P.b.b. 02Z030115 M, Industriemagazin Verlag GmbH ......NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2015 CONTENTS VOLUME 16,...

INTO THE FUTURE

Super sensors, autonomous vehicles and robotic recycling are on the way

Waste to EnergySpecial Edition

It’s Here! The EU Circular Economy Package: What you need to know and what industry leaders are saying about it.

Super Singapore Singapore based water firm, Hyflux, is to build and operate the city state’s sixth waste to en-ergy firm as part of a joint venture with MHI.

Built to be Rebuilt How Caterpillar is using 40 years of remanu-facturing experience to offer 7200 different components under its Reman program.

NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2015

Official Publication of:

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See our breath of waste-to-energy services at: www.ramboll.com/wte

RAMBOLL HAS WORKED ON WASTE-TO-ENERGY PROJECTS IN 40 COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD,PROVIDING CONSULTING SERVICES FOR 130 NEW UNITS AND RETROFITS.

SMALL ISLANDS DEMAND SMALL-SCALE PLANTS(BUT THE IMPACT IS BIG)

The Faroe Islands − like many other island communities − are struggling with increasing amounts of waste and have to find solutions for how to keep the islands clean and recover energy from the waste. Therefore, in order to obtain a sustainable and cost-effective solution, Ramboll has helped build, maintain and upgrade the two 3 t/h waste-to-energy plants in Torshavn and Leirvik. For the Faroe Islands, this means self-sufficiency and reliability.

2015_Energy_Bills_HOT_COOL_210x297mm_Faeroerne_TRYK1.indd 1 24-11-2015 16:17:25

NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2015

CONTENTSVOLUME 16, ISSUE 6

18

30

37

ISWA10 Future of Waste Management

The third industrial revolution is creating new, unimaginable opportunities for making sustainability a cornerstone of each and every industrial sector.

WASTE TO ENERGY SPECIAL18 Singapore Waste to Energy

Water company Hyflux is to build and operate a major new waste to energy facility in Singapore as part of a joint venture with MHI. Once operational it will process 500 tonnes per day.

22 Clean Power Plan Opportunities in U.S. President Barack Obama’s Clean Power Plan, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from power production could offer some interesting opportunities for the waste to energy industry.

26 Waste to Energy & the Circular Economy Under the new Circular Economy Package waste to energy is to be favoured over landfill, a decision that has been hotly debated.

30 Introducing Shock Pulse Generators Downtime for maintenance at waste to energy plants is expensive. Shock Pulse Generators offer the potential to keep that to a minimum.

34 NOx Reductions the Retro Way With new emission regulations on the way, retrofitting SNCR to existing waste to energy plants could offer the most cost effective solution to NOx reduction.

REGULARS

3 From The Editor4 ISWA Comments7 News 48 ISWA Information50 Diary/ Index To Advertisers

FEATURES37 Hamburg’s Helping Hand

for Refugees The refugee crises has thrown up major humanitarian problems across Europe. The issue of waste may not be top of the agenda, but that doesn’t mean it can be ignored. In Hamburg, where there are 500 new arrivals per day, SRH has risen tot he challenge.

42 The Cat with ‘Nine’ Lives Over decades of remanufacturing experience Caterpillar has developed many specialist salvage techniques to remanufacture its machines and components back to ‘as new’ specification and performance.

46 Hybrid Drive RCVs Do the Rounds in Catalonia Spanish waste firm l’ Arca del Maresme is operating two new N2 Series Geesinknorba hybrid drive refuse collection vehicles under a new contract the Comarca del Maresme region of Catalonia.

4 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2015

TOUCH DOWN FOR THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY PACKAGE

Several months and many debates after the previous package was ditched, the EU Commission has finally arrived.

FROM THE EDITOR

So, it’s finally happened. The European Commission has announced its intentions regarding the Circular Economy Package. For months now there has been heated debate as to what it should and shouldn’t include, and a fair degree of skepticism over the claims that it would be “more ambitious”.

While some may bemoan the drop from the previous proposal for a 70% recycling target to 65%, and others are disappointed that there will be a 10% landfill allowance, in general it seems that a considered balance has been struck. Waste to energy has been accepted as a preferred disposal option for residual waste and organic waste has been taken into account – even if a little ambiguously in some regards.

Some argued that 70% recycling target was too high and that the cost of achieving a true recycling rate that high would require exponentially more investment being thrown at diminishing returns in terms of the overall environmental benefit. For this reason the reduction to 65% will be considered by some as a good thing by many – but others will not agree.

Perhaps more importantly, however, will be the harmonisation of the methods used to calculate the recycling rate. The patchwork nature of current reporting systems has long been a bugbear for many.

However, one of the most salient arguments in the run up to the decision was the question of whether it should be a one-size-fits-all regulation. For example, is it reasonable or realistic to expect Romania, which recycled just 1% of its MSW in 2014 – down from 3% in 2012 – to reach 65% in the next 15 years?

It’s not so much a question of ambition, of course it would be great for the lower performing countries to hit the 65% target, but by setting the bar so high, there is the possibility that it will discourage those countries.

The question of demand pull has also been raised by a number of industry bigwigs of late. With some recyclers struggling to stay afloat due to low commodity prices, where’s the incentive to build more high tech, costly facilities to recover more materials that can’t compete with their virgin counterparts on price? It is however, an issue which is being looking into, so let’s hope the Commission comes back with something solid.

For more on the Circular Economy package, and a round up of high level comments, turn to page 6. Meanwhile, on page 42 you can read about the debate surrounding the role waste to energy in the circular economy.

Elsewhere in the issue, on page 17 you’ll find WMW’s annual Waste to Energy Special Edition with articles looking at Singapore’s sixth waste to energy project, as well as the impact of President Obama’s Clean Air Plan on the US industry and the opportunities it could create.

With all the excitement surrounding the Circular Economy Package it’s important not to forget the talks taking place in Paris so be sure not to miss our next issue for coverage of COP 21.

Enjoy the issue.

Ben Messenger Chief Editor

With some recyclers struggling to stay afloat due to low commodity prices, where’s the incentive to build more high tech, costly facilities to recover more materials that can’t compete with their virgin counterparts on price?

