditionexists. If during any one of the three tries, the result indicates that the system is in healthy

    state, no system fault indication will be displayed.

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    Retry Interval allows selection of time duration between the three tries in minutes. If the

    selection is 0 minutes, the checkback sequence is performed only once and the results aredisplayed even if a system fault is detected.

    Checkback OK confirmation pulse is provided if the user requires a reset pulse for an

    external timer that could initiate alarm if the checkback sequence is not performed at the

    programmed interval time. When this feature is enabled, the master transmitter will bekeyed for about half of a second followed by Remote 1 transmitter being keyed for about

    half a second. This will ensure that all receivers on the line have received the

    confirmation pulse and reset an external timer. The transmitter keying will be activatedonly if the checkback sequence indicates correct operation of the system. Default setting

    of this feature is disabled.

    Once all the parameters are programmed correctly and selection is submitted and applied,

    the terminal will display the summary of the programmed configuration. If some of the

    selections are not satisfactory, the associated programming sub-panels can be accessedagain and correct selections made, submitted and applied. Once the terminal is

    programmed correctly, a quick check should be made using Unit Status panel as amonitoring device and the PCT test panel, or equivalent, as an indicator. Some

    indications and some keying can be performed using the front panel LEDs, LCD displayand the LCD associated strolling and command buttons instead of PCT test panel. The

    line connection of the terminal must be properly terminated into a 50-Ohm load with

    sufficient power absorbing capacity to tolerate programmed transmitter power output.

    Verification of the transmitter operation:

    1. Verify transmitter power output. Key the transmitter with either a Start key on thePCT test panel or by strolling to Manual Tx On selection on the LCD and pressingthe middle button beside LCD. If the programmed transmitter power output is greater

    then 10 Watts, keying of the transmitter should be limited to no more then 30 seconds

    at a time with at least 2 minutes in between to allow the PA stage to cool off.Otherwise the transmitter will switch to a safe mode at reduced power output level.

    2. Open Unit Status panel and select Transmitter Forward measurement to bedisplayed on the meter. As the transmitter is keyed, the meter will display actual

    measured output power. Unkey the transmitter.3. Select Return Loss indication on the meter. Key the transmitter. The return loss

    measurement should read greater then 12 dB, depending on the closeness of the load

    match to the transmitter output impedance.4. Using an external frequency meter correctly coupled to the RF load, measure the

    frequency of the transmitter signal. The frequency must be equal to selected receiver

    channel frequency plus or minus the selected transmitter offset frequency.

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    Verification of the receiver operation:

    1. Disconnect the RF load and connect a signal generator to the receiver RF input (in 2-wire system this is UHF connector; in 4-wire system this is BNC connector). Set the

    RF frequency to the channel frequency plus 250 Hz. Set the output level from signal

    generator to the programmed receiver sensitivity.2. Observe the meter on the Unit Status panel with Receive Level selected. Themeter should display similar level as indicated by the signal generator (+,- 1 dB).

    3. Increase the signal generator level by amount of selected Margin. Observe on theUnit Status panel that the meter shows similar level.

    4. Remove the generator signal from the RF input of the terminal. Receiver LED on thefront panel should be green.

    This completes quick verification of the basic functionality of the terminal.

    Installation and User Connections

    The terminal requires three RU (5.25) space on a standard 19 rack for installation. Asmuch as the terminal is only 2 RU high, additional space around the terminal is

    recommended for easier heat dissipation.

    User connections to the terminal should be made as per drawing on the following page.

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    Customer connections On-Off terminal

    C

    NO

    20mA-

    20mA+

    SYSTEM

    ALARM

    C

    TB-2

    NC1

    2

    MAINTENANCE

    ALERT

    EQUIPMENT

    ALARM

    POWER

    SUPPLY

    ALARM

    NC

    NO3

    4

    NC

    C

    NO

    5

    6

    7

    NC

    10

    NO

    C8

    9

    NO

    C

    11

    12

    TXSER

    RX

    ALARM

    TB-3

    3

    1

    2

    5

    6

    4

    8

    7

    11

    10

    9

    12

    TB-1

    1

    2

    3

    4

    13

    14

    PCTCUSTOMERCONNECTIONS

    FORON-OFFOPERATION

    (+)

    (-)

    STATION

    BATTERY

    42-280VDC

    (-)

    (+)

    SW

    ITCHED

    BA

    TTERY

    OUT

    5V/20mA

    OUTPUT

    (+)

