PCI - Oct 11

Pigment Technology

www.pcimag.com

October 2011VO LUM E 27, N UMBER 10

Paint Coatings IndustryGlobally Serving Liquid and Powder Formulators and Manufacturers

INSIDEStrategic Sourcing

Eliminating Agglomeration

Fluorosurfactants in Waterborne Wood Coatings

HEADQUARTERSCINIC CHEMICALS(SHANGHAI) CO., LTD.1730 Huilian Road, Qingpu Industrial ParkShanghai 201707, P.R. ChinaTel:+86 21 5240 0178 Fax:+86 21 5240 0136E-mail: [email protected]

AMERICACINIC CHEMICALS AMERICA,LLC651 Holiday Drive, Foster Plaza 5, Suite 300Pittsburgh, PA 15220, USATel:+1 412 928 3228 Fax:+1 412 202 0839E-mail: [email protected]

EUROPECINIC CHEMICALS EUROPE Sarl9, Croisee des Lys68300 Saint-Louis, FranceTel: +33(0)3 8989 4476 Fax:+33(0)3 8989 4493E-mail: [email protected]

www.cinic.com

CCininililexex RRRededeeeeSRSR3CC (PR17177)7)Cinilex Red

SR3C (PR177)CCCiininniiililexexxxxxxx DDDDDPPPPPPPPPP RRRRRReeeededede

STSTSTTSSS ((((PRPRRR25252554)4)4)4)4)4)4))4)4)4)Cinilex DPP Red

ST (PR254)

Cinilexx DDDPPPPPP RRRededededeedSR2P (PRPRPR252 4)4)4)))

Cinilex DPP RedSR2P (PR254)

CCinillexexex DDDPPPPPPPP RRRRReeededededededddedSRSRSR1C (((PRPRPRRPR252525255522 4)4)4)4)4)4)4)44)4)4))4

Cinilex DPP RedSR1C (PR254)

CCCCCCinininnililllexexexexx YYYelelelelloloooloolooowwSSSYSYYYYS 1H1H1HH ((((PYPYPPYPY11111111111110)0)0)0))Cinilex YellowSY1H (PY110)

CCinililexe DDPPPPPP RRRRubbu ini eSRSRR5H55H ((PRPRPR262666264)4)4)4)4))

Cinilex DPP RubineSR5H (PR264)

CCCCCCCCCiniiiiniii ililii ex RRed SSSSSR4R4R4R4RR CCCCC(P(P(P(P(P((( R17777777777))))

Cinilex Red SR4C(PR177)

CCininilex Yellooww SYSY2T2T(P(P(P(PY1YYY11010))

Cinilex Yellow SY2T(PY110) CCCCCCiiininininininilililililillililiileexexexeex DDDDDDDDPPPPPPPPPPPPPP OOOOOOOOOOrararararararararrararaarangngngngnngnn ee

SJSJSJSJSJSJSJSJ1C1C1C1C1C1C1C ((((POPOOPOOOO737373737337733)))))Cinilex DPP Orange

SJ1C (PO73)

CCCCiininnnnililililexexexexee DDDDDDDPPPPPPPPPPPPPP RRRRRububbbububu inininininii eeSSRSRSRRRSSRRR6T6T6TT6T6T6T66 (((((((PRPRPRRRPPR262626626264)4)4)44)4))4))

Cinilex DPP RubineSR6T (PR264)

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Hiding

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2011 The Dow Chemical Company. All rights reserved. Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (Dow) or an afliated company of Dow

Welcome to

a new day of

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Carbowet 13-40 and EnviroGem 2010 newly hatched, APE-Free surfactants. Whether youre anticipating U.S. regulations or complying with global trends and laws, switching to Air Products newest solvent- and APE-free surfactants is a smart move. Carbowet 13-40 and EnviroGem 2010 surfactants contribute no VOCs to zero-VOC coatings formulations. Additionally, both products offer excellent wetting with very low foam for architectural and industrial coatings, pigment dispersions, and various other systems. To request a free sample, call 1-800-345-3148 or visit us online at www.airproducts.com/newdawn and look forward to many new days of simple formulating. Easy on the environment and easy on you.

DEPARTMENTS 6 Viewpoint 8 Industry News 14 Calendar of Events 16 Company News 20 Names in the News 75 Products 78 Classifieds 82 Advertiser Index

PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY (ISSN 0884-3848) is published 12 times annually, monthly, by BNP Media, 2401 W. Big Beaver Rd., Suite 700, Troy, MI 48084-3333. Telephone: (248) 362-3700, Fax: (248) 362-0317. No charge for subscriptions to qualified individuals.Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in the U.S.A.: $115.00 USD. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in Canada: $149.00 USD (includes GST & postage); all other countries: $165.00 (intl mail) payable in U.S. funds. Printed in the U.S.A. Copyright 2011, by BNP Media. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the consent of the publisher. The publisher is not responsible for product claims and representations. Periodicals Postage Paid at Troy, MI and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUS-TRY, P.O. Box 2145, Skokie, IL 60076. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608. GST account: 131263923. Send returns(Canada) to Pitney Bowes, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON, N6C 6B2. Change of address: Send old address label along with new address to PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY, P.O. Box 2145, Skokie, IL 60076. For single copies or back issues: contact Ann Kalb at (248) 244-6499 or [email protected].

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PA I N T & C O AT I N G S I N D U S T RY , V O L U M E 2 7 , N U M B E R 1 0

October 2011

CONTENTSFEATURES

22 IR-Reflecting Pigments, Heubach GmbH

28 New Developments in Pigment Dispersing Agents, Croda Inc.

36 Eliminating Agglomeration of Partially Melted Powder Resulting from the Grinding Process, MATHESON

42 Novel Application of Fluorosurfactants in Waterborne Wood Coatings, DuPont China R&D Center

48 Rheology Additives in Waterborne Basecoats, Eastman Chemical Company

52 A Closer Look at Ashlands Acquisition of ISP, Insider Interview

54 Strategic Sourcing, Maroon Incorporated

BUSINESS TOOLS 58 Distributor Corporate Profiles

75 Distributor Showcases

77 Green Showcases

ONLINE FEATURES w w w . p c i m a g . c o m(White Paper) CFATS: Surviving the Site Security Plan, ADT Advanced Integration

Waterborne Masonry Paint Chosen to Renovate and Protect Venice Hotel, Omnova Solutions

San Jose International Airport First to Showcase Environmentally Advanced Powder Coatings, PPG Industries

New System Capable of Applying Two Coats at Once, Citadel Polyurea Coatings

Industrys First Water-Based Epoxy Floor Coating System for Static Control, Sherwin-Williams

36 48

O N T H E C O V E R :Cover photo courtesy of Heubach GmbH.

22

OCTOBER 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M6

V I E W P O I N T

The 2011 Coatings Trends & Technologies (CTT) conference, a technical symposium organized by PCI Magazine and the Chicago Society for Coatings Technology, took place September 13-14 at the Doubletree Hotel in Oak Brook, IL. Attendees and exhibitors alike raved about the new, expanded venue for the event, which included two large ballrooms for the double-track sessions, as well as a 7500-square-foot ballroom for the exhibitors to display their products. The conference had 248 registered attendees and 49 exhibitors, both up from last year.

This years keynote address was by Dr. Richard Jenkins, Global Group President, Arkema Coating Resins. Jenkins presentation was titled Coating Resins and Additives a New Global Perspective. He discussed how the coatings industry is growing globally, but not uniformly, and that growth drivers vary according to region. The environment and performance are driving the industry in mature markets, while population and construction growth are the driving forces in emerging countries. In addition, coating growth is greater than the GDP, and as economies emerge, the need for coatings and technology is going to increase.

Jenkins stated that for suppliers, an effective response to market trends requires balancing global leverage with regional needs. Some issues are discreet by region, such as the substrate to be painted, weather conditions, latitude (UV intensity), market size and growth rates, economics and personal income, target aesthetics, and paint seasonality. Global, or multiregional, factors include technology platforms, paint manufacturers and commodity ingredients. The key, according to Jenkins, is to balance the global with the regional to bring global technology and marketing leverage to all customers, but focused to their regional needs.

Jenkins also included a variety of interesting statistics about the global coatings market, including the preferred technology mix by region (solventborne, waterborne, powder and UV), the preferred paint sheen by region, as well as information on the volatile hydrocarbon feedstock costs and the resulting influence on resin selection.