Follow WMW magazine on Twitter: www.twitter.com/WMW_Magazine

Ben Messenger Chief Editor

5NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2015 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD

COP21 MUST CONSIDER WASTE INDUSTRY

Waste industry uniquely positioned to drive significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions

ISWA COMMENT

A s we come to the end of 2015 I was reflecting upon some of the issues which ISWA highlighted in this exciting and eventful year. While we know that waste management has different standards depending upon where you live on the Planet, we also know there are common issues.

Marine litter can be found in every corner of our oceans; economic growth directly impacts waste generation; commodity prices affect recycling performance; and open dumping is still a practice in 70% of the world, and in all the developing world.

ISWA has increased its efforts to communicate this situation over recent years, raising awareness of future risks and pushing for the financial resources to overcome the current deficit and bring about the overall improvements needed by the industry.

Our voice has now been strengthened. ISWA’s ‘Wasted Health Report’ has, for the first time, identified the major impacts caused by inadequate waste disposal on people’s health and estimated the cost of inaction. The amount spent around the globe to treat ills caused by waste to millions of people is really impressive and shows the urgent need for immediate action.

Alongside the release of the ‘Wasted Health Report’ during the 2015 ISWA World Congress, the ‘Global Waste Management Outlook (GWMO) was presented jointly by ISWA and UNEP. This one of a kind document shows the current status of waste management and acts as a call for action on several selected topics, offering guidance for policy makers and key stakeholders on a switch from a linear to a circular economy, which could save hundreds of billions of dollars worldwide and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 20% annually.

Together, both publications offer some insights into the future, but leave room for a myriad of answers and solutions, stimulating further research.

Some of those answers have been provided as a result of two other initiatives coordinated by ISWA: the Task Force on Resource Management and the Declaration on Climate Change. Despite coming from different projects, the conclusions of both coincide: waste management means resource management and possesses great potential to tackle several negative health and environmental impacts globally.

One of the main conclusions is that the waste industry occupies a unique position as a potential net reducer of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, something which should be taken into serious consideration by the global leaders during the global climate change negotiations taking place in Paris during the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP21).

The decisions made during the COP21 must consider the important role of professional and sustainable waste management in climate change mitigation processes, as well as its capacity to provide solutions to the climate-related challenges facing our planet today. It would be much easier and faster to achieve the reduction targets if the right attention is given to our industry and ISWA is committed to supporting governments and policy makers in establishing and implementing policies to mitigate climate change and establishing a low carbon development.

2015 has proven to be a very fruitful year for our Association and hopefully this trend will continue during the COP21 advancing further in 2016, which already promises to be positive with much being done in advance of our next world congress in Novi Sad, Serbia next September. Not to miss this and other ISWA appointments leading to it! Happy New Year!

Carlos Silva Filho Vice-President, ISWA

2015 has proven to be a very fruitful year for our Association and hopefully this trend will continue during the COP21 advancing further in 2016.

Carlos Silva Filho Vice-President, ISWA


NEWS

NEWS

SEND YOUR NEWS TO WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD e-mail: [email protected]

After months of deliberation following the axing of the previously agreed Circular

Economy Package, the European Commission has adopted a new package that will set a com-mon EU target for recycling 65% of municipal waste by 2030.

In addition, the package sees a common EU target of 75% for recycling packaging waste by 2030 and a binding target to reduce landfill to maximum of 10% of all waste by 2030.

According to the Commission the package will stimulate Europe’s transition towards a cir-cular economy which will boost global compet-itiveness, foster sustainable economic growth and generate new jobs. To help facilitate this transition the Commission accompanied the CE Package with its Action Plan on which sets out measures to “close the loop” and tackle all phases in the lifecycle of a product, from manufacture to disposal.

The plan also includes a number of actions that the Commission said will target market bar-riers in specific sectors or material streams, such as plastics, food waste, critical raw materials, construction and demolition, biomass and bio-

based products, as well as horizontal measures in areas such as innovation and investment.

The Commission added that the aim of the plan is to focus on issues where EU level action brings real added value and is capable of mak-ing a difference on the ground.

Reuse & RecyclingAccording to the Commission waste prevention, ecodesign, reuse and similar measures could bring net savings of €600 billion, or 8% of annual turnover, for businesses in the EU. It could also cut GHG emissions by 2-4%. As an example of the potential of ecodesign it was noted that the cost of remanufacturing mobile phones could be halved if it were easier to take them apart. If 95% of mobile phones were collected, this could generate savings on material costs of more than €1 billion.

Meanwhile, a shift from recycling to refur-bishing light commercial vehicles, where col-lection rates are already high, was said to have the potential save material costs by €6.4 billion per year, energy costs by €140 million and GHG emissions by 6.3 million tonnes.

To this end the Commission said that it would support reparability, durability, and recyclability in product requirements under the next work-ing plans implementing the Ecodesign Direc-tive, taking into account specific requirements of different products. It also intends to look into planned obsolescence.

It will propose minimum criteria for Extend-ed Producer Responsibility schemes - rewarding producers who put greener products on the market and encourage their recovery and recy-cling at the end of their lifecycle.

Where secondary raw materials are con-cerned Commission said that it will launch an ef-fort to develop quality standards where needed – in particular for plastics.

The revised waste proposal also includes increased recycling targets for packaging ma-terials, which the Commission said will rein-force the municipal waste targets. For industrial waste, it said a legislative approach appears un-suitable in view of the diversity of this stream. An industry-oriented approach using Best Available Techniques reference documents (BREFs) to address the specific issues related to the management of a given type of waste is a more suitable solution.

The Commission it will also take action to encourage recovery of critical raw materials and prepare a report on best practices and options for further action at the EU level.

When it comes to Construction & Demoli-tion, which represents one of the largest waste streams in Europe with 1 tonne being produced per person per year, the Commission said that it would take a series of actions including the de-velopment of pre-demolition guidelines. It will also assess the environmental performance of buildings.

Energy RecoveryThe new CE package also recognised the role of waste to energy facilities as being preferable in most cases to landfill when it comes to unrecy-clable waste - in both environmental and eco-nomic terms.

According to the Commission, waste to energy can therefore play a role and create synergies with EU energy and climate policy, but guided by the principles of the EU waste hierarchy. The Commission added that it will examine how this can be optimised, without compromising the achievement of higher reuse and recycling rates, and how the corre-sponding energy potential can be exploited.

For more on the role of WtE in the circular econopmy turn to p42.