    (-)

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    6

    7

    8

    10

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    6

    (+)

    (-)

    (+)

    (-)

    TB-5

    TB-4

    HEAVY

    DUTY

    T

    RANSISTOR

    OUTPUT1

    (+)

    (+)

    FAST

    RELAY

    OUTPUT1

    FAST

    RELAY

    OUTPUT2

    TX

    ALARM

    RXSER

    HEAVY

    DUTY

    TRANSISTOR

    OUTPUT2

    CURRENTOUTPUT

    (Group-5)

    125VDC/100mA

    CURRENTOUTPUT

    (Group-2)

    125VDCFor

    30OHMRELAY

    549OHM

    1KOHM

    PCTCONNECTIONS

    REARVIEW

    1

    4

    1

    12

    1

    6

    1

    10

    1

    14

    POW

    ER

    PROTECTIONRELAY

    STARTSWITCH

    KEYINGCIRCUIT

    110K

    1W47K

    PROTECTIONRELAY

    STOPSWITCH

    PROTECTIONRELAY

    SUPERVISORY

    SWITCH

    REDUCEDTX

    KEYINGSWITCH

    CHECKBACK

    INITIATE

    KEYINGSWITCH

    SWITCHED

    BATTERY

    HOT

    SWITCHED

    BATTERY

    COMMON

    9

    47K

    47K

    47K

    47K

    110K

    1W

    110K

    1W

    TB1

    SW

    BATT.

    +

    -

    +

    -

    TB2

    SYSTEM

    NCCNO

    MAINT

    NCCNO

    EQUIP

    NCCNO

    PSU

    NCCNO

    ALARMS

    TB4O

    UTPUT

    FSK

    BLK

    COG2

    BLK1

    GUARD

    TRIP

    BLK2

    COG5

    +

    -

    +

    +

    -

    +

    BLK

    FSK

    TRIP

    STARTS

    TOP

    SPRV

    TXRED

    CBKEY

    INPUT

    TB5

    IN

    IRIG-B

    IN

    OUT

    4-W

    IRERX

    2-WIRE

    TX

    ETHERNET

    10BASET

    TB3

    TXSER

    CNO

    RXSER

    CNO

    TX

    ALARM

    CNO

    RX

    ALARM

    CNO

    GUARD

    BLK1

    CNO

    TRIPBLK2

    CNO

    TRIP

    BLK

    5V20mA

    -

    +

    C

    NO

    C

    NO

    C

    NO

    C

    NO

    C

    NO

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    Programming Terminal in FSK Mode

    FSK types of terminals are used in a number of transfer trip protection schemes. In most

    of these schemes, a dedicated radio channel is assigned for communication between a

    local site and remote site(s). Local site must have a transmitter that is sending a

    continuous guard signal to remote site(s). This transmitter switches to a trip frequency inresponse to a command from the associated protection relay. The receiver(s) at the

    remote site(s) switch output from guard to trip in response to receiving the trip signal. As

    soon as a fault causing trip signal is cleared, the transmitter switches back to guardfrequency.

    The programmed frequency shift and the associated receiver RF bandwidth dictate thespeed of trip signal detection. Minimum shift is 200 Hz resulting in channel time of 25

    ms and receiver RF channel bandwidth of 0.5 kHz. Maximum shift is 1,000 Hz resulting

    in channel speed of 5 ms and receiver RF bandwidth of 2 kHz. Other importantparameters are transmitter guard and trip power output and receiver margin and

    sensitivity selection. These and other parameters are programmable using PCT FSK

    programming sub-panels.

    RF termination should be programmed as described on page 4 of this manual section.

    Selection of 4-wire operation dictates that the received signal must be connected to BNC

    connector. Also the receiver impedance can be selected as 50-Ohms or Hi Z. If more thenone receiver is connected in parallel, one of the receivers must have 50-Ohms impedance

    selected in order to properly terminate external skewed hybrid.

    Rx sub-panel

    Programming of this sub-panel controls operation of the FSK receiver. Following

    parameters should be programmed:Receiver Enabled should be turned on if the terminal requires to have the FSK receiver

    active. If the terminal is to operate as transmitter only, the Receiver Enable field should

    not be selected. When the terminal is to operate as receiver only, the receiver RF inputshould be fed via the BNC connector at the rear of the terminal and the RF termination

    should be selected as 4-wire.

