PC BASED RADAR SIMULATION WITH OPTICAL SENSOR

Aim

Introduction

Block diagram of the project

Hardware Details

Flow Charts

Results

Conclusion

Future scope

CONTENTS:

AIM

To simulate the RADAR function with optical beam

INTRODUCTION

Radar is an Electromagnetic system which uses radio waves to detect the existence of an object and to find its position.

The word RADAR is coined from the initial letters of the phrase: ‘Radar Detection and Ranging’.

By means of radar the presence of moving or stationary objects such as aircrafts, ships and land masses can be detected.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

HARDWARE DETAILS

The following hardware has been used to build the project :-

MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52

RS232

STEPPER MOTOR

DRIVER CIRCUIT FOR STEPPER MOTOR

OPTICAL TRANSDUCER

SLOT SENSOR

MICROCONTROLLER

Here we use AT89S52 microcontroller which is manufactured by ATMEL.

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes in-system programmable Flash memory

A special feature called WATCH DOG TIMER is included which is intended as a recovery method for situations where the CPU may be subjected to software upsets.

In short, the AT89S52 has the following on-chip facilities:

8k bytes ROM

256 byte RAM

UART

32 input-output port lines

Two, 16-bit timer/counters

Six interrupt sources and On-chip clock oscillator

A Watch Dog Timer

RS232

The serial port on our PC is a full-duplex device i.e. it can send and receive data at the same time using separate lines for transmitting and receiving data.

RS-232 stands for Recommend Standard number 232 and C is the latest revision of the standard.

The MAX232 I.C converts input TTL level into RS-232C standard level and connects to PC through 9-pin D-type connector.

DB 9 CONNECTER MAX 232 I.C.

The diagram for the handshaking between the system and the connecter is as shown below:

We cannot simply connect our system to the terminal without providing

proper hand shaking signal.

STEPPER MOTORS

A stepper motor is an electro-mechanical device, which converts electrical pulses into discrete mechanical movements.

The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse.

In our project we used a stepper motor to rotate the antenna in order to detect the angle at which the obstacle is present.

Here the step angle of the motor is 0.9 degrees i.e. it takes 400 steps to complete a revolution

STEPPER MOTOR DRIVER CIRCUIT

For driving of motor coils, we have used IRF540 MOSFET, which are

having low on-state resistance so that the dissipation is less resulting in

fast switching and low thermal resistance. For each motor four

MOSFET sections are required

OPTICAL TRANSDUCER

Optical transducer consists of LED and Photo Diode where LED acts as a

transmitter while Photo Diode acts as a receiver.

When a target is intersected by emitted rays of the IR transmitter a portion of

intersected rays are reflected back which is collected by IR receiver and sent

to microcontroller ensuring the presence of target in the space.

SLOT SENSOR

It consists of IR light emitting diode (LED1) and phototransistors (Q1). It is used to detect the position of the target.

When the diode is in OFF state, no light falls on the base of phototransistor. Therefore, it acts as open circuit. It implies that the antenna is in the reference position , and when the diode is in ON the phototransistor is short circuited this implies that the antenna is away from its respective reference position.

FLOW CHART FOR

MICROCONTROLLER

PROGRAMMING

start

Initialize serial port with 9600 Baud rate.

Increment the step counter, if step count is greater than or equal to 400, reset step count

to 0 & complement the antenna direction

If the direction is clockwise move motor clockwise 1 step else move motor anti

clockwise 1 step

Bring antenna to reference position with the help of Slot Sensor

Scan IR Sensor and send the status along with the direction through the serial port.

Continue to step3.

PROJECT HARDWARE

RESULT

The following output is obtained on the PC , we can observe the angle and the time at which the obstacle is detected.

APPLICATIONS

Radars are used to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects.

STALKER Radars are used in sport and Law Enforcement Activities.

Meteorologists use radar to monitor precipitation. It is used for weather forecasting and to watch for severe weather such as thunderstorms ,tornadoesand winter storms

Aeroplane’s can land in fog at airports equipped with radar-assisted ground-controlled approach (GCA) systems, in which the plane's flight is observed on radar screens while operators radio landing directions to the pilot.

Geologists use specialized ground-penetrating radars to map the composition of the Earth's crust.

ADVANTAGES

Superior penetration capability through any type of weather condition, and can be used in the day or night time.

Radars does not require a medium like Sonar (that uses water) so can be used in space and air.

Radar can be long range and the wave propagate at the speed of light.

It is less susceptible to weather conditions compared with Lasers and can be used at night unlike passive cameras.

It does not require target cooperation to emit any signals or emission. 

DISADVANTAGES

It is Costly.

Range of the RADAR is Limited.

RADARs cannot detect black bodies.

Hand held modulation can falsify the readings.

Large targets close to the RADAR can saturate the receiver.

CONCLUSION

This project is designed for implementing the RADAR SIMULATION

WITH OPTICAL SENSOR using a PC to detect an obstacle.

In real time we have various applications of this project.

This is a Reference Model of the RADAR which is used in real time

applications.

THE FUTURE

We can add other features like, camera feedback to see the targets, radar sensor to detect intruders.

The military uses it to detect the enemy and to guide weapons thus considerably decreasing human loss.

Meteorologists use radar to track storms, hurricanes and tornadoes.

Weather RADAR For accurate weather-related prediction

The Sea-Based X-Band (SBX) Radar system, it is a semi-submersible twin-hulled oil-drilling platform. SBX can patrol the world’s oceans looking for ballistic missile launches.

The radar system is for quick setup and deployment for Marines and other rapidly deployable forces that need battlefield surveillance and air traffic control.

QUERIES