IT’S HERE!THE EU CIRCULAR ECONOMY PACKAGE

65% 75%

10%EU TARGET BY 2030

recycling of municipal waste

packaging waste

reduce landfill to maximum of 10% of all waste


NEWS

“The argument likely to unfold about the merits or otherwise of a 70% or 65% recycling target misses the point again that Europe would have been better served by a serious reboot of policy, incorporating carbon metrics not weight-based percent-age targets and a holistic approach to the circular economy that incorporated real demand-pull measures, stricter approaches to eco-design and recyclability and much greater emphasis on pre-vention, reuse, repair and remanufacturing. It’s all there at least in part and heading in the right direction - but not deep enough, nor fast enough, nor with a clear enough long-term regulatory framework that will drive investment, increase employment and respond fully to the COP21 agenda”

REACTIONLOTS TO LIKE BUT SOME CLARIFICATION NEEDED

“I am very glad they have taken into account many of the comments made by ISWA in our meetings with them. In particular the need for harmonised data and reporting comes out clearly. The move towards restricting landfilling of biowaste is very important as is the over-all 10% landfill target for 2030. Derogations for some member countries are common sense. The 65% target for reuse and recycling by 2030 is ambitious for those countries today labouring to get to 10% - as I have written, they will struggle with historical and economic barriers to achieving this target.I welcome the target for packaging waste and specifically the 55% target for plastics. The plastic industry really has not done enough to ensure safe disposal of its materials globallyFinally I am relieved that biowaste is among those streams the Commission says should be collected separately. But it is a severe weakness of the proposal that such collection is conditioned by feasability questions as revised article 22 indicates. This is a contradiction because we know we cannot reach a 65% target without collecting biowaste separately.”

Unsurprisingly for such a highly anticipated announcement, many in the industry were voice their opinion on the package, which was broadly welcomed with some reservations.

David Newman, ISWA President

“Europe’s economy can only be truly circular if strong markets are available for the secondary raw materials the recycling and reprocessing sectors produce. The current markets are unstable and disincentivise secondary raw material production and uptake by Europe’s industry.While secondary materials are in direct competition with lower-price virgin materials, we will not deliver a more circular economy in Europe, even when overall demand for raw material is strong, unless the environmental cost of using primary raw materials is better reflected in their price.”

David Palmer-Jones, president of the European Federation of Waste Management and Environmental Services (FEAD)

Lots to Like But Some Clarification Needed

Targets Good, But Don’t Forget Demand Pull

Ray Georgeson, chief executive of the Resource Association

Weight Based Targets Not the Point – What About Carbon?

SeSWA would like to welcome you to ISWA World Congress 2016 in

historical Novi Sad, the second largest city in Serbia. City perfectly fits into a rich tradition of Pannonian Basin, in which everything is prone to grow,

from well-preserved Secession to Post-modern architecture.

ISWA World Congress 2016 Organizing Committee would like to

invite authors to submit abstracts that fit into the scope of ISWA's scientific

and technical activities.

TOPICS RELATED TO RESEARCH CHALLENGES IN APPLICATION

OF MODERN WASTE MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS

Important dates: Full paper for WM&R Full paper submission for Congress th15 January 2016

Abstract submission th

15 May 2016

Call for Abstracts ISWA WORLD CONGRESS 2016

th stNovi Sad 19 -21 September 2016.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Landfill

End-of-life textile management

Remediation strategies for closed landfill

Waste management from mining activities

Enhanced Landfill Mining as a resource recovery option

Recovery strategies of rare

earth and other critical metals from electric and electronic waste

Waste management decision support tools

Proper leachate treatment WTE in developing country Deposit or non-deposit

system End-of-life management of

packaging waste

For more information please visit the Congress website on www.iswa2016.org, or contact at: [email protected]

Gold sponsors Silver sponsors Bronze sponsors


NEWSNEWS

The Copenhagen Research Institute (CRI) is to lead a new study for the Nordic Council

of Ministers aimed at analysing the potential environmental and resource cost/benefits of ex-panding WEEE recycling to cover critical metals in the Nordic region.

Dr. Márton Herczeg, head of EU and inter-national consulting at CRI said that the study will enable a discussion of the strategic role the Nordic region could take in this area with-in a circular economy. This will be achieved by mapping the flow of critical metals through the WEEE management system by estimating the quantities available for recycling in specific WEEE appliances.

The project results are hoped to form a use-ful baseline for policy making around the recov-

ery of critical metals through improvements in waste management in the Nordic region. Cir-cular economy provisions may be built on the project’s results regarding available quantities of critical metals in WEEE. Arguments for these provisions might also arise from the project, per-taining to the economic and/or environmental benefit from the recovery of critical metals.

CRI is leading on this assingment and teamed up with two partners for this project: IVL and Østfoldforskning.

Herczeg also noted that to date the recy-cling of WEEE has mainly focused on extracting high-volume materials such as steel, aluminium, copper, glass and plastics. However, diverse EEE products contain significant amounts of Herczeg tical metals and rare earth metals.

It said that expanding the focus of recycling to include the recovery of critical and rare earth metals could potentially lead to substantial ben-efits, including reducing environmental deg-radation from primary production and direct access for Nordic-based companies to valuable materials for including in various technological applications.

The supply of Rare Earths and other critical elements was said to be challenging in respect that there is not much virgin material available in the Nordic region today.

Herczeg concluded that because of these factors there is a very interesting case to further discuss the strategic role of the Nordic region in developing sustainable resource management in a global circle economy.

COPENHAGEN RESEARCH INSTITUTE TO LEAD CRITICAL METALS STUDY

Southampton, UK based Small scale anaer-obic digestion technology developer, SEaB

Energy, has received EU funding to boost expan-sion into new markets.

The company said that the funding that will help it accelerate the adoption of its technolo-gy across Europe and international markets. It’s patented micro-power plants are housed in standardised shipping containers, turn food scraps, grass clippings and animal waste into heat, electricity and water directly on the site.

The grant has been awarded by LoToNo, a regional project to help nurture innovative business that develop low-carbon solutions in Dorset, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. Fund-ing for the project has come directly from the EU and will provide SEaB Energy, along with 24 other regional businesses.

