PC Support & Repair Chapter 5 Fundamental Operating Systems.
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Transcript of PC Support & Repair Chapter 5 Fundamental Operating Systems.
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PC Support & RepairChapter 5Fundamental Operating Systems
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Objectives• After completing this chapter, you will meet these
objectives:▫Explain the purpose of an operating system. ▫Describe and compare operating systems to include purpose,
limitations, and compatibilities. ▫Determine the operating system based on customer needs. ▫ Install an operating system. ▫Navigate a Graphical User Interface (GUI). ▫ Identify and apply common preventive maintenance
techniques for operating systems. ▫Troubleshoot operating systems.
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Purpose of OS: 4 Basic Functions
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Purpose of OS: Control Hardware Access
• Interaction between hardware & application•Device driver handles this▫Program from hardware manufacturer
•PnP auto detects hardware & installs driver▫OS then configures the device▫Updates the registry
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Purpose of OS: File & Folder Management
•Files, subfolders, folders (or directories)
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Purpose of OS: User Interface•How you interact with OS/software•GUI (graphical user interface)•CLI (command line interface)
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Purpose of OS: Application Management
• Click an icon, OS locates program, loads into RAM•OS makes sure the application has system resources
• An Application Programming Interface (API) is a set of guidelines used by programmers to ensure that the application they are developing is compatible with an OS. ▫Open Graphics Library (OpenGL) – Cross-platform standard
specification for multimedia graphics ▫DirectX – Collection of APIs related to multimedia tasks for
Microsoft Windows
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Review• You are creating a new web design software. What
guidelines do you need to follow to ensure it will work on an OS?▫API
• DOS has what kind of interface?▫CLI
•Windows has what kind of interface?▫GUI
•What are the 4 basic functions of an OS?▫Hardware access, manage files/folders, user interface, manage
applications
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OS Terms & Concepts•Almost all
modern OS’s have all of these capabilities
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OS Memory Types•Conventional Memory 0KB - 640KB▫For drivers
•Upper Memory 640KB – 1MB▫For BIOS
•Extended Memory 1MB – max▫For OS & application software
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OS Modes of Operation•OS has different modes to handle each type of
application
•Real Mode (OLD)▫Used by DOS & Windows 3.x▫OS can run only 1 program at a time▫Can only address 1MB of RAM▫Still available
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OS Modes of Operation•Protected Mode (OLD)▫Each program has a space in memory that can’t be
used by other programs▫Can manage multi-tasking▫Can access all memory & virtual memory
VM= using some HD space for RAM▫Up to 32-bit access to RAM, devices, etc.
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OS Modes of Operation•Virtual Real Mode (OLD)▫Allows OLD real mode applications to run within
protected mode Allows XP to run a DOS only application If there’s an error, it will only affect the virtual
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OS Modes of Operation•Compatibility Mode▫In Vista/7▫Allows program to run as if it
was on an earlier OS An XP only program can run
in Vista
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OS Terms & Concepts•32-bit & 64-bit OS
•32-bit (x86) OS▫Can only access up to 4GB RAM
•64-bit (x64) OS▫Can access more than 128GB RAM▫Data path is bigger, faster▫Need 64-bit program to take advantage of it
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Review•Which bit OS can only access up to 4GB of RAM?▫32-bit
•What mode will allow a program designed for XP, run in Windows 7?▫Compatibility Mode
•Which memory is available for the OS & software?▫Extended Memory, above 1MB
• How does virtual memory work?▫Uses part of the HD for RAM
•Which mode in XP allows you to run a DOS program and if there’s a n error in it, it won’t affect XP?▫Virtual real mode
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Choices for OS
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Versions of Windows OS• Windows XP Pro– Used to connect to Windows Server or network • Windows XP Home– Used on home computers • Windows XP Media Center – Used on entertainment computers• Windows XP Tablet PC Edition – Used for tablet PCs • Windows XP 64-bit Edition – Used for computers with 64-bit processors • Windows 2000 Pro – Older; was replaced by Windows XP Pro • Windows Vista Home Basic – Used on home computers• Windows Vista Home Premium – Used on home computers to expand
personal productivity and digital entertainment beyond the basics • Windows Vista Business – Used on small business computers for enhanced
security and enhanced mobility technology • Windows Vista Ultimate – Used on computers to combine all the needs of
both home and business users
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Pick the Right OS•What applications is the customer using?▫Will the OS be compatible?
•Compatible with the network OS?