    Receiver Frequency selects the center of the assigned receiver RF channel. The selectionmust be made in Hz.

    Frequency Shift selection determines the channel time. The wider the shift, the faster the

    channel. Also, the required RF bandwidth increases with the decrease in the channel time.The selected Frequency Shift must be identical to the frequency shift selected at the

    transmitter site operating on the receiver channel frequency. The receiver will not operatecorrectly if the frequency shift selected on the receiver is different from the frequencyshift selected on the transmitter even if the selected receiver shift is larger then the

    transmitter shift. Once the shift is selected, the receiver looks for specific guard and trip

    frequencies and provides output accordingly.

    Levels Marginpermits selection of minimum received signal level above the receiversensitivity. The allowable range of margin selection is 15 to 25 dB. The guard signal

    from the far transmitter will be received at a level dictated by the line and coupling

    attenuation. This level should be equal or greater then the level equal to selected receiver

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    sensitivity plus margin. If this is not the case, either margin selection should be reduced

    or the far transmitter power output should be increased. Default setting of ReceiverMargin level is 20 dB.

    Level Sensitivitypermits selection of a minimum receiver sensitivity. The allowed

    range is between 35 dBm and 25 dBm in a 4-wire mode. In 2-wire mode minimum

    sensitivity is set to -24 dBm. This is the lowest RF level of a valid guard signal that canbe correctly detected with a minimum noise level from a power line. The selection of

    sensitivity permits maximizing system level budget by providing means to adjust receiver

    sensitivity according to line noise level and coupling attenuation. If the receiver isconnected to the line via hybrid circuit(s) that provides additional attenuation of the

    signal and the line noise, that attenuation can be compensated by increasing receiver

    sensitivity. Similarly, if the line noise is higher then expected, the receiver sensitivitycould be reduced thus permitting reliable operation even under increased noise condition.

    The default setting of Receiver Sensitivity is 24 dBm in 2-wire mode.

    Auto-Set Sensitivity is a button that should be used to make system level adjustment.Usually, the received guard RF level should be stronger then the programmed receiver

    sensitivity only for the amount of programmed margin. If the actual received level isstronger then that level, the overall receiver sensitivity should be reduced to a level equal

    to the receiver sensitivity plus margin level. Reduced receiver sensitivity also makes thereceiver less sensitive to the power line noise. The field adjacent to the Auto-Set

    Sensitivity field shows adjusted receiver sensitivity. Note that selected receiver

    sensitivity field does not change when the Auto-Set Sensitivity button is activated.

    The other fields on this sub-panel are for information only. There are no selections that

    need to be made to these fields.

    Tx sub-panel

    Programming of this sub-panel controls the operation of the transmitter. Following

    parameters should be programmed:

    Transmitter Enable field indicates if the associated transmitter is enabled or not. If the

    transmitter is enabled, it will produce power output at the UHF connector at the rear ofthe terminal. RF termination can be selected as 2-wire or 4-wire, depending on the

    selection made for the associated receiver. If this is to be transmitter only terminal, the

    transmitter output will appear at the UHF connector regardless if the RF termination is 2-wire or 4-wire. Defaults setting is transmitter not enabled.

    Transmitter Frequency allows selection of the transmitter channel frequency in Hz. It

    should be noted that the actual frequency of the transmitted guard signal is always above

    the selected channel frequency by the amount of one half of the selected shift, and the tripfrequency is always below the channel frequency by one half of the selected shift.

    However, the frequency selection must be set to the channel frequency.

    Frequency Shift is not a selectable setting if the associated receiver is activated. Theselection is the same as for the receiver. If this is transmitter only terminal, the frequency

    shift selection is programmable. The programming of the transmitter frequency shift must

    be identical to the programmed far receiver(s) frequency shift.Guard Power allows programming of the transmitter RF power output at guard

    frequency. Typically, transmitter guard power output is set 10 dB lower then the

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    transmitter trip power output. Since the control of the transmitter power output is

    adjustable in 1-dB steps, the guard power output can be programmed to suit application.It is possible to increase setting of the transmitter power output in the field if it is found to

    be necessary to compensate greater then expected line attenuation. Maximum continuous

    transmitter power output is limited to 10 Watts. This is also the maximum Guard power

    output that can be programmed. Default setting is 30 dBm (1 Watt)Trip Power level should be programmed to be 10 dB above guard level. It is expected

    that the transmitter will be in the trip mode for a short period of time only for duration

    of a fault on the line. Once the fault is cleared, the transmitter will switch to a guard state.Accordingly, the transmitter trip power output can be programmed for an output level of

    up to 100 Watts or 50 dBm. Since the granularity of the adjustment is 1 dB (or 1 Watt), it

    is possible to fine adjust transmitter power output for a desirable output level. If it isexpected that the transmitter will stay keyed in trip mode for a longer duration (more then