Over the course of the 1 1/2-day event, 31 technical presentations were delivered. Some of the topics included trend-setting pigment technologies, accelerated weathering, a new freeze/thaw high-throughput test method, silicon carbide whiskers

for tough polymeric coatings, and nano-additives.Attendees that visited all 49 booths were entered into a raffle

for three prizes: Michael Misiaszek, Lab Chemist at TPR2, won a $50 gift card; Keith Quisenberry, Senior Product Development Chemist at Franklin International, won a Wi-Fi Kindle; and Charles Billstrand, Senior R&D Chemist at GTI Chemical Solutions, won a 47 Vizio HDTV.

It was great to meet with both coatings suppliers and manufacturers at this event, and to hear about some exciting new technology. Look for articles in upcoming issues based on presentations given at CTT.

Mark your calendars now for September 11-12, 2012, at the same excellent venue, so that you can be sure to be a part of this growing annual conference!

CTT Delivers Great Content to Chemists

By Kristin Johansson, Editor | PCI

Brenntag understands change is normal for the Coatings Industry.

As the Coatings Industry has evolved through the years, Brenntags Paint and Coatings Team continues to provide our customers with the products and services to stay competitive in the marketplace.

Whether you face different markets, technologies, or substrate applications, Brenntags Paint and Coatings Team can help you to adapt and make change work to your advantage.

Brenntag offers a complete specialty and industrial product portfolio, technical assistance with product development, formulations and applications know-how, superior logistics with versatile blending and re-packaging capabilities, and last, but not least, commitment to quality and safety.

Change demands innovation and creativity.Brenntag Understands.

Brenntag North America, Inc.(610) 926-6100 Ext: [email protected]

The Glocal Chemical Distributor.

VinylMetalBrickWood

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Automotive

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IndustrialCoatings

ContainerArchitecturalCoatings

CivilEngineering

Marine &Maintenance

Coatings Technologies:

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Markets:

Solvent-Borne

Coatings

Water-Borne

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I N D U S T R Y N E W S

Updated Study of Pigments Market Now Available

I am formulating waterborne alkyd coatings

and need defoamer additives to improve my coating manufacturing, application and performance properties. What can you suggest?

Ask the Expert

Charlie Hegedus Research Associate

Q

tell me morewww.airproducts.com/

surfactants

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 2011 (33519) B44

Waterborne alkyd coatings are gaining popularity due to their enhanced properties, green chemistry and

low VOCs. However, like most res-ins, waterborne alkyd coatings re-quire specic defoamers to achieve optimal performance. Defoamers reduce or eliminate foam and help avoid production, application and applied coating problems. Our studies demonstrate that Surfynol DF-58 and DF-66 silicone defoam-ers (used at 0.05% to 0.5% of total formula) and Surfynol DF-75 organic oil defoamer (used at 0.2% to 1%) provide excellent compat-ibility and defoaming. These addi-tives enhance gloss of high-gloss coatings and provide excellent substrate coverage, appearance and protection. In wood coatings, such as clear varnishes and stains, they promote complete coverage, smooth nish, and excellent gloss, clarity and distinctness of image. In industrial coatings, such as metal primers, they eliminate defects such as pinholes, craters and other defects that can lead to corrosion, disbondment and other failures.

A

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Researchers Unlock Mystery of Coffee Ring EffectARLINGTON, VA If youve ever spilled a drop of coffee on a surface, you might have noticed the curious way the color concentrates at the edges when the cof-fee dries. This is known as the coffee ring effect, and recently, researchers have determined that the shape of the particles in the liquid is an important fac-tor in creating this pattern. The research results could eventually translate into new techniques or formulations for prod-uct coatings, or better inks and paints. This work, published in the August 18 issue of the journal Nature, was per-formed by Arjun Yodh and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania.

We found that if you change the shape of the particles in the solution, the coffee ring effect goes away, and you end up with a uniform coating, said Peter Yunker, a graduate student in Yodhs lab.

As the liquid in a droplet evaporates, the edges remain fixed, so as the volume decreases, fluid flows outward from the middle of the droplet to its edges. This flow carries particles to the edges, and round particles at the edge will pack closely. By the time all of the liquid in the droplet evap-orates, most of the particles will be at the edge, producing the coffee ring effect.

Both the shape that liquid droplets take and the way the shape changes as the drop-lets evaporate are greatly influenced by surface tension at the air-liquid interface. This tension is a property of the interface based on how the molecules in the liquid interact with one another versus the air. For example, liquids with a high surface tension, like water, may form a raised drop-let, because the molecules are very attract-ed to one another and not so attracted to the air. In contrast, liquids with lower sur-face tension, like alcohols, are more likely to form flat spots instead of curved droplets.

KONSTANZ, Germany Ceresana Research has released a newly updated, in-depth study on the global pigments market, which states that pigment revenues will increase to more than $45 billion by 2018. In 2010, the Asia-Pacific region was responsible for 45 percent of the global demand for pigments. The second-largest market was North America, followed by Western Europe. Ceresana anticipates that the Asia-Pacific region will continue to significantly influence market dynamics in the future. The rapidly developing emerging markets have the greatest growth potential, above all China and India. Moreover, South America and the Middle East register above-average growth rates of 3.6 percent to 4.4 percent.

Iron oxides and organic pigments record the highest growth rates in North America and Western Europe. In emerging markets, the demand for carbon black pigments is especially increasing. Ceresana expects that titanium dioxide will have a share of somewhat more than 60 percent of the global pigment market in 2018.

Pigments have always been used primarily as colorants. However, sec-ondary properties are gaining impor-tance, for example protection from UV rays or corrosion prevention. Product innovations primarily aim at organic, effect and special pigments. The focus is on higher color intensity, color vari-ety and additional properties, such as self-cleaning and antibacterial charac-teristics, insulating properties, or the reflection of infrared light.

For additional information, visit www.ceresana.com/en/market-studies/addi-tives/pigments-new/.

Photo courtesy of Heubach GmbH.

W O R L E S O L W E L C O M E S T H E S U N

... and the rain, the frost and the wind that blows sand against our beach huts. For many years Thijs N. has helped our customers with the formulation of our waterborne alkyd resins known as WorleSol. For wood protection and beach huts WorleSol NW and WorleSol E give excellent protection and decorative results. However we do not stop at beach huts as today the WorleSol range is widely used in the formulation of air dry primers and topcoats as well as stoving systems for industrial and decorative use. Whatever your application we have a WorleSol product for you giving perfect results not only for simple beach huts. For more information please contact us: [email protected]

Thijs N., Laboratory Manager at Worle

Worle-Chemie GmbH Soellerstrasse 1416 21481 Lauenburg, Germany Tel. +49(0)4153/596-0 Fax +49(0)4153/53649 www.worlee.de [email protected]

We look forward meeting you:Tryline Group Booth # 120

WESTERN COATINGS SHOW2426 October 2011

Las Vegas

The Yodh group found that elongated particles in a liquid behave differently than round ones because of the way they are affected by the surface tension of the air-liquid interface.

If you make the particles elongated or ellipsoidal, they deform the air-water inter-face, which causes the particles to strongly attract one another. explained Yunker.

This clumping changes the way the particles distribute themselves within the droplet. Even if the clumped ellipsoidal particles reach the edge of the droplet, they do not pack as closely as round par-ticles. The loosely packed clumps eventu-ally spread to cover the entire surface, filling it so an even coating of particles is deposited when evaporation is complete.

This work gives us a new idea about how to make a uniform coating, relatively simply. If you change the particle shape, you can change the way a particle is deposited. You can also make mixtures. In some cases, even just a small amount of ellipsoids can change the way the par-ticles deposit when they dry, said Yodh.

ASC Partners With ASTM to Define SustainabilityBETHESDA, MD The Adhesive and Sealant Council (ASC) is partnering with ASTM to begin defining sustainabil-ity via a consensus-driven industry dia-logue beginning in the fall of 2011. This effort is a direct outcome of the councils first-ever Sustainability Summit, held July 26-27 in Rosemont, IL.

The primary outcome of the Sustain-ability Summit was a desire on the part of attendees to focus time and effort on industry definitions for sustainability. ASC will partner with ASTM to deter-mine a calendar of events, focusing on terminology development and webinars that will support this effort. Interested industry partners should contact Steve Duren at [email protected].