• If you are sharing files, try and get same OS as other computers▫Make sure all is compatible
•Consider costs, too
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Check Minimum Requirements•RAM •Hard disk drive •CPU •Video adapter card
•May need to upgrade some•Make sure you have more than minimum
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Check Hardware Compatibility•Hardware Compatibility List (HCL)•Verifies your hardware is compatible with the OS▫Vista/7- Compatibility Center or Logo’d Products▫XP- HCL
• Lab 5.3.2
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Review•Before you install a new OS, you should check if your
hardware will work with it. What should you reference?▫HCL, Compatibility Center
•Windows & Mac are versions of what types of OS that are designed for a single user?▫Desktop OS
•Name some considerations when deciding on a new OS.
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Hard Drive Terms• Primary partition
▫ Partition where the OS is▫ There can be up to four partitions per hard drive
• Active partition ▫ Partition being USED by the OS. Only one can be active at a time
• Extended partition▫ The remaining free space on a drive▫ Can be subdivided into smaller sections called logical drives, using letters
• Formatting ▫ This process prepares a file system in a partition for files to be stored
• Drive mapping▫ Drive mapping is a letter assigned to a physical or logical drive
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Hard Drive TermsC:
D:C:
D:C:
E:
1st Hard Drive; Bootable; All of the HD is one letter; PRIMARY PARTITION
1st Hard Drive; C: is PRIMARY bootable; D: is an EXTDENDED LOGICAL PARTITION
1st Hard Drive; C: is PRIMARY bootable; D: & E: are EXTDENDED LOGICAL PARTITIONS
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Parts of the Hard Drive•Sector▫Small section
•Cluster▫One or more sectors
•Track▫One complete circle of
data on one side of a hard drive platter
▫A track is broken into groups of sectors
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Review•What is a complete circle of data on a HD?▫Track
•How many partitions can there be per HD?▫4
•How many active partitions can there be at a time?▫1
•What partition contains the OS?▫Primary
• You partitioned the HD with an OS C:, and D: for data only. What kind of partition is D:?▫Extended partition
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Install Methods•Distribution DVD or CD
• Install from network▫NIC must be configured to boot to network location
• Image
•Recovery CD or partition
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Clean Install of the OS from CD/DVD• BIOS must boot to CD/DVD• The install formats & partitions the drive▫Partition- logical section
• Prepares to accept the file system▫Directory structure to organize files of OS, applications,
config, and dat• File Systems▫FAT32 (up to XP)
Can only handles up to 2TB▫NTFS (Vista & 7)
Can handle up to 16 Exabytes
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File Systems•NTFS▫Use most of the time▫Has data security (encryption & compression)
•FAT32▫Generally can be used in XP/2000▫If partition is under 32GB
•FAT16▫Used if under 2GB
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Install the OS- XP•Setup XP –Setup and install XP •Repair XP – To repair an installation, press R to open
the Recovery Console. ▫Troubleshooting tool that can be used to create and
format partitions &repair the boot sector or Master Boot Record.
•Quit – To quit Setup without installing Windows XP, press F3.
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Install the OS- XP•1st looks for existing install▫If found, you can repair it
It replaces OS files with original from CD▫All applications & data should remain▫ALWAYS BACKUP ANYWAY!
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XP Install Pictures
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XP Settings During Install
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Install XP- Create User Accounts
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Lab• Install XP•Create Accounts•Check for Updates
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Install Vista w/ DVD• Install from within existing OS▫DVD should auto-run▫If not, select DVD and click setup.exe
• If no OS on HD, boot to DVD▫What needs to be done first with this option?
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Install Vista
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Install Vista•Upgrade – Keep your files, settings, and programs
and upgrade Windows. Also use this option to repair an installation. ▫Doesn’t show if no OS is found
•Custom (advanced) – Install a clean copy of Windows, select where you want to install it, or make changes to disks and partitions.
•Quit – To quit Setup, click the x in the Close box.
