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Welcome

to

Defensive Driving

PHILIPPINE COASTAL STORAGE & PIPELINE CORPORATION

FERRY B VILLANUEVA10 OCTOBER 2011

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This course is designed to help you,an experienced driver, recognize theneed for improvement.

In the following pages, you will learn

about:

Attitudes and Driving Driving Rules Accident Prevention

Defensive Driving

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Many of us have actually been involved in sometype of accident. Most of the time, we feel it is theother driver's fault.

Most drivers believe they are better-than-averagebut there is room for improvement in all of us.

IntroductionDefensive Driving

Driving Safety Statistics

Someone is injured every 18 seconds

Over 2 million injuries annually are disabling

A person dies in a

crash every 11 minutes

Motor vehicle accidents are the mostcommon cause of death

1 in 4 fatal work injuries involves a vehicleaccident

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Driver's license in the Philippines

TYPES OF DRIVERS LICENSE

Student Permit- Must be at least 16 years old

- Must be accompanied by professional driver

Non-Professional- Must be at least 17 years old- Applicable for restrictions 1,2 & 4

Professional- Must be at least 18 years old

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Driver's license Restrictions

Restriction codes:

Rest #1 - Motorcycles/Motorized TricyclesRest #2 - Vehicle up to 4500 kg Gross Vehicle WeightRest #3 - Vehicle above 4500 kg Gross Vehicle Weight

Rest #4 - Automatic Clutch up to 4500 kg Gross Vehicle WeightRest #5 - Automatic Clutch above 4500 kg Gross Vehicle WeightRest #6 - Articulated Vehicle 1600 kg Gross Vehicle Weight & BelowRest #7 - Articulated Vehicle 1601 kg up to 4500 kg Gross Vehicle WeightRest #8 - Articulated Vehicle 4501 kg & above Gross Vehicle Weight

"Gross weight" shall mean the measured weight of a motor vehicle plus themaximum allowable carrying capacity in merchandise, freight and/orpassenger, as determined by the Commissioner of Land Transportation.

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The Smith Systems- 5 Keys can teach you how to recognize

and use the ones that surround your vehicle.

1. Aim High In Steering

2. Get The Big Picture

3. Keep Your Eyes Moving

4. Leave Yourself An Out5. Make Sure They See You

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The Smith Systems

1. Aim High In Steering

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The Smith Systems

2. Get The Big Picture

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The Smith Systems

3. Keep Your Eyes Moving

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The Smith Systems

4. Leave Yourself An Out

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The Smith Systems

5. Make Sure They See You

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Defensive driving is often defined aspreventing crashes before they occur, it isthe demonstration of an attitude, awarenessand driving skills such as:

Stay alert and keep eyes moving so thatyou can keep track of what is happening atall times;Look for trouble spots developing aroundyou;Have a plan of action if the other driverdoes the wrong thing; andKnow that the law requires drivers to

protect each other from their own mistakes.

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Attitudes and Driving

Have a positive attitude Drive defensively Drive decisively Drive dependably

Recognize that attitudes change due tosurrounding circumstances and therefore canaffect your driving.

Safe drivers:

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To deal with road rage situations:

Put distance between you and the "rager" Do not try to "get even" or "teach them a lesson" Ignore the person causing the problem Drive to a public area Do not drive home Call the police

After an incident, allow yourself to calm down: Take deep breaths Listen to your radio, and If necessary, pull to the side of the road for a few minutes -

make sure the perpetrator has moved on before pulling over

Attitude: Road Rage


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A defensive driver takes every reasonable

precaution to prevent traffic accidents, overand above what the law requires. To become adefensive driver, "yield" rather than "take" theright-of-way.Adjust your behavior to handle:

Unexpected actions by other drivers andpedestrians

Unpredictable and continually changing factorsof light, weather, road and traffic conditions

How you feel Be dedicated to error-free driving

Defensive Driving Attitude


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Before you start each day, perform a simple pre-

trip inspection including the following:

Attitudes and DrivingDecisive Driving

Brakes- Brake fluid must be at MAX level- Break pads should be checked

Lightings- Head, signal, brake, park lights- Have an extra bulb and emergency flashlight

Oil

- Must be at desired level and regular change- Must have an extra liter during the trip

Water- Level at radiator must be checked- Level at the windshield wiper

Battery-Check for corrosion at the terminal- Maintenance type must have sufficient level

Air

- Check for correct tire pressure including the spare tire- Check the tire for thread level and bulges

Gas- Check for sufficient gas level and gauge is operational

Self- Check if you are fit to drive

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Decisive Driving: Safe Practices


Remember the following:

Don't rely on another vehicle's signallights alone. Confirm the driver's intentionbefore you move into his or her path.

Obey traffic laws--o Halt completely at stop signso At controlled intersections, yield to the vehicleon your right if both of you arrive at the sametimeo Drive within the speed limito Use your signals before initiating a turn

Do not assume that everyone knows how to drive in inclementweather.

Do not drink and drive. Don't hurry, be a courteous & considerate driver.

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All three vehicles have:

Crossed the white painted stop-line

Poor lane positions

Decisive Driving: Check It Out

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Dependable Driving

Your senses play an important role in being adependable driver:


Sight - your vision decreases as speed increases,so make sure to obey all speed limits and keep alert,

also by watching for turn signals and brake lights.Feelings - can warn us of a deficiency in some areaof driving, for instance you are cornering too fast orhave already started to skid.Hearing - communicate with other drivers by usingyour horn and realize they will do the same.

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Dependable Driving: Check It Out

Vehicles with adequate space for 25-30 mph

on a rainy day Vehicles with not enough space for theweather

Headlights are on during periods of reducedvisibility

Two Guidelines:1.Whenever windshield wipers are turned on,

and2.When 10% of all traffic has lights on


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3-Rules of Night Time Driving and Driving atDawn

Be conspicuous - help other drivers see yourvehicle.

Be courteous - recognize that oncomingheadlights can temporarily 'blind' you for 3 to 8

seconds.

Be cautious - keep the outside and inside of yourwindshield clean to minimize glare.



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Some common distractions include:


Common Driving Distractions

Looking at a scenery Looking for route signs Unfamiliar situations such as, staring at an auto accident

Problems inside the vehicle such as, using a car phone Lighting a cigarette A bee in the car Recognizing someone you know

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Driving Distractions: Calculating theDistance

Reaction time is 1.5 seconds.

So, distance the car will travel before brakes are applied = 120.9 ftStopping time once the brakes engage = 134.4 ft.The conclusion is that:Total Stopping Distance = 120.9 ft + 134.4 ft = 255.3 ftReaction time is greatly affected by the alertness of the driver.

Suppose a person is driving a car at 55 mph

(80.67 feet/second) during the day on a dry,level road. He sees a pedestrian and applies thebrakes.What is the shortest stopping distance than canreasonably be expected?

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Faster Speeds

Accidents Accident severity Fuel consumption Maintenance cost

Faster speeds increase:

Adjust your speed to the driving conditions and not to the

speed limit. This is especially true for expressway ramps andcurves, where posted "recommended" limits are developed forcars traveling in ideal conditions.

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Seat Belts

Seat belts:

Reduce serious and fatal injuries by 60% Keep you inside the vehicle where your chances of

survival are 25 times as great as if you werethrown from the vehicle

Enhance your chances of survival Just as important to wear around town

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Rural Driving

Extra care should be used at rural intersections.When you approach a rural intersection:

Stop Look left

Then look right, check left again If clear, proceed

While driving in the country, look as far aheadas you can see. Look to the next curve or atleast one mile in the open country.

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Safe driving involves:


Summary

Making correct, timely decision basedon defensive driving techniquesemployed in a dependable manner.

Good driving demands:

Y

ou have the proper attitude and concentrationon the driving task to prevent you from beingdistracted or lulled into a false sense of security.

Maintain a positive attitude!