Asia-Pacific Coatings Market to See Double-Digit GrowthCLEVELAND Market research firm Frost & Sullivan has released a new report, Stra-tegic Analysis of the Paint and Coatings Mar-ket. The report predicts that the $43.52 bil-lion paint and coatings market in the Asia-Pacific region will reach $53.55 billion in 2011, growing at a CAGR of 11 percent.

The paint and coatings market in the Asia-Pacific region has improved due to growth in the end-user segments of con-


I


N D U S T R YN E W S

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struction, commercial, public buildings and residential real estate. The buoy-ant economic conditions in most Asia-Pacific countries, especially in China and India, have had a bearing on the investment in these sectors and thereby on the paint and coatings market.

Consumers in the more affluent coun-tries are interested in new product inno-vations. Rising environmental awareness and the demand from the middle class population have popularized eco-friendly coatings. Most of the decorative products available in the market are water based

and have low or almost zero levels of VOC emissions. Dirt-resistant paints that are more durable are proving to be signifi-cant revenue generators, as are innova-tive heat-reflective paints in the tropical countries. Manufacturers will be looking to create a type of OEM coating product that can withstand various temperature and humidity conditions.

For additional information, visit www.frost.com/prod/servlet/frost-home.pag.

CPS Color specializes in all facets of the tinting process from start to nish. We work in partnership with you to design a system that perfectly matches your needs while ensuring compliance with ever-changing environmental regulations.

Harness the full power of a customized Integrated Tinting Systemaccurate and repeatable color, less maintenance, and increased productivity.

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Founder of DeFelsko Corp. Passes Away

OGDENSBURG, NY Frank Koch, President and founder of DeFelsko Corp., died on August 8, 2011, at the age of 77. Born and raised in Germany, Koch was formally trained as a tool

and die maker before emigrating in 1956. In the 1960s, Kochs entrepre-neurial spirit led him to Ogdensburg, NY, where he started several successful businesses including DeFelsko Corp. It was his involvement with coating thickness and test instruments that most defined his career. Koch began importing and selling inspection instruments from Germany in the early 1960s and soon moved into manufac-turing, beginning with the PosiTest mechanical pull-off gage and continu-ing with the ever-expanding PosiTec-tor series of inspection instruments. Kochs son-in-law, David Beamish, has assumed the responsibilities as Presi-dent of the company.

Deltech Loses Stan DobkewitchBATON ROUGE, LA Deltech Corp. announced the death of its Vice Presi-dent and General Manager, Stanley Dob-kewitch, on August 6, 2011. Dobkewitch joined Deltech Corp. on Jan. 1, 2009, and was actively involved in expand-ing the Deltech specialty monomers business. He had previously worked in management positions for Air Products and Arizona Chemical. Dobkewitch is survived by his wife, two daughters and four grandchildren.

OBITUARIES


P A I N T & C O A T I N G S I N D U S T RY 13

NDSU Bio-Research Promises Game-Changing Technology FARGO, ND Several agricultural crops could play a significant role in bio-based resins and coatings recently developed by researchers at North Dakota State University (NDSU). Scientists at NDSU have developed bio-based resins that may prove to be a game changer in coatings and resin technology.

The NDSU researchers have developed a family of resins from renewable raw materials, creating resins that eliminate hazardous components such as formalde-hyde and bisphenol-A. The resins are based on sucrose and vegetable oils and can be varied to perform in many applications and industries, according to Dean Webster, Professor in the NDSU Department of Coat-ings and Polymeric Materials.

The resins developed by the NDSU research group can be made from sugar beets, plus oils from soybeans, f lax and sunflowers. When cured, the pat-ent-pending resins show significantly

improved properties over current bio-based materials and processes, mechani-cal properties comparable to petrochem-ical-based materials, and dramatically increased renewable material content. Websters research group found that the epoxidized sucrose ester resins they developed result in materials that are two to four times times as functional as vegetable-oil-based resins.

EPA Publishes Rule for Reporting of Chemical Information WASHINGTON, DC The U.S. Environ-mental Protection Agency (EPA) is increas-ing the type and amount of information it collects on commercial chemicals from chemical manufacturers. The improved rule, known as the chemical data reporting rule (CDR), also requires that companies submit the information electronically to EPA, rather than on paper, and limits con-fidentiality claims by companies.

The CDR rule, which falls under the Toxic Substances Control Act inventory

update rule (IUR), requires more fre-quent reporting of critical information on chemicals and requires the submis-sion of new and updated information relating to potential chemical exposures, current production volume, manufactur-ing site-related data, and processing and use-related data for a larger number of chemicals. For additional information, visit www.epa.gov/iur.

Call for Papers Issued for SSCT Annual Meeting ST. AUGUSTINE, FL The 2012 SSCT Annual Meeting will take place March 11-14, 2012, at the Renaissance Resort at World Golf Village, St. Augustine, FL. The theme of the meeting is Blast Off Into the Ever-Evolving, Ever-Chal-lenging World of Coatings. The South-ern Society for Coatings Technology is currently seeking technical speakers for this event. Any interested parties should e-mail Ursula Thomas at [email protected].

:(675,9(72%(

C A L E N D A R


OCT. 16-18ASC Fall ConventionIndianapolis, INwww.ascouncil.org

18-19Industrial Minerals 2011

Toronto, Canadawww.blendon.com

18-20RadTech EuropeBasel, Switzerlandwww.radtech-europe.com

23-26Western Coatings SymposiumLas Vegaswww.pnwsct.org/symposium-wcs

24-26Future of PigmentsBerlin, Germanywww.pigmentmarkets.com

NOV. 1-3Chem ShowNew York Citywww.chemshow.com

2-312th Asia Coatings MarketsJakarta, Indonesiawww.cmtevents.com

7-10Paint TechnologyHampton, UKwww.pra-world.com

9-11Spray Finishing Technology WorkshopToledo, OHwww.owens.edu/workforce_cs

21-23ABRAFATISo Paulo, Brazilwww.abrafati2011.com.br

22Paint & Coatings BasicsHampton, UKwww.pra-world.com

22-23Adhesives for Wind and Solar TechnologyBerlin, Germanywww.european-coatings.com/events/ecc-

adhesives.cfm

23-25ChinaCoat 2011Shanghai, Chinawww.chinacoat.net

29-Dec. 1Radiation Curing TechnologyHampton, UKwww.pra-world.com

DEC. 7-8ASTM International Committee G02 on Wear

and ErosionNew Orleans, LAwww.astm.org/COMMIT/G02.htm

28-3111th International Paint, Resin, Coatings &

Composites FairTehran, Iranwww.ipcc.ir/

Meetings, Shows and Educational Programs


Looking for aclear direction?

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609.443.2000

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Our high-performing, innovative, and complianttechnologies provide a clear path forward.

New regulatory guidelines mean that youll be making a lot of choicesgoing forward. So many products with many different approaches. Howdo you meet the ever-changing needs of the market?

Follow our lead. Whether you are developing the next generation of low-VOC products or trying to improve the performance of your new compliant coatings, Elementis has the right solution for you. Our innovative products ramp up performanceoften at a lowerformulation cost. New additiveslike liquid organic thixotropes, colorviscosity stabilizers, and APE-free dispersantsmake formulatingcompliant coatings easier and boost performance. Our exceptionaltechnical service will steer you in the right direction.

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Evonik to Increase Methyl Methacrylate Production CapabilitiesESSEN, Germany To meet rising demand, Evonik Industries is increasing the production capabilities of its methyl methacrylate plants throughout the world. Increased production capabilities will be achieved through debottleneck-ing and plant expansion projects in the companys existing plants in Worms and Wesseling in Germany, Shanghai, and Fortier, LA. The projects will take place in 2011 and 2012. Upon completion, Evonik industries will be able to produce approxi-mately 50,000 additional metric tons of methyl methacrylate.

Dunn-Edwards Facility Receives LEED Gold CertificationPHOENIX Dunn-Edwards has been awarded the LEED Gold Certification for its new manufacturing facility in Phoe-nix, AZ. The certification is established by the U.S. Green Building Council and verified by the Green Building Certifica-tion Institute. The 336,000-square-foot plant is the worlds first LEED-certified paint manufacturing facility. The build-ing encompasses manufacturing, prod-uct development, quality control labo-ratories, a distribution center, a retail outlet and office space.