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Vista Install Pictures
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Install Vista- Create an Account•1st account is an administrator▫Default name is administrator▫Change name▫Recommended to use this account to manage PC
Not for daily use•Then create user accounts▫Has fewer permissions than admin
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Install Vista- Complete Setup
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Complete the Install•When done, it reboots & you log in•Register with key▫Allows download of important updates, patches &
service packs▫Install can continue w/out key
•XP- Start, All Programs, Accessories, System Tools•Vista- Start, Programs•Verify all hardware works in Device Manager
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Lab• Install Windows Vista•Create Accounts•Check for Updates
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Review•How many primary partitions can be on a HD?▫4
•You are installing a clean copy of Vista. What option do you select when the DVD starts?▫Custom (Advanced)
•What 3 things can be done when Custom is chosen?▫Clean install▫Partition change▫Select where to install Vista
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Review•Can you complete an install w/out the key?▫Yes, delayed up to 30 days
•During Vista setup, you are asked to create a user name & password. What kind of account is created during this step?▫Administrator account
•What’s the difference between an Admin & User account?▫Admin can change security settings, install software, and
make changes to all accounts
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Review• You just finished installing an OS. What can you check
to make sure all of your hardware is functioning?▫Device Manager
• Before you begin installing XP, what should you check to make sure the hardware has been tested for XP & will work?▫HCL
• You are in Vista. Cool Edit will only work in XP, Me, or 2000. What mode will let it run?▫Compatibility Mode
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Custom Installs- Cloning/Imaging• Creates an image of a hard drive in a computer▫Create a master installation on one computer. Includes the OS,
applications, and configuration settings that will be used by the other computers in the organization.
• Run Sysprep (for unique system ID after cloning)• Create an image using a cloning program (Ghost).• Copy the disk image onto a server. •When the destination computer is booted, a shortened version of
the Windows setup program runs. The setup creates a new system security identifier (SID), installs drivers for hardware, creates user accounts, and configures network settings to finish the OS install.
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Other Custom Installs•Over a network
•Recovery Disc▫Automated System recovery (ASR)▫Must be created in Backup
•Factory Recovery Partition▫Can restore PC to factory specs
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Review•What kind of install uses a master computer all set
up and then you “copy” it to all of your other computers?▫Cloning or imaging
• In order to install an OS over the network, what must be configured?▫NIC (also works with modems & fire wire)
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Boot Sequence1. Power On Self Test (POST)▫Turn on the computer (cold boot)▫The computer performs the POST▫Any errors will be beep-codes
2. BIOS locates & reads config settings in CMOS▫Finds what device to boot to▫Tells where the OS is▫Normal is floppy, cd, hd
3. BIOS locates MBR▫Finds the OS boot loader (NTLDR)
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XP Boot Sequence• NTLDR▫Windows loader program does all the rest
• Boot.ini▫ For menu of different OS’s installed
• Ntdetect.com▫ Detects installed hardware
• Ntoskrnl.exe gets loaded▫ Going to complete boot process
• Hal.dll▫ Translator between Windows & hardware
• Registry files read for system configuration• Device drivers are loaded• Ntoskrnl.exe starts WINLOGON.exe to login to Windows
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Vista Boot Sequence•MBR (Master Boot Record) located▫ ID’s the first active partition
•Windows Boot Manager starts (Bootmgr)▫Replaces NTLDR▫Determines which OS should start if have multiple
• Boot Configuration Data (BCD)▫Gives you menu to select OS▫Replaces boot.ini
• Boot process completes with Ntoskrnl.exe• Hal.dll▫Translator between Windows & hardware
• Device drivers are loaded
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Lab•Make a comparison chart of the boot sequences
between XP & Vista▫Highlight the differences
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Review•1st thing when computer turns on?▫POST
•What do you think will happen if you get a “NTLDR is missing” or “Bootmgr is missing” message?▫OS will not load
•What does boot.ini do?▫Menu of what OS to select
•What does MBR stand for?▫Master boot record
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Changing the Configuration- Msconfig•Set programs that run at startup•Too many running can slow PC down•Can also find bad things running•Start, Run, Msconfig
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Registry Files• Begin with HKEY_
• The Control Panel settings, File Associations, System Policies, or installed software changes are stored
• Each user has their own section of the registry
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Changing the Configuration- Regedit•Edits registry•Start, Run, regedit•BE CAREFUL!!!▫MAKE A BACKUP
1st ▫No undo, saves
when exit
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Msinfo•Summary of hardware, software, settings
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Command •Start, run, cmd (or command)•DOS commands
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Startup Modes• F8 during boot, advanced startup options
• Safe Mode▫ Starts Windows & only loads drivers for basic components, such as the
keyboard and display• Safe Mode with Networking Support▫ Starts Windows to Safe Mode & loads drivers for network components
• Safe Mode with Command Prompt ▫ Starts Windows & loads the command prompt instead of the GUI
• Last Known Good Configuration ▫ Loads config settings used the last time Windows started successfully▫ Finds a copy in the registry▫ Only works if used immediately
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Review• You installed a video card on a GCIT computer, but now
the display is messed up. What startup mode can allow you to get a new driver that’s stored on the server?▫Safe mode with networking support
• You just added a new printer & driver. Now the PC won’t boot. How would you go back to a good, working computer?▫ Last known good configuration
• How do you boot into safe mode?▫Press F8 during boot
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Directories & Files•C: is the Root▫In here are Folders/Directories▫C:\Documents and Settings\Users\Bob\My
Documents\School\Homework\Science.doc•File Rules:▫255 characters max▫Can’t use a slash or a backslash (/ \)▫File extension is added to ID the type of file▫Filenames are not case sensitive
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Files•NTFS can store larger files•Has better security•Offers encryption & compression
•Convert from FAT32 to NTFS▫CONVERT C: /FS:NTFS in Command Prompt
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Navigating Windows GUI• Vista default theme is Aero ▫Translucent, animations▫NOT on Vista Basic
• Sidebar▫Games, Notes, Clock, etc.