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Driving Rules

Introduction

Knowledgeable Skilled Alert

Be:

In this lesson, youll learn about the five basic drivingrules that should become part of your driving habits.

They are: Be far-sighted Move eyes continuously Take in the whole picture Maintain a space cushion Communicate

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Driving Rules

Five Basic Driving Rules: Rule 1

1. Be far-sighted:

In the city 1 block In the country next curve or hill, as

far as you can see

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Driving Rules


2. Move eyes continuously:

Since you can only see clearly with your central vision, it isimportant to constantly shift your focus. Turn your head

when necessary- Every 2 seconds Dont stare

o Scan front areao Use mirrorso Check the sides

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Driving Rules


3. Take in the whole picture:

Dont forget:o Side and rear view

o Use mirrors Be aware of:

o Intersectionso Alleywayso Pedestrianso Parked vehicles

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Driving Rules


4. Maintain space cushion:

Time intervals:

Car/Van = 2 seconds Truck/Bus = 3 seconds Tractor trailer = 4 seconds

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Driving Rules


5. Communicate:

Turn signals Hand signals

Friendly horn Eye contact Lane position

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Driving Rules

Five Basic Driving Rules: Summary

1. Be far-sighted2. Move eyes continuously3. Take in the whole picture

4. Maintain a space cushion5. Communicate

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Driving Rules

Slowing Down

The following steps will greatlyreduce the likelihood of someonerear-ending you:

Slow down Signal early

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Driving Rules

Summary

In this lesson, youve learned about thefollowing five basic rules to help in yourdriving experiences:

1. Be far-sighted

2. Move eyes continuously3. Take in the whole picture4. Maintain a space cushion5. Communicate

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Accident Prevention

Introduction

Chance does not alone determine the severity of anaccident.

Every close call, every minor fender bender should beanalyzed so that the error can be eliminated from futuredriving. In this lesson, you will learn about accidentprevention.

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Accident Prevention

Standard Accident Prevention Formula

A standard accident prevention formula consists of thesethree steps:

See the hazard Understand the defensive driving stepsrequired Act in time to prevent an accident

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Accident Prevention

Two-Vehicle Crash Positions

The four basic two-vehicle collision typesinclude:

Intersection

Rear end Passing Head-on

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Accident Prevention

Intersection Accidents

When approaching an intersection takethe following defensive steps:

1. Slow down and expect the unexpected(take in the whole picture and move youreyes continually).

2. Show your intentions by lane position andsignals (communicate).

3. Watch out for the other driver and yield theright-of-way if necessary.

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Accident Prevention

Collision with Vehicle Ahead or Behind

The steps to protect yourself from thistype of collision are:

Maintain an adequate space cushion Take in the whole picture watch the cars far ahead

for turn signals, brake lights, drifting to the right or left

Be far-sighted look beyond vehicles directly ahead ofyou to see what obstructions, traffic patterns or hazardsmight make them alter their course or speed

Initiate action - be decisive

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Accident Prevention

Backing Accidents

When backing your vehicle make sure to:

1. Entering to make sure there are nohidden objects that might causeproblems

2. Back immediately after checking toassure that conditions don't change

3. If you can position your vehicle toavoid backing, this is the bestapproach

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Accident Prevention

Passing or Being Passed Accidents

Awareness of your environment is critical to thesafety in moving with traffic. Follow safevehicle passing procedures. When you are

following a slow moving vehicle, your firststep should be to ask yourself if the pass isreally necessary. If you decide to pass avehicle:

1. Take in the whole picture, make sure the road isclear

and no one else is starting to pass you2. Make sure there is enough distance to pass

safely3. Signal your intentions - communicate4. Pass quickly5. Resume speed

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Accident Prevention

Head-On Accidents

Remember:

Ground viewing habits Centrifugal force Left turns

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In this lesson, youve learned how toprevent accidents following the five basicdriving rules:

Summary

Accident Prevention

Be far-sighted Move eyes continuously Take in the whole picture Maintain a space cushion Communicate

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