C O M P A N Y N E W S

LONDON The London Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) confirmed that Worldwide Olym-pic Partner The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI, will produce a sustainable fabric wrap that will encircle Londons iconic Olympic Stadium during the Olympic and Paralympic Games, home to several athletic events and the opening and closing ceremonies.

The w rap w i l l compr i se 336 individual panels, each approxi-mately 25 meters high and 2.5 meters wide, and will help the stadium become the visual centerpiece of the London 2012 Games. Installation will be completed by spring 2012.

In keeping with LOCOGs goal to stage a sustainable Olympic Games, Dow will repurpose the wrap fol-lowing the 2012 Olympic competi-tions. The wrap will include resins made by Dows Performance Plas-tics Division and will require fewer raw materials to manufacture. It will be up to 35 percent lighter and have a lower carbon footprint when compared to conventional materi-als. Other sustainable elements of the wrap include UV-curable inks replacing conventional inks to reduce emissions during the print-

ing process and eliminate VOCs. The wrap will include post-industrial recycled content, and the hardware used to hang the wrap will be recycled in Europe following the Games.

Dow to Use UV-Curable Inks on Stadium Wrap for London Olympics


If you can imagine itwe can create it.

Thinkof Pan Technology, when you need a partner to turn your concept into reality.

How do we do this?

With a product portfolio of standard products including 100% solid chip dispersions, multiple lines of water-based, solvent based and other non-aqueous pigment dispersions.

With our technical expertise in pigment dispersions that serve the paint, ink, plastics, automotive, cosmetics and other industries.

And with our ability to custom manufacture YOUR dispersion, to your specifications, our labs and manufacturing can be part of your imagination for short runs, experimental formulations or specialty products. Were committed to providing solutions to your dispersion needs with the best in on-time deliveries, laboratory technology and customer service support. PAN has earned its reputation.

So go ahead, imagine itwe can create it.

Pan Technology, Inc. is certified as meeting therequirements of the ISO 9001:2008 standard.

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Ph: 201.438.7878 800.722.3507

www.pantechnology.com

REG. U.S.Pat. and Tm. Off.

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We have incorporated innovative, energy-efficient equipment and protocols, such as unique high-efficiency process equipment with integrated dust-suppression technology, so that no particu-lates are emitted to ambient air, and advanced wastewater recy-cling techniques to conserve water. Our systems are classified as ultra-low discharge, meaning that waste generation is virtually eliminated, said Karl Altergott, President.

Altergott reports that energy calculations on the new plant show a 50-percent reduction over the companys two existing operations.

CSM and BASF Explore Bio-Based Succinic Acid JVDIEMEN, the Netherlands BASF SE and Purac, a subsidiary of CSM nv, have begun negotiations to form a joint venture for the production of bio-based succinic acid. The companies have been conducting research under a joint development agreement on bio-based succinic acid since 2009. The complementary strengths in fermentation and downstream processing led to the development of a sustainable and highly efficient manufacturing process based on a proprietary microorganism. The demand for succinic acid is anticipated to grow strongly in the coming years.

The newly developed process combines high efficiency with the use of renewable substrates and the fixation of the greenhouse gas CO2 during production. This results in a positive eco-footprint and makes bio-based succinic acid an economically and ecologically

attractive alternative to petrochemical substitutes. The employed microorganism Basfia succiniciproducens is a natural producer of succinic acid and can process a wide variety of C3, C5 and C6 renewable feedstocks, including biomass sources.

Ecology Coatings Nominated for Green Chemistry AwardWARREN, MI Ecology Coatings Inc. has been nominated for the Michigan Green Chemistry Governors Award Program for 2011. The program was established by the Michigan Green Chemistry Roundtable to recognize innovations in green chemistry. Ecology Coatings was nominated based on its GRAS (generally regarded as safe) coatings, which can be applied to food or used in food packaging. Ecologys GRAS coatings not only protect food from outside elements but are safe for human consumption, as they use natural ingredients and do not contain plastics or other chemicals derived from fossil fuels.

Cytec Begins Expansion of PTZ Phenothiazine Plant WOODLAND PARK, NJ Cytec Industries Inc. is starting work on the first phase of a major capacity expansion of its PTZ pheno-thiazine plant in Mount Pleasant, TN. This expansion will enable Cytec to continue to supply phenothiazine product to meet grow-ing customer demands. The first phase will increase capacity by 20 percent. The second phase will be completed in 2013. Cytec supplies phenothiazine as an inhibitor to the global acrylic acid, ester and monomer markets in the form of a prill (small bead) for which Cytec holds patents in all major producing countries.

True Surface Microscopy Wins Innovation AwardULM, Germany WITec has received the Microscopy Today Inno-vation Award for the development of True Surface Microscopy. Each year, Microscopy Today magazine selects the best new devel-opment in microscopy and presents the award at the U.S. Micros-copy and Microanalysis Exhibition and Conference, which took place this year in Nashville, TN. True Surface Microscopy allows confocal Raman imaging guided by surface topography. The topo-graphic coordinates measured from an integrated profilometer are used to perfectly follow the sample surface in confocal Raman imaging mode. The result is an image revealing optical or chemi-cal properties at the surface of the sample, even if this surface is very rough or heavily inclined.

BASF to Invest in Acrylic Acid Complex in BrazilCAMAARI, Brazil BASF announced plans to invest in a world-scale production site for acrylic acid, butyl acrylate and superab-sorbent polymers (SAP) in Camaari, Bahia, Brazil. It will be the first acrylic acid and superabsorbents plant in South America.

In addition, BASF will start to produce 2-ethyl-hexyl acrylate in its existing chemical complex in Guaratinguet, So Paulo, Brazil. This will be the first plant for this product in South America.

Construction of the new acrylic acid complex will start in 2011. Production is expected to begin in the fourth quarter of 2014. The production for 2-ethyl-hexyl acrylate in Guaratingue-t is expected to start in 2015 on the basis of acrylic acid pro-duced in Camaari.

Elcometer Launches Online Educational ServiceROCHESTER HILLS, MI Elcometer Inc. has introduced Elcom-eter University, a central, online repository for interactive Elcom-


PA I N T & C O AT I N G S I N D U S T RY 19


eter product tutorials, field videos and fre-quently asked questions designed to meet the needs of both current and prospective users of Elcometer equipment.

DKSH and Tonsan Expand PartnershipZURICH, Switzerland DKSH and Ton-san are expanding their strategic part-nership with a new agreement for the European photovoltaic market. Built on a relationship that started in early 2011, this agreement marks a new phase in the collaboration where DKSHs Business Unit Performance Materials, a special-ty chemicals distributor, will distribute Tonsans high-performance sealants and adhesives used for photovoltaic module assembling in Europe.

CPS Color Acquires Pinova AGVANTAA, Finland CPS Color Group Oy has acquired Switzerland-based Pinova AG. Pinova is a market leader in colo-rants for facade coatings and wet plas-ters in German-speaking Europe and CEE countries.

One of Pinovas core strengths is in the development of tailored colorant systems for the construction and coatings markets.

With the addition of Pinovas Novapint product range, CPS Color will further expand into the niche market of wet plaster colorants, which shows excellent growth potential.

Ashland Inc. Completes ISP AcquisitionCOVINGTON, KY Ashland Inc. complet-ed its acquisition of privately owned Inter-national Specialty Products Inc. (ISP), a global specialty chemical manufacturer of functional ingredients and technologies.

ISP will be integrated into the Ashland Aqualon Functional Ingredients commer-cial unit, more than doubling the size of Ash-lands highest-margin business. See PCIs Insider Interview on page 52 for details.

Evonik Buys hanse chemie Group/Divests Carbon Black BusinessESSEN, Germany Evonik Industries con-cluded its purchase of the hanse chemie Group, comprising hanse chemie AG and nanoresins AG.

The hanse chemie Group is headquar-tered in Geesthacht near Hamburg, Ger-many, where it produces high-quality com-ponents and raw materials for the manu-facture of sealants and adhesives, mold-

ing and casting compounds, and other products. The greatest share of business will be incorporated into the Interface & Performance Business Line, whose activi-ties surrounding the silicone specialties it produces are directed at a variety of indus-trial markets. In the future, activities in the coatings industry will be conducted by the Coating Additives Business Line.

Additionally, the company successfully completed the divestment of its carbon black activities. The new owners are the investors Rhne Capital and Triton Partners. The business was acquired intact and now oper-ates as Orion Engineered Carbons.