LoToNo Programme Manager, Anna Traylor, commented: “Our remit is to not only identify and then select these cutting-edge businesses but to also to help them flourish by connecting them to our extensive network of international design and technology experts who will help, for example, improve or adapt their product offering”

EU MONEY FOR SMALL SCALE UK AD TECHNOLOGY

This EU funding will not only help us to expand into other European markets but will also give us access to valuable expertise that can help us refine our prod-ucts for other market sectors.”“Our ‘power-in-a-box technology is gaining accelerated adoption by both the public and private sector. This is due to the very attractive return on invest-ment, achieving a cash-positive position from the first year, and its ability to offset carbon, which is becoming increasingly important for new building projects.”

Sandra Sassow, CEO of SEaB Energy

A group of four Welsh local authorities, led by Rhondda Cynon Taf Council - Tomor-

row’s Valley – has awarded Viridor a contract to process 95,000 tonnes of residual waste an-nually into energy and recycled aggregates at its £223m Trident Park Energy Recovery Facility in the Welsh capital, Cardiff.

The company said that the 25 year contract, which may be extended for a further five years, will begin in April 2016 and is backed by funding from the Welsh Government. It added that the deal will allow the authorities to build on their successful recycling.

95,000 TPA CONTRACT FOR VIRIDOR’S CARDIFF WTE PLANT


While we can measure the quantity and quality of water on mars, 700 million people on earth do not have access to safe drinking water. In the developed world we discuss how to utilise the ‘internet of Things’, while in other countries open dumpsites present a bigger health risk than malaria. The question is, can the third industrial revolution resolve the dichotomy, and what will be the role of the waste and recycling industry. By Antonis Mavropoulos

Our world is becoming more controversial than ever. We are able to identify the quantity and quality of water on Mars, but

due to poverty and lack of appropriate global response, roughly one in 10 lack access to safe water. According to the recent ISWA’s “Wasted Health: The tragic case of dumpsites” report, the health impacts of dumpsites are worse than malaria in India, Indonesia and Philippines.

On the bright side, the third industrial revolution is creating new, unimaginable opportunities for making sustainability a cornerstone of each and every industrial sector. On the dark side, the recent “Global Waste Management Outlook” (GWMO) report revealed that roughly 2-3 billion people lack the most elementary waste services.

As far as we know, industrial revolutions are long historical waves that gradually cover the planet. In reality, even now, tparts of our world have not been so much affected by the second industrial revolution. So no one expects that the third industrial revolution will soon transform the whole planet. However, the current industrial revolution is based on technologies that follow exponential rather than linear paths of development – practically it means that the change that is coming will be too big and too fast.

This change is happening with the current shift of power (from global “north” to global “south”) and the continuously growing global interconnectivity. It is expected that the current industrial revolution will affect mostly the

developing world (roughly 40% of the planet’s population). For the first time in the history of industrial revolutions, the poor will benefit much more than the rich.

In this rapidly changing landscape disruption of traditional industries will very soon be the new ‘business as usual’. A recent IDC report predicts that by 2020 one third of the top 20 firms, in every industry, will be seriously disrupted or even failed. The recycling and waste management industry seems unprepared for substantial changes – unfortunately, a good, even if complicated and expensive, adaptation plan is not enough. What is coming is a radical redefinition of what is called waste and how it will be managed.

REDEFINING WASTEIndustrial revolutions redefine products, industrial processes, supply chains, raw materials, labour and, of course, consumption patterns. The meaning of ‘waste’ is redefined in each industrial revolution.

E-waste is an emblematic stream that characterises the current technological shift. CDs, old tapes, outdated photovoltaic panels, batteries, composite packaging and very soon nanomaterials, wearables, first-generation drones and laptops are just some other products that will be included in the near – future waste!

But it’s not simply about new products that will become new waste streams and create new challenges. It goes much further: as the industrial processes will gradually involve smart sensors, robots, 3D printers and systemic integration

THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

THE FUTURE FOR RECYCLING

FEATURES


THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION & THE FUTURE OF SWM INDUSTRY

2. INTERNET OF THINGS

1. WASTE TO RESOURCE THE SHIFT TO CIRCULAR ECONOMY CREATES NEW THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE SWM INDUSTRY

THE INTERNET OF THINGS WILL PROVIDE ENDLESS OPTIMISATION OPPORTUNITIES FOR SWM INFRASTRUCTURE - LANDFILLS WILL ALSO BECOME FULL OF SENSORS TOO -SENSOR BASED COLLECTION SYSTEMS ARE ALREADY HERE

4. 3D PRINTERS & HOUSEHOLD TREATMENT 3D PRINTERS WILL ALLOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF TAILOR MADE SOLUTIONS FOR RECYCLING, RECOVERY AND REUSE OPTIONS - HOUSEHOLD TREATMENT APPLIANCES ARE ALREADY IN THE MARKET

5. ROBOTICS THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW CHEAPER AND EFFECTIVE ROBOTS WILL REVOLUTIONISE CLEANING AND WASTE SEPARATION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT WILL BENEFIT THE MOST

3. SOCIAL NETWORKS & APPS NETWORK THEORIES, SOCIAL MEDIA PRACTICES AND MOBILE APPS OPEN THE WAY FOR EFFECTIVE DAY TO DAY INTERVENTIONS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR AND CITIZENS ENGAGEMENT

6. DRIVERLESS & DRONES THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRIVERLESS & DRONES WILL CHANG COLLECTION PATTERNS AND MAKE THEM MORE FLEXIBLE, AND CUSTOMISED LANDFILL DAY TO DAY ACTIVITIES WILL BE REMOTELY MANAGED

THE FUTURE IS

HERE!

FEATURES


through appropriate big data systems, it is reasonable to expect that industrial waste will be certainly reduced or even eliminated in certain parts of the supply chain.

DIGITAL MANUFACTURING3D printing is the newest and most promising form of digital manufacturing. Traditional digital manufacturing uses computer controlled routers, lasers and other tools for making high accuracy components. This is done by slicing and dicing (which means creating waste) a piece of wood, plastic or metal until it comes to its final shape.

However, 3D printing is the other way round. Instead of slicing and dicing, 3D printers operate using additive manufacturing, where laying down successive layers of materials (including plastics, metals, biomaterials and recently a form of concrete) can create a 3D object. When the final product is extracted from its mold, the leftovers are immediately added back to the initial additive material. The process is wasteless in this part of the supply chain.

This technology has the potential to allow anyone, anywhere to make certain items as long as the digital design of the item is available.

Within next 5-10 years, billions of people will have access to a 3D printer, just as we have access to laser and ink-jet printers today.