    30 seconds), the trip power output should not exceed 10 Watts. If the transmitter is keyed

    for along period of time (in excess of 4 to 5 minutes) at 100-Watt output level, theinternal heat sink temperature will increase. Once the temperature reaches the preset

    level, the transmitter will automatically reduce its trip power output to the same levelselected for the guard power output level. The transmitter alarm will be activated if the

    transmitter fault level is programmed to be higher then the guard output level. It takesabout 2 to 3 minutes for the internal heat sink temperature to drop below a preset level.

    That allows the transmitter to restore the power output to 100 Watts, until the internal

    temperature limit is exceeded causing the transmitter to reduce its power level again.Keying Voltagepermits selection of the battery voltage that keys the transmitter to a trip

    mode. It is important that this selection reflects field condition in order to ensure that the

    transmitter will be keyed to trip when directed by the associated protection relay.Normally, the keying command is executed only when the keying voltage exceeds one

    half of the selected keying voltage level. Similarly, the transmitter switches to the guardstate once the keying voltage drops below one half of the programmed keying voltage.

    Default setting is 125 VDC.

    Keying Mode refers to mode of keying the transmitter to the trip state. Apply Voltage toKey is used by the commanding protective relay normally open contacts as the keying

    command. Closing of these contacts applies voltage to the transmitter keying input

    causing the transmitter to switch to trip mode.

    Logic sub-panel

    This sub-panel allows programming of the receiver trip and guard output commands. In astandby mode, the receiver is receiving valid guard signal and guard output contacts are

    activated. When a fault happens on the protected section of the line or on adjacent

    sections of the line, noise can be generated and line attenuation can increase. Theseconditions may last for a short period of time. Such increased noise level or increased line

    attenuation may cause that valid guard or trip signal be blocked from entering receiver

    (high line attenuation) or being masked by the high noise level. Various protectionschemes require different response from an FSK receiver once a valid guard or trip signal

    is received again. Depending on the function assigned to the receiver various output

    options should be selected. Detailed description of these options is provided in thedescription of the receiver functionality in Equipment Application section of the manual..

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    Point and click on the desired option achieves selection of desired Logic Option. The

    receiver will respond according to the selected logic option.

    Alarms sub-panel

    PCT terminal was designed with capability to detect reduction of received andtransmitted RF levels and alert an operator accordingly. These alerts are referred to as

    Maintenance Alerts. Some users may decide that maintenance alerts are not desirable.What alerts, if any, should be send to the operator can be easily programmed on this sub-

    panel. Similar facilities are provided for the Fault Alarm indicators. Point and click on

    the appropriate field on this sub-panel achieves this programming.

    Transmitter and receiver maintenance and fault levels must be programmed logically.

    The programmed levels in dB indicate a reduction of signal in reference to normally

    expected signal levels programmed at the system setup time. Accordingly, receiver andtransmitter maintenance levels should be programmed for smaller reduction of signals

    (fewer dB) then the fault levels.

    Return Loss Maintenance and Fault programming refers to actual measured return loss

    values, not a reduction in originally set values. Accordingly, Return Loss Maint value

    should be programmed for more dB then the Return Loss Fault value.

    If the terminal is programmed as receiver only or as transmitter only terminal, the

    relevant maintenance and fault levels can be programmed while the levels related to a

    disabled section are grayed out not programmable.

    Programming of the receiver maintenance and fault levels must consider that line

    attenuation will change over time. Such attenuation changes are normal and the receivershould operate normally. Other factor that should be considered is the programmed

    receiver margin level. It is suggested that receiver maintenance level be programmed for10 dB, and receiver fault level for 15 dB or the same dB equivalent to margin selection.

    Default maintenance level is programmed for 10 dB and fault level for 15 dB.