PPG to Acquire Coatings Company in ColombiaPITTSBURGH PPG Industries and its subsidiary, PPG Colombia, have entered into an agreement to purchase the coat-ings businesses of Colpisa Colombiana de Pinturas, a privately owned Colom-bian coatings company, and its affiliates, which include Colpisa Ecuador.

Colpisa, based in Itagui, near Medel-lin, Colombia, was founded in 1973 and manufactures and distributes coatings for automotive OEM and refinish, industrial, and architectural coatings customers in Colombia and Ecuador.

RPMs Performance Coatings Group Buys API S.p.A.MEDINA, OH RPM International Inc. announced that its Performance Coat-ings Group has acquired API S.p.A., a producer and installer of polyurethane and urethane-based flooring and decking solutions for cruise ships, mega-yachts and naval applications. Based in Genoa, Italy, API also produces epoxy and poly-urethane flooring systems for the Italian building market.

API will continue to be led by Giorgio Magnaghi, Managing Director and grand-son of company founder Mario Magnaghi, along with his management team, which includes Vittorio and Beniamino Mag-naghi, also grandsons of the founder.

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PPG Industries aerospace business has named Mark Cancilla Global Platform Director for coat-ings and Brent Wright Global Platform Director for transparencies, succeeding Cancilla.

Sea-Land Chemical Co., Cleveland, OH, has hired Mauricio Galvez as an Account Manager for Sea-Land Chemical Canada Ltd.

Maroon Inc. has appointed Todd Giallorati as an Account Manager. Giallorati is based in Hill-iard, OH, and will be responsible for the companys Ohio and West Virginia territory.

The Supervisory Board of LANXESS AG has appointed Axel C. Heitmann Chairman of the Board of Management of LANXESS AG for another five years. The new term will begin July 1, 2012.

Parkson Corp. has named Michael Lamminen Director of International Business. Lamminen will lead a new international drive to market Parksons technology around the world.

The International Paint and Printing Ink Council (IPPIC) elected its new President, Bill McPherson. McPherson suc-

ceeds Ed Donnelly, who served as IPPIC Presi-dent for four years.

RPM International Inc. has appointed Edward W. Moore, Vice President and General Counsel, to also serve as the companys Chief Compliance Officer. Tracy D. Crandall, Associ-ate General Counsel, will take on the additional title and responsibilities of Assistant Secretary. The company also promoted Melissa Schoger to Director of Planning and Financial Analysis; Chris Knoblock to Director of Systems Develop-ment; Rob Antonelli to Manager, Consolidation Systems; Treena C. Johnson to Manager, Gen-eral Accounting and Analysis; and Ben Curtis to Senior Internal Auditor.

DKSHs Business Unit Performance Materials has assigned Haruo Namba to head its chemical

distribution business in Japan. Cori Diaz has been appointed Global Head Key Client Management.

Roe Riley has joined Archway Sales Inc. in the companys northeast region as a member of the customer service team based out of New York.

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I t is well known that modern IR-ref lecting inorganic complex pigments not only impart super-durable colour shades to a surface, but enable coatings formulators to create products showing less interaction with solar radiation compared to using normal pigments, and therefore showing lower heat build-up.

The most well-known application is found in the area of coil coatings for facades and roofs (key word: cool roofs). The aim is to lower heat transfer into buildings, and as a result reduce energy consumption of air conditioners to cool down the interiors. A positive side effect an enhanced lifetime of the coating due to reduced thermo-mechanical impact has been observed. There are several programs available that define criteria and approve pro-ducts for cool roof applications. Of these, the Energy Star and Cool Roof Rating Council of the United States are the best-known programs. Further programs are Green Glo-bes (Canada and United States), LEED (United States) and

one from the Singapore Environment Council. In Europe a similar program called Cool Roofs Europe has been star-ted, and first products have been approved.

While the application of IR-reflecting pigments in coil coatings is accepted and subject to constant improvement, further applications are under development. This article will describe recent findings in car refinish paints and plasters for architectural thermal insulation systems, and present a new dark IR-reflecting pigment combining jetness with high solar reflection.

Influence of Solar Radiation on PigmentsPigments interact with solar terrestrial radiation as described in Figure 1. Possible interactions are absorption (transmission), reflection and scattering. The interaction of colour pigments with the visible part of the electromag-netic spectrum (380 780 nm) is obvious in the form of our colour impression. Pigments can additionally interact with UV radiation (250 380 nm) and/or near-infrared (NIR 780 2500 nm) radiation. While the (detrimental) influence of UV radiation is well known (i.e., pigment fading), the interaction with the NIR radiation is its poor invisible cousin, although the integral energy of the NIR radiation accounts for approximately 50% of the total integral energy of solar radiation.

Heat Build-Up Effect of Different Pigments The amount of total energy absorbed and emitted by a top-coat determines the heat build-up of a coated surface and results in a final surface temperature after reaching an equi-librium state. Coating pigmentation has the main influence on heat build-up performance. To achieve cool surfaces, the pigments need to reflect as much energy as possible. This reflection ability can be expressed as the Total Solar Reflec-tance value (100% = total reflection; 0 % = total absorption). Therefore, pigments with high TSR values show a high reflection combined with low heat build-up, and vice versa.

Pigments with the highest reflection ability are based on TiO2, while pigments with the lowest reflection are based on carbon black. If, from an aesthetic point of view, one prefers a dark colour instead of white, there is a choice of using dark inorganic complex pigments like P.Br. 29 (Chromium Iron Oxide) or P.Bk. 30 (Chrome Iron Nickel Black Spinel) as an IR-reflecting option. These pigments show higher TSR values compared to carbon black and are an excellent choice for grey colour shades; in mono-pigmented systems the TSR value is higher but the jetness is lower compared to carbon black.

Figures 2 and 3 illustrate TSR values of different pig-mented topcoats with the corresponding heat build-up measurements.

Heat Build-Up Effect in a Multi-Layer-System Although the use of black inorganic complex pigments with higher TSR values compared to carbon black is unlikely in full-shade car refinishes or OEM topcoats due to missing jetness, there is still some room for it in the total multi-layer set-up.

By Thomas Sowade, Marketing/Business Development Manager | Heubach GmbH, Germany

IR-Reflecting IR-Reflecting

0.00

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Wavelength [nm]

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tive

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nsit

y

FIGURE 1 | Typical solar terrestrial radiation spectrum.

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Refle

ctan

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]

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Titanium Dioxide; TSR 86%

FIGURE 2 | TSR spectra of different inorganic black pigments (20% pigmentation in alkyd/melamine).

PA I N T & C O A T I N G S I N D U S T R Y 23

Conventionally, pigmented topcoats (high-performance organic pigments) are transparent or at least partially trans-parent to NIR radiation. As a consequence, the NIR radiation passes through the topcoat, and the IR reflectance ability of this multi-layer system is then determined by the behaviour of the next layer, in this case the primer. Primers are avai-lable in different colours, including light grey and dark grey, to support the colour of the topcoat (in case of scratches).

We modified a conventional white primer to a light grey and a dark grey primer, one modification with carbon black, the other with inorganic IR-reflecting black. Both modifications were tinted to the same colouristic values. Due to the better tinting strength of carbon black, a higher amount of inorganic black was necessary to achieve the similar colouristic result (Figure 4).

The light grey and the dark grey non-NIR primers showed an approximate 8 C higher end temperature compared to the white or the NIR primers. Especially remarkable is the very small difference between the white and the two NIR primers, which prove the efficiency of using IR-reflecting inorganic blacks (Figure 5).

To check the influence of the primer pigmentation, we applied a blue and a red basecoat, including a clearcoat, onto the different primers to complete the full automotive refinish set-up (Figure 6).

In practice, a red basecoat is more likely to be combined with a white or light grey primer, while a blue basecoat is more likely to be combined with a light or dark grey pri-mer, but not a white one.

The TSR values including the maximum temperatures of the heat build-up measurements of different multilayer combinations are listed in Table 1.

In both cases (red and blue basecoat), the modification of the standard grey primers (containing carbon black) with inorganic IR-reflecting black pigments showed a significant effect for the multi-layer set-up in total performance.

Heat Build-Up Effect in a Composite Thermal Insulation SystemModern composite thermal insulation systems are used to keep the interior of buildings warm in winter and cold in summer to reduce energy consumption for heating and cooling. The insulation layer (commonly expanded polystyrene, EPS) largely reduces heat trans-port in any direction.