• Display Properties/Personalization• Computer/My Computer properties•My Network Places/Network▫To connect/disconnect a network
• Control Panel
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Administrative Tools•Computer
Management
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Administrative Tools•Device Manager
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Administrative Tools•Task Manager▫Ctrl + Alt + Del▫What’s running▫Stop unresponsive▫CPU performance
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Administrative Tools•MMC- Microsoft
Management Console• Allows you to
organize management tools in one location▫Called snap-ins
• Can create multiple custom screens▫To focus on different
management tools
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Review•Where do you uninstall a program?▫Control Panel, Add or Remove Programs
•To use MMC, what must you have?▫Admin rights
•The MMC can be customized by organizing tools, which are also called what?▫Snap-ins
•How do you get to task manager?▫Ctrl+Alt+Del
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Upgrading the OS•Check HCL•Backup data
•2000 to XP▫If CD doesn’t start, type winnt32 for CD▫Quick▫Existing applications & settings stay
•XP to Vista▫Must be XP SP2▫Select Upgrade option
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Can’t Upgrade?•Use Windows User State Migration Tool (USMT)▫Migrates user files & settings to new OS▫Download from Microsoft & use on old▫After new OS installed, download again to restore
settings
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Review•What should you do before you upgrade an OS?▫Check HCL, backup data
•What command will start the XP upgrade if the CD doesn’t Auto-run?▫Winnt32
•What version of XP must you have before you upgrade to Vista?▫SP2
•What would you use if you have to install an OS in order to transfer data & settings?▫User State Migration Tool
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Preventive Maintenance•Backup & Restore•Defrag•Windows Update•AV Update•HD error checking
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Updating Drivers•Check for updates•Roll Back if doesn’t work
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More Updates•Firmware Updates▫For Drives, Cards, BIOS▫Can increase speed of hardware, enable new features,
or increase the stability of a product▫Follow instructions carefully
•OS Updates▫Auto update▫Multiple are in a service pack▫Set restore point before install
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System Utilities• Scandisk/chkdsk▫Scandisk is
Windows 2000▫Chkdsk is
XP/Vista/7▫Checks integrity of
files & folders• Defragment▫Moves parts of
same file closer together on HD
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Backups•Under System Tools•Normal Backup (Full Backup)▫All selected files on the disk are archived to the backup medium
• Differential Backup▫Backs up all the files & folders that have been created or modified
since the last full backup• Incremental Backup▫Backs up all the files and folders that have been created or
modified since the last backup• Daily Backup▫Only backs up the files that are modified on the day of the backup
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Backup Media•Tape Drives•USB Flash•Optical Media•External HD▫eSATA fastest
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Review•What checks file integrity in Windows XP/Vista/7?▫Chkdsk
•Which backup is the slowest because all data & files are put on the media?▫Normal/Full
•What can you do to help reduce repair costs and increase reliability of your computers?▫Preventive maintenance plan
• You downloaded a new driver that is not functioning correctly. What can you do?▫Roll back the driver to the old one
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Review•Where can you enable automatic Windows updates?▫Control panel
•What key gets you into safe mode?▫F8
•How do you switch your XP computer from FAT32 to NTFS?▫Run the Microsoft Convert Utility
•What is a database for Windows, applications, and user settings that can be backed up?▫Registry
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Review- 13 Questions
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PC Support & RepairChapter 5Fundamental Operating Systems