In some products this will be the new rule: long-distance shipping will not be necessary. It will be much easier to download the digital blueprint and just print the item needed on a local 3D printer. Certainly this will create a reduced CO2 footprint for many products, but not for all, as there are items with high-energy requirements involved in 3D printing.

INTERNET OF THINGSThe use of RFID tags, as well as the use of barcodes, allows much better accountability and monitoring of waste management systems. It contributes substantially to improving the traceability of certain waste and recyclables. And, most importantly, it creates the basis for the creation of big data systems in waste management services.

However, RFID and barcode systems are the lowest hanging fruits of the of sensor revolution. This revolution will soon deliver much more impressive results. Imagine that sooner or later, sensors will equip trillions of objects and each object (cars, TVs, toasters, light switches) will

have its own IP address on the Internet of Things, allowing continuous monitoring and data exchange.

Optimisation and efficiency will then prevail in every part of our daily lives. But the impact will be much more substantial in business. Companies will be able to match product demands to raw material orders in an ideal way, minimising stocks and waste. Energy efficiency will skyrocket as we will have the possibility to activate any equipment only when required, automatically. Complete monitoring of products, preventive maintenance - repair and fit for purpose design will reduce waste, enhance reuse and make recyclability an integral component of every product.

The impacts on the waste industry are going to be ubiquitous. Certain waste streams, like e-waste, will be easily reduced or even eliminated. Waste treatment facilities will be perfectly optimised. New landfill sensors, already under development, will allow better control of the degradation processes and the related environmental impacts.

New hybrid collection models, based on the interaction between sensors, mobile phones and vehicles will gradually remove the

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traditional centralised collection services – as an example, Seville municipality is already testing a similar approach through the LIFE EWAS project.

ROBOTICSRobots are already here. More than 22 millions of them are in use in several industrial applications, continuously working and connected to the Web. Although they have proven both much more difficult and expensive than it was initially expected, the combination of robots with the new sensors and the advances of artificial intelligence have set the scene for an exponential growth of robotics within next five to10 years.

Robots are already in use in the waste management industry. Back to 2010, Mitsubishi and Osaka University researchers presented a robot that identifies different plastic materials among rubbish and sorts them into piles. SADAKO in Spain has created a commercial model able to sort mixed household waste, equipped with a suction system adapted to small, light and very heterogeneous target objects. The Finnish company Zen Robotics is focused in C&D waste, with its robot capable of replacing up to 15 human waste sorters. Volvo is currently working on a joint venture to

develop a robot that interacts with the refuse truck and its driver to accomplish the work.

The potential benefits of using robots are countless but it seems that their use will be controversial: robots will replace hundreds of thousands or even millions of workers in waste management, creating a huge negative social impact and intense conflicts.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, DRIVERLESS CARS AND DRONESArtificial Intelligence (AI) is already reshaping our lives. Either it is the rapid response of Google to any search we made or the speech recognition, AI has become a business as usual element of the daily lives of billions. Driverless cars and drones are equipped with advanced AI systems that are working in combination with powerful sensors. They’re evolving very fast.

It is no surprise that many car manufacturers are beginning to think about cars that take the driving out of your hands altogether. These cars will be safer, cleaner, and more fuel-efficient than their manual counterparts. Yet, there are several issues to be resolved, but if the experts are right, the most important problems will be solved before 2020.

Google recently announced that by 2017 they would start to deliver packages with drones, on a massive scale. Amazon has already published its first efforts to use drones for delivering its products. The US Federal Aviation Agency is working to complete a drones traffic management system and the first US database with legally licensed drones will be completed imminently.

Driverless collection of recyclables will not be that difficult in certain parts of the world. And if you imagine a drone delivering your supermarket supplies to your window and taking back your recyclables, you are probably close to a reality that’s on the way.

The consequences to waste management will be tremendous. On demand hybrid collection services will become mainstream and the road towards a completely automatic and auto-optimised collection system will open. Importantl,y cost reduction is expected by the use of drones and driverless vehicles, but first there must be substantial investments.

However, there is a high-risk collection and recycling systems that require more or less no workers, especially in the most technologically advanced parts of the world.

Technological advances have made it possible for a vehicle to run without a driver, but is a driverless future actually desirable? Volvo Trucks says that making vehicles more autonomous is perhaps not a question of excluding drivers, but rather of emphasising their importance. The firm is also working on a robot to boost the productivity of refuse truck drivers.

AUTONOMOUS DELIVERY AND COLLECTION

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SOCIAL NETWORKSThe evolution of the so-called social networks has created a new, still unexploited field of innovation for more sustainable recycling and waste management systems. Marketers and advertisers are studying in depth the behavioral logistics involved in the flow of messages, ideas and trends within Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter.

The massive use of mobile apps has created an enormous new potential, already described back to 2012 in the D-Waste report ‘White Paper on Mobile Apps and Waste management’. There is a growing trend to use apps for the coordination of recycling activities and for residents’ awareness – information purposes regarding collection and recycling services.

But there is a bigger challenge. Using all the data available in the social media and the data that voluntarily is provided by the app users, there is the realistic potential to develop personalised communication and awareness campaigns that will enhance and develop recycling clusters in each and every neighborhood.

Towards this direction, there are many controversial issues to be managed like privacy, but sooner or later we will be able to use

behavioral science in order to boost recycling performance in a way that we can’t even imagine it today.

THE CHALLENGE OF GOVERNANCE When I present keynote lectures on the third industrial revolution, some people ask me: are we heading towards a wasteless future? My answer is “no way, there is no sign for that”.

In my 2009 article for WMW ‘Waste Management 2030+’, I stated “…our waste management systems and our market conditions, even in their best form, are incapable to handle the growing waste generation that is coming globally. And unless a new paradigm of global cooperation and governance will be adopted, a tsunami of uncontrolled dumpsites will be the prevailing waste management method”.

I believe this is still true. But, frankly, in 2009 I really underestimated the power of the exponential technologies described above and the pace of change that we live now.

However, I am rather more optimistic than I was at 2009. The third industrial revolution represents a potential for substantial benefits in recycling and waste management, because

with new cheap and energy efficient sensors, many industries will have the possibility to follow closely the whole life cycle their product.

This will allow designers to optimise the design, minimise useless functions and materials, prevent damage, improve maintenance and finally develop closed loops of clean materials.