The darkness of the applied plaster on the EPS is limited, as it may suffer from thermal/thermomechanical stress, especially at the interface between the plaster and EPS layer. Therefore, thermal insulation systems are only offe-red to a certain point of luminosity values, indicating the darkness of the plaster.

Using IR-reflecting pigments, the heat build-up on the composite thermal insulation is reduced, with an expec-ted positive impact on prevention of premature failure (Figure 7). As a consequence, using (dark) grey products with lower luminosity values is becoming a reality.

In a lab experiment, grey plasters with a 1/3, 1/9 and 1/25 standard depth (STD) were formulated using different

PigmentsPigments

TABLE 1 | Matrix of test results (TSR and maximum temperature) for multilayer car refinish systems.

Primer Red Basecoat Blue BasecoatWhiteNon-NIR light greyNon-NIR dark greyNIR light greyNIR dark greyTSR [%] 35 20 30 12 10 18 15Max. temperature [%] 50.0 56.6 51.3 59.6 61.6 52.3 52.8

25.0

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55.0

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65.0

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pera

ture

[C]

Irradiation Time [min]0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Titanium Dioxide; max 43 C

FIGURE 3 | Heat build-up of different inorganic black pigments and equilibrium heat level [C] compared to carbon black (20% pigmentation in alkyd/melamine) according to ASTM D 4803.

Dark Grey Light Grey

non-NIR non-NIR NIRNIR

FIGURE 4 | Dark grey and light grey primers tinted with carbon black (non-NIR) and inorganic black (NIR).

30.0

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White NIR Filler

Light Grey NIR Filler Dark Grey NIR Filler

Light Grey non-NIR Filler

Dark Grey non-NIR Filler

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

FIGURE 5 | Heat build-up measurements on white, light grey and dark grey primers.

IR-Reflecting Pigments


pigment chemistry for each sample (P.Bk. 7, P.Bk. 11, P.Bk. 30 and P.Br. 29) and applied as a thermal insulation system.

In heat build-up tests for all standard depths, the systems with P.Bk.7 and P.Bk.11 showed a higher equili-

brium temperature compared to the systems using P.Bk. 30 or P.Br. 29 (Figure 8).

Following these lab findings, outdoor exposure tests were performed. During an extraordinarily warm sum-mer day (38 C maximum temperature), samples coloured with PBk30 and PBk7 at 1/3 STD and P.Br. 29 and PBk7 at 1/9 STD were placed in the sun in Langelsheim, Germany (51.9N, 10.3E) facing south.

While the non-NIR reflecting samples reached surface temperatures of around 100 C, the NIR-reflecting modified samples stayed approximately 10 C cooler (see set-up of experiment in Figure 9 and summary of results in Table 2).

Considering the thermal form stability of EPS (depen-ding on compressive stress by load) to be 75-85 C in long-term and 100 C in short-term, many EPS manufacturers recommend keeping temperatures < 75 C. The finding of temperatures up to 102 C prompted the question: can a detrimental ageing effect be observed? This was tested in our lab with non-NIR-reflecting and NIR-reflecting modi-fied samples (Figure 10).

TABLE 2 | Equilibrium surface temperature of samples placed in the sun on a hot summer day.

Pigment STD Insulation Layer Slope Max. TemperatureP.Bk. 30 1/3 STD 20 mm ~ 45 86.0 CP.Bk. 7 1/3 STD 20 mm ~ 45 97.5 CP.Br. 29 1/9 STD 110 mm ~ 15 88.2 CP.Bk. 7 1/9 STD 110 mm ~ 15 102.0 C

metal substrate

wash primer

primer surfacer

basecoat

clearcoat

light grey dark grey light grey white

FIGURE 6 | Multilayer set-up of refinish coating with different primers.

Bric

k In

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tion

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ter

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k In

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tion

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ter

Exterior coatingwithout IR-reflecting pigment

Increasedthermal/thermo-

mechanicalstress due to

higher surfacetemperatures

C

Exterior coatingwith IR-reflecting pigment

100

80

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40

20

0

60 C

80 C

20 C 20 C

FIGURE 7 | Temperature profile of composite thermal insulation with and without IR-reflecting pigments.

Tem

pera

ture

[C]

Irradiation Time [min]0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

95

85

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65

55

45

35

25

FIGURE 8 | Comparison of composite thermal insulation surface temperatures for four different pigments at 1/3 STD.

PBk301/3 STD

PBr 29 (1), 1/9 STD PBk7, 1/9 STD

PBk71/3 STD

FIGURE 9 | Outdoor exposure of thermal insulation systems on a hot summer day.

PBk7

T > 105 C

Tmax = 102 C,5h

PBk30

PBk7 PBk30

PBk7 PBk30

FIGURE 10 | Macroscopic effects of excessive heat build-up on EPS in composite thermal insulation.

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IR-Reflecting Pigments


While the non-IR-reflecting samples showed after a short period of time (i.e., 5 h) a softening and irreversible dimensional alteration of the EPS, the NIR-reflecting samples showed the expected better performance. The dimensional alteration, if ongoing, may cause cracks in the plaster and surface delamination.

Optimized IR-Reflecting Inorganic Black PigmentAlthough there are different options available when choos ing inorganic black pigments with NIR reflecting

ability, it seems to be common rule that pigments with higher jetness show lower TSR values. Therefore, the market demands products with higher jetness without reducing the TSR-value.

Heubach GmbH has now added a new product to its product line of IR-reflecting pigments, combining higher jetness and a neutral colour shade in reductions with an extraordinary NIR reflecting ability.

Figure 11 compares the reflectance spectra of different inorganic black options. The new product has an extraor-dinary high TSR value of approximately 17% (see integral spectrum from 250 nm 2500 nm). The main difference compared to products that typically show such high TSR values can be seen in the visible part of the spectrum, especially between 650 nm 800 nm (Figure 11). Here the reflection is lower, resulting in a more neutral colour shade (Figure 12) and a higher jetness.

While in full shade, the new pigment is more neutral compared to P.Br. 29 (Figure 12). This behaviour can also be found in the 1:1 reduction (Figure 13). To achieve this colour shift to the more neutral side while staying with the higher TSR value, a lower tinting strength needs to be accepted.

ConclusionBesides the well-known application of IR-reflecting pig-ments in coil coatings, possible benefits in two other areas have been found, and a new inorganic black pigment com-bining jetness and high TSR value was developed.

In multilayer systems, it is possible to formulate brilli-ant surfaces combining the brilliance of an NIR transpa-rent topcoat (organic pigments) with the NIR reflection ability of the below primer layer (NIR-reflecting pigments instead of carbon black) to reduce heat build-up of the whole system. Such multilayer systems can be found in automotive OEM or refinishes, as well as in other indu-strial coatings applications. Although in the automotive industry research is currently focused on optimizing the window glazing due to its higher influence on heat build-up in the car interior, it can be expected that attention will turn back to the coating once the research for glazing is finished and the contribution of the car body/reflective coating gets higher again in relation.

Positive findings for lower heat build-up of thermal insulation systems using IR-reflecting black pigments instead of carbon black or black iron oxide have been reported for lab and outdoor tests. Detrimental effects on the dimension al integrity of the expanded polystyrene insulation layer can be seen under real outdoor condi-tions, which can be minimized using IR-reflecting pig-ments. All in all, one can expect lower energy consump-tion for cooling building interiors as well as an enhanced lifetime of the thermal insulation system, reducing ther-momechanical stress at the EPS/plaster interface.

A new inorganic black pigment has been developed combining jetness and a neutral colour shade in reduc-tions with an extraordinary IR-reflecting ability bridging the gap between existing products.

Note: Cited TSR values have been determined in a 20% pigmentation in alkyd/melamine. The powder pigments themselves show even higher TSR values.

This paper was presented at the 2011 European Coatings Congress, Nurem-berg, Germany.

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Titanium Dioxide; TSR 85%

FIGURE 11 | TSR spectra of different inorganic black pigments (20% pigmentation in alkyd/melamine).

25.0

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reddergreener

FIGURE 12 | Colour space of different inorganic black pigments (full shade).

L*

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reddergreener

FIGURE 13 | Colour space of different inorganic black pigments (1:1 reduction).