    Programming of the transmitter maintenance and fault levels must consider that the

    transmitter output is constant guard output. This level will change only if the transmitter

    becomes defective or if the impedance of the RF load connected to the transmitter

    changes. Normally, transmitter RF output should not vary for more then 2 dB.Accordingly, it is suggested that transmitter maintenance level be programmed for 6 dB

    and the fault level for 10 dB reduction in the transmitter power output level. If should be

    understood that these levels refer to the transmitter guard output level only and not to thetrip levels which may be as much as 10 dB higher.

    The terminal continuously measures transmitter forward and reverse power levels and

    calculates actual return loss. Minimum desirable return loss is 12 dB. Greater return lossindicates better matching of the transmitter output impedance to the load impedance and

    more transmitter output power transferred to the line. The return loss values are greatly

    affected by correctly tuned line-coupling equipment such as line tuner and combininghybrid units.

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    Once all the parameters are programmed correctly and selection is submitted and applied,

    the terminal will display the summary of the programmed configuration. If some of theselections are not satisfactory, the associated programming sub-panels can be accessed

    again and correct selections made, submitted and applied. Once the terminal is

    programmed correctly, a quick check should be made using Unit Status panel as a

    monitoring device and the PCT test panel, or equivalent, as an indicator. Someindications can be observed using the front panel LEDs, LCD display and the LCD

    associated strolling and command buttons instead of PCT test panel. The line connection

    of the terminal must be properly terminated into a 50-Ohm load with sufficient powerabsorbing capacity to tolerate programmed transmitter power output.

    Verification of transmitter operation

    The transmitter will transmit guard frequency at a programmed power output level. The

    Unit Status panel can be used to verify correct operation of the transmitter.

    Transmitter operating frequency can be checked by correctly coupling a frequency

    counter to the RF load. The measured Guard signal frequency is equal to a displayedtransmitter channel frequency plus one half of the selected shift frequency.

    Actual transmitter power output can be verified by observing the meter display. Themeter source must be selected as Transmitter Forward measurement. The displayed

    power reading should be within 1 dB of the programmed level.

    The actual transmitter Guard power output is also displayed on the front LCD panelof the terminal. Using the scrolling keys on the side of the LCD display the

    transmitter power output level is displayed in dBm.

    Return loss measurement is also displayed on the Unit Status panel meter. ReturnLoss must be selected as the source information for the meter.

    The transmitter can be keyed to Trip mode using an external switch. With the trip

    command applied, the Transmitter Forward display will show actual Trip poweroutput level. The frequency of the trip signal is equal to the selected channelfrequency minus one half of the shift frequency. The frequency can be verified using

    a frequency counter. The transmitter LED on the front panel of PCT should switch

    from green to yellow indicating that the transmitter is in Trip mode. Actual

    transmitter output power level is displayed on the Unit Status panel and on the PLCdisplay on the front panel of PCT. It should be noted that if the transmitter power

    output is programmed to be greater then 10 Watts, the transmitter keying to Trip

    power level should be limited to no more then 30 seconds at a time with at least 2minutes of lower power level in between. This is required in order not to overheat the

    transmitter output PA stage.

    If the terminal has D logic programmed, the transmitter has the flasher functionenabled, causing transmitter output frequency to switch back and force between theguard and trip frequency. This may make it difficult to measure the transmitter output

    frequency. Changing the programming on the Logic sub-panel from D logic to

    P logic, or None, would disable the transmitter flasher operation and allowmeasurements of the transmitted trip signal.

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    Verification of receiver operation

    If the terminal is programmed for 2-wire operation, the UHF RF connector at the back of

    the terminal must be used as the receiver RF input port. Simultaneously, the same port is

    also the transmitter output port. The transmitter guard signal is expected to be present at

    that port. An RF signal generator should not be connected directly to the port since itwould act as RF load for the transmitter and that may damage the signal generator. Also,

    the transmitter output must be correctly terminated in order to avoid causing thetransmitter to switch into safe mode.

    There are two ways of safely connecting a signal generator to the receiver RF input:1. An attenuator of a known value is placed in series with the signal generator. The

    signal generator must represent 50 Ohms load terminating the attenuator. It is

    suggested that the attenuator have at least 40 dB attenuation in order to limitmaximum RF input from the transmitter to the signal generator to 0 dBm.

    2. The terminal can be programmed to have the transmitter not enabled, thus removing

    the transmitter output signal from the UHF connector. It should be understood that bydisabling the transmitter, only RF input to the transmitter PA stage is removed. Thebuilt in skewed hybrid is still properly terminated with the transmitter PA output

    impedance.

    Once the signal generator is


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