The elimination of waste in certain parts of the supply chain will not create wasteless supply chains. Take the example of 3D printers. As discussed above, any wasted material during the production of 3D printed products can be reused in the additive manufacturing process. So, this phase of the supply chain will be, in many cases I guess, really be wasteless!

But, what is the raw material of additive manufacturing? A plastic powder (polyamides, thermoplastic elastomers, polyether ketone, polystyrene) is the most commonly used. So, how are those plastics are prepared? Are the 3D printed products going to be recyclable? Is it better or worse to make the production of plastic products much easier? And how about the recyclability of the 3D printers themselves?

It seems more logical that in most cases, waste will be eliminated from parts of the supply chain, but it will be relocated, in new forms, in other parts of it. It is also obvious that the new solutions will create new questions, feeding with new fertiliser the evergreen tree of human knowledge and intelligence.

CONCLUSIONSThe exponential technologies have the potential to resolve many of the global challenges we face. But it is not possible for this to be done by the market itself. Although the technological means are more than enough to create clean closed materials loops, they will never be realised on a massive scale if eco and modular design do not prevail the mass consumption markets.

So this enormous positive potential relies upon the adoption of the Extended Producer Responsibility principle by the major industries. As everyone understands, this will not come easily, soon and for free, unless there are strong, global and systematic policies.

We can’t manage exponential technologies with a linear evolution of global governance. The case is still open, we still can hope for a better future, under the condition that a new paradigm of global cooperation and governance will be adopted.

Antonis MavropoulosCEO & Founder of D-Waste

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CAN WASTE TO ENERGYCLOSE THE CIRCLE?

FEATURES

RECYCLING SPECIAL

18 Keeping Singapore Shining Bright To help reduce its reliance on energy imports, Singapore has unveiled plans for its sixth waste to energy plant.

22 Waste to Energy and the U.S. Clean Power Plan How the U.S. Clean Power Plan to reduce emissions from electricity production could potentially open the door to new waste to energy developments.

26 Circles of Fire Following the publication of the EU Commission’s Circular Economy Package, waste to energy is to be favoured over landfill as a final disposal option.

30 Shocking Cost Reductions Why Shock Pulse Generators can cut the cost of maintenance at waste to energy facilities.

34 Going Retro to Meet NOx Emission Regulations With tighter emission limits on the horizon, retrofitting advanced SNCR systems can help reduce NOx emissions.

CAN WASTE TO ENERGYCLOSE THE CIRCLE?

SPECIAL WASTE TO ENERGY


To help reduce its reliance on energy imports, Singapore has unveiled plans for its sixth waste to energy plant, which it is calling its most land and energy efficient. Matt Clay investigates.

When it comes to economic and environmental performance, it’s often hard to exceed in one without impacting the

other. Take China; years of growth from the now global superpower have resulted in a polluted environment in need of a desperate clean up.

In stark comparison, albeit on a vastly smaller scale, city-state Singapore can now be seen as the jewel in the crown of Asian countries for its environmental performance. It has proved that industrial growth can go hand in hand with environmental stewardship. Quadrupling its GDP per capital in the last 20 years alone, Singapore is now also achieving the enviable recycling rate of 60%, landfilling 2% and sending the remaining 38% for waste to energy (WtE).

ENERGY AND POPULATION CHALLENGESThe challenge that Singapore now faces is keeping up this record with a rapidly increasing number of inhabitants. Home to 5.4 million people, its population has grown by more than 25% over the last decade and is set to grow by another 30% by 2030.

This leads onto Singapore’s second challenge: high energy imports. Lacking indigenous energy resources, the island nation imports fuel to meet most of its energy needs. Both crude oil and petroleum products increased between 2013 and 2014 to meet a 3.3% increase in electricity consumption, according to the Energy Market Authority.

The third challenge facing Singapore is that its first WtE plant, built in Ulu Pandan, has been

decommissioned after 30 years in operation, leaving a gap in its treatment infrastructure.

To solve these three challenges head on, Singapore is looking to waste to energy to create more energy dependence and serve its growing population of energy hungry, middle class citizens.

“If we continue our waste generation in a business-as-usual manner, and taking population and economic growth into account, we would need more WtE capacity,” says Eugene Tay, executive director of non-profit Zero Waste Singapore.

BRIDGING THE WATER-WASTE GAPIn September the National Environment Agency (NEA) announced plans for the country’s sixth

KEEPING SINGAPORE

SHINING BRIGHT

SPECIALWASTE TO ENERGY


WtE plant. A consortium comprising Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) and surprisingly, Singapore water company Hyflux, were listed as the preferred bidder to deliver the 3,600 tonnes per day (tpd) project.

To be located in the industrial area of Tuas, the S$750 million (US$532.4) project will eventually generate 120 MW of electricity, powering the plant and exporting the excess to the grid.

The MHI-Hyflux consortium will design the plant under a Design-Build-Own-Operate (DBOO) scheme for a period of 25 years. Hyflux will undertake engineering, procurement and construction works while MHI will provide the technology. Hyflux and MHI will respectively hold 75% and 25% of the shares in the project company.

Interestingly, while MHI could be considered a household name when it comes to waste to energy, having delivered 180 plants since 1964, it’s the first venture for water firm Hyflux into waste.

In a statement Olivia Lum, executive chairman and group CEO of Hyflux, said: “With the growing importance of resource optimisation to urban cities and industries, the development of alternative sources of water as well as the recovery of energy from waste has become crucial. Our business is evolving in response to this global trend.”

It is not the company’s first venture into the power business, however. It’s currently operating the Tuaspring seawater desalination plant, delivering 318,500 cubic metres of water per day and a co-located combined-cycle gas turbine power plant, delivering 411 MW.

For some, it’s the increasing competition of the global water technology business that is forcing companies such as Hyflux to diversify into waste.

“Hyflux is under economic pressure since they are facing stiff competition from low-cost countries,” says Professor Asit Biswas, distinguished visiting professor, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, Singapore. “Desalination has now become a commodity business. The companies will sell equipment and expertise to whoever that wants it. Thus, Hyflux will find it difficult to maintain, let alone expand, its market share. Thus, they are moving to new areas even where they have limited expertise, like solid wastes.”