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To achieve the greatest cost-effective prod-uct performance in coatings and inks, it is essential to have maximum utilization of the pigments in the system. Typically, efficient and effective preparation and uti-lization of stable pigment dispersions leads to maximum color development from the dispersed pigment. More intense color development can result in the formulator requiring less pigment to reach the same color. Alterna-tively, it could reduce the energy needed during the pig-ment dispersion process due to the fact that less grind time is required to reach the level of color desired. This article presents three separate types of polymeric dispersants

that enable the formulator to create dispersions that uti-lize the properties of pigments to their upper limit.1

The Dispersion ProcessThe dispersion process is generally considered to consist of three distinct stages that take place either sequentially or simultaneously. These stages are wetting, reduction of agglomerate size or separation, and stabilization. The dispersion system will lose some of its optimum properties should any of these factors be compromised. This decline in properties can manifest itself in such things as a loss of color development or dispersion stability.

WettingThe wetting stage can be described as the process of bring-ing particle agglomerates into intimate contact with the grinding medium. It involves preferential displacement of gases, liquids and other contaminants from the surface of the pigment with the grinding medium.2 The dispersing agent can assist greatly in this process by acting to form the direct grinding medium/pigment interface needed for creating a stable dispersion. In most cases, a substantial amount of the wetting process can occur without the use of mechanical energy, particularly when a proper, effi-cient dispersing agent is used.

Particle Size ReductionThis stage is also referred to as dispersion or defloccula-tion. It generally includes mechanical action, which leads to agglomeration size reduction. The eventual target is a particle size distribution that exhibits the optimum set of properties for the pigment system.

StabilizationThe stabilization process can also be known as controlled flocculation. There will be some minor flocculation in most dispersions as dispersant molecules are in motion.However, the best dispersants will keep the pigment par-ticles separated to prevent interactions that would reverse

By William H. McNamee, Applications Manager, Coatings & Polymers, and John E. Hughes, Research Chemist | Croda Inc., New Castle, DE

New Developments New Developments in Pigment in Pigment Dispersing Agents Improve Performance and Reduce Energy Consumption

FIGURE 1 | Type 1 polymeric dispersant.

OO

A-----------B----------A block

oil



the properties achieved by proper wetting and agglom-eration size reduction. The polymeric dispersant molecule acts by adsorbing onto the pigment particle and providing a barrier against particle agglomeration.

To make the dispersion complete, it is important for the wetting stage to continue as the optimum particle size distribution is reached. As the agglomerates continue to be broken, the new particle surface needs to be wetted to avoid the reformation of the agglomerate. A normal dispersion process will have some reversibility, and an amount of flocculation will occur.

Dispersion MechanismsThe literature generally sites two types of stabilizing mechanisms: charge stabilization and steric or entropic stabilization.2 However, the polymeric dispersants intro-duced in this article also use what can be called elec-trosteric stabilization, a designed combination of the two well-known mechanisms.

Charge, or electrostatic stabilization, is a result of pref-erential adsorption of the charged dispersant molecules onto the surface of the pigment particle and the thicken-ing of the charge layer within the surrounding medium.3

The choice of dispersant can influence the magnitude of the repulsive energy, as can the ionic character of the medium. As a result, electrostatic stabilization is sus-ceptible to and less stable in high electrolyte conditions.

Steric, or entropic stabilization, is a result of dis-persant structure in which one functional moiety or anchoring group has a strong affinity for the pigment surface, and extending into the medium are solvated polymeric stabilizing chains.4 The solvated chains lose their degree of freedom as particles approach each other, and this leads to repulsion to overcome the change in entropy. This method of stabilization is not affected by high electrolyte conditions.

Electrosteric stabilization is the combination of the two tra-ditional types. It could be referred to as the best of both types.

Program ObjectiveThe program objective was to evaluate three distinctly different types of polymeric dispersants to determine their performance in three separate case studies. In all three studies, these polymeric materials will be compared to competitive samples that are commercially used in the dispersion industry today.

Dispersant Candidate TypesThe candidates evaluated in this program can be divided into three types. They are as follows.

Type 1Type 1 of the polymeric dispersants tested can be described as a non-emulsifying dispersant in that it does not have the typical hydrophobe/hydrophile structure of a surfactant. These materials are specifically designed as dispersants. They have an anchoring group that has a strong, specific interaction with the pigment surface, and a polymeric stabilizing group that is compatible with the medium and extends out, providing steric stabilization. Figure 1 shows an example of such a structure with the

anchoring group on one end and the branched stabilizing chain extending from it.

Type 2The Type 2 polymeric dispersant evaluated is an ABA triblock copolymer. In the B chain it has multiple points of anchoring for excellent adsorption. The two stabilizing tails (A chains) extend into the medium for added density of the steric barrier. An example of the triblock material is shown in Figure 2.

AA


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FIGURE 4 | Viscosity of paints made with yellow organic pigment.

FIGURE 5 | Separation of pigment from binder after exposure to 50 C for 67 h.

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Type 3A comb graft polymeric dispersant is the best description of the Type 3 structure. The steric stabilization is provided by the comb arms extending from the back-bone into the medium, while electrostatic stabilization is established by the acidic functionality of the backbone itself. An

example of the comb graft structure is shown in Figure 3.

Results and DiscussionStudy 1: Organic Pigment Dispersed in a Nonaqueous BinderA study was conducted that examined two different types of dispersants in a

nonaqueous binder with three different types of organic pigments. Three sepa-rate paints were made with the nonaque-ous binder and the pigments. All of the paints used a competitive dispersant that had been causing issues with dispersing the pigments. This study used a Type 1 anionic polymeric dispersant, with the nonaqueous binder and the three pig-ments; it compared paints with the com-petitive dispersant to paints with the Type 1 anionic polymeric dispersant.

Yellow Pigment Dispersed in Nonaqueous BinderThe first part of the study presents the data on a yellow organic pigment dis-persed in a nonaqueous binder. The dis-persant was added to the sample and the yellow pigment added at a 17% by weight loading level, indicating a low solids-type paint. The sample was then dispersated at 5000 rpm for 5 min.

Figure 4 shows the difference between the viscosities of the two paints based on the pigment dispersant used. Temperature point 1 was the viscosity taken at 20 C, whereas Temperature point 2 was the vis-cosity after the samples were exposed for 67 h at 50 C, and then allowed to cool down.

While the competitive dispersant showed reduced viscosity after exposure to 50 C for 67 h, the sample also had a large amount of agglomeration on the sides and bottom of the container. The Type 1 anionic polymeric dispersant showed lower viscosity in both tests, and did not have agglomeration in the container after testing at both 20 C and 50 C.

The yellow paint samples presented in Figure 5 show the difference in the capabilities of the two different pigment dispersants when used in this nonaque-ous binder after exposure to 50 C for 67 h. The sample labeled JEH-1-38A (left) is the paint sample dispersed with the com-

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FIGURE 6 | Viscosity of paints made with orange pigment 1.



petitive dispersant, whereas the sample labeled JEH-1-38B (right) is the paint with the yellow pigment dispersed by the Type 1 anionic polymeric dispersant.

Orange Pigment 1 Dispersed in Nonaqueous BinderThe second part of the study involved dispersating an organic orange pigment (hereafter referred to as orange pigment 1) in the same nonaqueous binder. The disper-sant was added to the sample, and the orange pigment 1 was added at a 14% weight loading level. After the addi-tions, the paint was dispersated at 5000 rpm for 5 min.

Figure 6 shows the results of the viscosity testing on the paints made with the orange pigment 1 in the nonaqueous binder. Temperature point 1 shows the viscosity results taken at 20 C before exposure to higher temperatures. Temperature point 2 shows the viscosity results taken after the samples were exposed for 50 h at 50 C. While both samples showed increased viscosity after exposure to 50 C for 50 h, the competitive dispersant showed outgas-sing often associated with a reaction occurring between the binder and pigment, whereas the Type 1 anionic poly-meric dispersant remained fluid, with no signs of reactiv-ity between the pigment and binder.

Orange Pigment 2 Dispersed in Nonaqueous BinderThe third part of the study involved dispersing another

organic orange pigment (hereafter referred to as orange pigment 2) in the same nonaqueous binder as the previous pigments. The dispersant was added to the sample, and the orange pigment added at a 14% weight loading level. After the additions were made, the paint samples were dispersed at 5000 rpm for 5 min.

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FIGURE 7 | Top-down view of paints after exposure to 50 C for 20 h.



Figure 7 shows the results of the paints after exposure to 50 C for 20 h. The sample on the left (JEH-1-66A) shows the reactivity that is occurring in the paint that was dispersed with the competitor dispersant, whereas the sample on the right (JEH-1-66B) shows no reactivity when the paint was dispersed with the Type 1 anionic polymeric dispersant.

The stability of the paints after 96 h is shown in Figure 8. The sample on the left is the paint with the orange pig-ment 2 dispersed in a nonaqueous binder with the com-petitive dispersant, whereas the sample on the right has the orange pigment 2 dispersed with the Type 1 anionic polymeric dispersant. The separation between the pig-ment and the binder is quite evident for the sample on the left. Separation of the binder and pigment is not seen with the sample on the right. Both samples retained their original pigmented color.

Study 2: Inorganic Pigment Dispersed in an Aqueous BinderA study was done that examined the performance of two different pigment dispersants in an inorganic pigmented aqueous binder that had a pigment loading of greater than 70% by weight. The current dispersant, competitive dis-persant 2, was unable to disperse the pigment fully, result-ing in hard agglomerations on the bottom of the contain-ers; or separation of the pigment from the binder. A Type 1 polymeric dispersant was used to overcome these issues in high pigment loading aqueous systems.

While the pigment was added in at 70+% by weight loading level, each dispersant was used at 2% by weight on pigment. After the addition of the pigment, the paint was dispersed at a range between 1500 and 4000 rpm depending on the difficulty of dispersing the pigment. All samples were dispersed for 5 min.

The results shown in Table 1 indicate that the colorant that used the competitive dispersant 2 was unable to fully disperse the inorganic red iron oxide pigment when used at that high loading level.

The sample showed hard packing and displacement of the pigment from the binder. Type 1 polymeric dispersant was able to disperse the red iron oxide pigment in the aqueous binder and keep it dispersed with no displace-ment from the binder.

Figure 9 shows the viscosity measurements taken at different temperature points on the two colorants. Tem-perature point 1 was the initial viscosity taken after each sample was dispersed and cooled down. Temperature point 2 was viscosity measurements taken after exposure for 5 days at 70 C, then cooled down. Temperature point 3 was after 5 days at room temperature (20 C).

The competitive dispersant 2 samples had a greater viscosity at the start of testing and continued upwards, increasing in viscosity the longer the sample remained. The Type 1 dispersed samples showed decreased viscosity of the colorant over time, without increasing agglomera-tions or precipitating out the pigment from the binder.

The photo presented in Figure 10 shows the separation that occurred in the competitive dispersant 2 colorant after exposure at 70 C for 5 days.

Figure 11 shows that after 5 days of constant expo-sure to 70 C, no separation occurred between the pig-ment and the binder.

TABLE 1 | Observations after 24 h.

Dispersant Observations

Competitive dispersant 2The mixture had of hard packed pigment at the bottom of the container that could not be dispersed back into the liquid.

Type 1 polymeric dispersant

No hard settling of the pigment was observed. All of the pigment was dispersed in the liquid.

FIGURE 8 | Stability of the paints after 96 h.

321Temperature Points

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FIGURE 9 | Viscosity of colorant made with red iron oxide pigment.

FIGURE 11 | No separation of binder and pigment after 5 days at 70 C.

FIGURE 10 | Visual separation of pigment from binder after 5 days at 70 C.

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Study 3. Color Development and Viscosity StudiesViscosity and color development studies were completed in the laboratory using 4-ounce paint cans. The cans were filled with the grinding medium and the appropriate type of polymeric dispersant. The pigment or metal oxide was slowly added while mixing to assure all the solids were wetted out. At this time, ceramic beads were added for grinding.

The mixtures were then put on a Red Devil paint shaker for 1 h with samples being removed every 15 min. Viscos-ity tests were performed only on the 1 h samples, while color development evaluation was done on the samples that were removed every 15 min.

The results of the viscosity studies completed showed significant advantage in using one of the polymeric dis-persants. In Figure 12, the viscosity advantage using a Type 1 polymeric dispersant is readily evident. The formu-lator would therefore be able to significantly increase the solids loading and still have a usable final viscosity.

Color DevelopmentThe samples taken every 15 min were mixed into either a clear base (masstone) or a typical trade sale white tint base. In all cases in this study the focus was water-based systems. As can be seen from Figures 13 and 14, the Type 3 poly-meric dispersants have a significant advantage over the commercial competitive material in development of color.

1.00E-031.00E-021.00E-01

1.00E+001.00E+011.00E+021.00E+031.00E+041.00E+051.00E+06

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FIGURE 12 | Change in viscosity for 30% metal oxide loading with increasing disper-sant.

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FIGURE 13 | Color development comparison using black 7 in masstone.

In both Figures 13 and 14, the 100% color develop-ment value was set by the 60 min grind for the control or competitive sample. In both cases, color develop-ment of greater than 100% was reached very quickly using the Type 3 polymeric dispersants. It is therefore readily apparent that, in addition to higher color devel-opment capability, the Type 3 polymeric dispersants in these evaluations offer the cost savings potential of grinding for less time to reach equal or greater color development. Thus, the producer will have two poten-tial routes to cost savings.

ConclusionThree types of polymeric dispersants have been evaluated in the study presented. Each of the types has shown utility in application testing. It has been illustrated that these materials provide improved wetting and dispersion that results in efficient milling that can provide greater color development or higher productivity and energy savings.

Lower viscosity after grinding is also a feature of these polymeric materials. This viscosity advantage results in the ability to have higher solids loadings, resulting in higher productivity and lower inventory requirements.

Additionally, improved stability of the dispersions pro-duced with the polymeric materials provides longer shelf life and therefore lower storage loss.

References1 Liu, W. and McNamee, W.H. Polymeric Dispersing Agents

That Allow Formulators To Meet Environmental and Per-formance Requirements, RETEC Conference, Savannah, Georgia, 2009.

2 Patton, T.C. Paint Flow and Pigment Dispersion, John Wiley and Sons, 1979.

3 Verway, E.J.W. and Overbeek, J.Th.G. Theory of the Solubility of Lyophobic Colloids, Elsevier Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1948.

4 Napper, D.H. Polymeric Stabilization of Colloidal Disper-sions, Academic Press, 1983.

This paper was presented at the 38th Annual Waterborne Symposium in New Orleans.

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FIGURE 14 | Color development comparison using blue 15:4 in white tint base.

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T he grinding of solid materials to produce powders is a common manufacturing step found in many industries. In the coatings industry, grinding may be used in the preparation of pigments and of powder coatings. Of particular focus in this article is an application solution successfully deployed in the produc-tion of powder coatings. In the powder coating industry, several different types of polymeric matrices are dealt with. These include epoxies, epoxy polyesters, polyesters, acrylics and polyurethanes.

Each material has its own mechanical and physical properties, but, when converting any of them from feedstock chips to ground powder, the friction of the grinding process itself generates a sufficient amount of heat to cause a quality problem resulting from the agglomeration (clumping) of partially melted powder particles or heat-induced changes in ground material properties. This problem is worse when the ambient temperature is high.

The quality burden on the manufacturer is two-fold: First, it becomes necessary to inspect all batches pro-

actively, immediately after processing and again after a short storage period;

Second, any failed material requires re-processing fol-lowed by a second round of inspection (possibly leading to additional re-processing and re-inspection).The economic and productivity benefits of minimizing

or totally eliminating the problem are intuitively obvious.

Characterizing the ProblemAt Spraylat, high-throughput grinders are used in combi-nation with sifters to grind the feedstock chips and collect properly sized powder the target particle size range is 35

to 65 microns, depending on the product. The grinding and sifting equipment itself is not unusual.

Processed material is collected into cardboard boxes, fiber drums and large gaylords, each lined with a plastic bag, with a capacity ranging from 50 lb per box up to 1500 lb per gaylord.

Ambient temperature in the processing area is nor-mally in the range of 75 F 77 F, but can climb to levels as high as 85 F in the summertime. The tem-perature of the powder in an in-process container (i.e., during fill) can reach 100 F.

At first, it was noted (entirely empirically) that agglom-eration was problematic when packing into large gaylords on hot days The mass of the material insulates the core of the container, causing heat dissipation to be slow. As a result of exposure to the high temperatures for prolonged periods material at the core of the container fu

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