LAND EFFICIENT WASTE TO ENERGYLand is one of the biggest constraints in Singapore, even though it has increased its total area since independence by 30% by reclamation from the sea. As a result, space is at a premium and new infrastructure has to fit in with this. The NEA not only anticipates the Tuas project to be “Singapore’s largest and most energy-efficient WtE plant” but the most “land-efficient”. This is calculated by looking at how many tonnes per day of waste are processed on the space taken by the facility.

For the new plant, it’s 750 tonnes/day per hectare. In comparison, the existing Keppel Seghers plant also situated at Tuas (see box out) has processing capacity of 500 tonnes per day/per hectare. So in effect more waste will be processed in the same amount of space – evidence that WtE processing technology is indeed evolving as new projects come online.

The new Tuas project will be Singapore’s sixth waste to energy project but bring the total number of plants in operation to five. The first, in Ulu Pandan, was decommissioned in 2009 after 30 years in operation. According to the NEA, the four existing plants generate an average of 450

The S$750 million joint venture represents water company, Hyflux’s first foray into waste to energy



kWh per tonne of waste incinerated. In total, they meet between 2% to 3% of Singapore’s electricity needs.

Sembcorp Industries will have two WtE facilities on Jurong Island. The first is a 60 tonnes per hour biomass steam boiler running on woodchip derived from waste wood, which is already in operation. The second is an additional 140 tonnes per hour steam generation facility that will be fuelled by industrial and commercial waste. This second facility is under construction and expected to be completed next year.

“In the long term, prospects for energy-from-waste in Singapore are good,” Ng Meng Poh, executive VP and head, group asset management Sembcorp Industries, tells WMW magazine.

“Using waste to produce energy maximises the use of scarce resources. It presents us with an environmentally-friendly source of energy to meet our long-term energy needs, and may reduce consumption of fossil fuels. As a nation, diversifying our energy sources to include an alternative source like energy from waste also strengthens energy security.”

TUAS AND SENOKOThe Keppel Seghers’ Tuas project previously mentioned was Singapore’s fifth WtE plant and the most recent brought into operation. It was built under the NEA’s Public Private Partnership initiative.

Developed by Keppel Seghers in 2006 and operational since October 2009, the plant is equipped with two incinerator-boiler units with one condensing turbine-generator. Incorporating the company’s in-house technologies such as the air-cooled grate and flue gas cleaning system, the plant is able to treat 800 tpd of waste to generate 22 MW of energy.

Keppel Seghers also operates the Senoko WtE plant, the third to be built in Singapore.

Providing operations and maintenance to the 2,100 tpd project, it was retrofitted with the company’s flue gas treatment technology to comply with an emission requirement completed in 1992. Senoko generates 36 MW.

ZERO WASTE SINGAPOREIf continuing to replace and evolve its waste to energy infrastructure isn’t enough, Singapore also has its sights set on an even higher recycling rate. By 2030, the nation aims to be recycling 70%, as set out in the Sustainable Singapore Blueprint. However, the recycling rate dropped from 61% in 2013 to 60% in 2014, suggesting recycling efforts have perhaps plateaued.

“High recycling rates often come with high levels of WtE, and this is the case in Singapore,” says Paul Davison, managing director of communications consultancy, Proteus Environmental (Hong Kong).

“The current recycling rate is down 1% from the previous year, reflecting the fact that, for the first time ever, overall volumes of waste generated also fell. In other words, recycling in Singapore may have reached its maximum and, without a new push in recycling and materials recovery, they experience ‘flat lining’ for some years.”

It was in 2001 when Singapore began a programme to boost recycling rates, although by then it already had a good start with a

base of 44%. A strong economy, coupled with its small size and willing public meant the city-state could make progress quickly. With existing landfill capacity running out, it built a landfill on the island of Semakau, on land reclaimed from the sea, located about 8km south of Singapore. The bund is lined with an impermeable membrane a layer of marine clay, which the NEA says ensures “leachate from the refuse is contained within the landfill area”.

Others believe there’s room for improvement in household recycling.

“We have a vibrant recycling industry for various materials in Singapore, and together with the high disposal fee of $77-87 per tonne at the WtE plants, companies are able to and encouraged to recycle their waste,” adds Zero Waste Singapore’s Tay. “In addition, public recycling programmes and education have been introduced, although household recycling is still low.”

LESSONS FROM JAPANWhile Japan’s WtE energy industry has over 300 plants compared to Singapore’s six, the drivers are very similar in the two countries. Both nations need energy to feed their growing industries and populations. And both nations increased recycling and waste to energy simultaneously while minimising waste sent to landfill.

“Both Singapore and Japan are very positive about WtE, mainly due to their lack of landfill and need for energy and the fact that the general population sees benefits from the technology,” adds Proteus Environmental’s Davison. “The long and successful history of WtE in both countries, and residents’ trust in their governments, makes it far easier to build new plants in these countries than anywhere else in Asia.

“Just over the border, the Malaysian Government is getting a lot of public resistance to proposed WtE, with many outdated arguments - including perceived health risks - being used against a new proposed WtE for Kuala Lumpur. Even in China there is increasing public opposition to WtE, with more than 10 projects delayed or even cancelled due to mass public protests.”

Singapore’s new Tuas development will help the nation become less dependent on foreign imports, even if it’s by a few percent. With two existing WtE operators already involved in the water markets, as well as new entrant Hyflux, it’s clear the gap between the water and waste treatment industries is becoming closer.

A positive, well informed public will no doubt get behind the government to reverse the plateauing recycling rate, hit the ambitious 70% target and welcome the WtE addition in Tuas.

Matt Clay is a freelance correspondent for WMW magazine.

This article is on-line. Please visit www.waste-management-world.com

Project location Company Capacity (tpd)

Energy generation Status

Tuas Hyflux/MHI 3,600 tpd 120 MWContract awarded by NEA. Online start slated for 2019

Tuas Keppel Seghers 800 tpd 22 MW Online

Tuas South Government 1,700 tpd 30 MW Online

Senoko WtE plant Keppel Seghers 2,100 tpd 36 MW Online

Jurong Island Sembcorp 60 tph Online

Jurong Island Sembcorp 140 tphConstruction due to finish next year

SINGAPORE’S FAMOUS FIVE

The new Tuas project will be Singapore’s sixth waste to energy project. It’s first in Ulu Pandan, was closed in 2009. Combined the facilities will supply 2-3% of Singapore’s electricity.


Untitled-3 1 16/10/2015 12:54


In August, President Barack Obama and the U.S. Environmen-tal Protection Agency announced the Clean Power Plan, a program designed to reduce green-house gas emissions from electricity production and help protect human health and the environ-ment from the impacts of climate change. Potential-ly it could open the door to new waste to energy developments in the U.S. By John H. Skinner, Ph.D.

The plan establishes the first-ever CO2 emission standards for electric power plants. Over 2500 existing fossil-fuel fired electric power plants will be

required to reduce their CO2 emissions by 32% by 2030, as compared to 2005. Carbon dioxide is the most prevalent greenhouse gas, accounting for 82% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. The power plants covered by the plan are by far the largest domestic source making up 32% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions.

The plan will create significant new opportunities for renewable energy sources, including renewable energy derived from solid waste. One goal of the plan is to more than double the use of renewable energy from 13% today to 28% by 2030. The emission standards for fossil fuel facilities combined with the renewable energy goal will create a significant new demand for energy from many renewable sources, including biogas from landfills and anaerobic digestion facilities, electricity from waste to energy facilities and renewable fuels.

KEY ELEMENTS The Clean Power Plan establishes emission guidelines for the States to use in reducing CO2 emissions from existing fossil fuel-fired electric generating units. Two categories of electric generating units are covered by this program: 1. electric utility steam generating units fired by fossil fuels (predominantly coal) and 2. combustion turbines fired by natural gas.

In the U.S. there are over 1000 existing fossil fuel fired steam generating units that will be covered by the plan and over 1500 existing natural gas fired combustion turbines. EPA has established final CO2 emission performance rates for these two categories of electric generation units as follows: 1305 pounds (592 kg) of CO2 per MWh for steam generating units and 771 pounds (350 kg) of CO2 per MWh for the gas turbines. These final performance rates would apply in the year 2030, and EPA has also established interim emission performance rates that would apply over the period of 2022 to 2029.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR RENEWABLE

ENERGY FROM WASTE

THE U.S. CLEAN POWER PLAN:



The emission performance rates were determined for each type of unit by employing the Best System of Emission Reduction (BSER) which is comprised of three building blocks for reducing CO2 emissions: 1. reducing the heat rate of existing coal facilities, 2. increasing the use of natural gas, and 3. increasing the use of renewable energy sources. For each building block, EPA considered the ranges of emission reductions that could be achieved at the different types of plants at a reasonable cost.

A FLEXIBLE REGULATORY APPROACHWhile EPA has established specific emission performance rates for the two types of power plants, it has translated these rates into overall CO2 emission goals for each State. It did this by using each State’s electric generating capacity for fossil steam and natural gas units. The result is a State-by-State emission goal and each State would have the opportunity to establish an emission reduction program to meet the overall State goal.

To provide even more flexibility for the States, the EPA has expressed this goal in two ways, a rate-based goal (CO2 emissions per MWh) and a mass-based goal (tons of CO2). States can then develop emission control programs so that the power plants in their State, either individually, together or along with other CO2 reduction efforts (such as increasing use of renewables and energy efficiency measures) meet either the rate-based or mass-based goals. States may choose between two types of plans to meet their goals: An Emission Standards Plan. This would apply enforceable emission standards to all affected power plants within the State in order to meet the state-specific rate-based or mass-based goal.A State Measures Plan. This would include a mixture of measures such as increased use of renewable energy and programs to improve residential energy efficiency that along with enforceable emission standards for affected power plants would meet the State’s mass-based goal.Through such an approach a States will have the flexibility to select the measures they prefer to achieve the emission reductions and can tailor their efforts based upon energy and environmental considerations.

EMISSION TRADINGStates may allow affected power plants to use emission trading approaches (emission rate credits, or emission allowances), to comply with the emission standards. A facility may receive an emission rate credit for reducing emissions below the specified emission rate standard or for

generating electricity from renewable sources. These credits could be retained for future use or traded to other facilities where they can be used for compliance. The credits would be subject to evaluation, measurement and verification requirements.

Under an emission allowance approach, each affected power plant would be required to hold an allowance that authorises the amount of CO2 that could be emitted during a specified period. Allowances that are not used could be retained, transferred to, or traded with other facilities.

The applicability of emission rate credits and emission allowances would depend on whether the State program is mass-based or rate-based. Emission allowances and emission rate credits will be important instruments for increasing the use of renewable resources.

OPPORTUNITIESThe use of renewable energy will likely be a key strategy for States and affected power plants in meeting their emission reduction goals. The limits on CO2 emissions from power plants will make renewable energy sources more competitive with fossil fuels and should result in an increase in investment.

Under a mass-based State program, renewable energy used within a State to displace in-State fossil fuel generation, would help achieve the overall State mass-based emission goal. This would be true whether the renewable energy was generated within or outside of the State. States using a mass-based approach may provide additional support for renewable energy by allocating emission allowances directly to

renewables. If a State auctions emission allowances, the State could distribute some of the proceeds to renewable energy projects as an economic incentive.

Under the rate-based approach only newly developed renewable energy would count towards compliance. A newly developed renewable energy source would be one that was installed after 2012 and that will produce power in 2022 and beyond. Capacity upgrades at existing renewable energy facilities that occur after 2012 would qualify as newly developed renewable energy. States may issue emission rate credits to qualified and verified, new renewable energy generators who may transfer or sell the credits to existing sources, which may use them for compliance. Emission rate credits could be traded to existing sources in any State with a compatible rate‐based emission trading program.

ROM SOLID WASTENew renewable energy generated from qualified biomass would be eligible for compliance in a rate-based State Plan. If a State intends to allow for the use of biomass as a compliance option, the State must propose qualified biomass feedstocks and treatment of biogenic CO2 emissions in its plan, along with supporting analysis and quality control measures.

The regulation defines biomass to include the non-fossil, biodegradable, organic fractions of industrial and municipal wastes, including gases and liquids recovered from the decomposition of non-fossil, biodegradable organic material. Clearly, methane produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic municipal solid waste in landfills or in

Reduce residential demand, for example through more

efficient appliances

Shift from coal to natural gas

Improve plant efficiency

Use biomass as fuel

Add renewables

Increase transmission and distribution efficiency

Reduce commercial demand, for example

through improved lighting

Reduce industrial demand, for example through

combined heath-and power

OPPORTUNITIES TO REDUCE CARBON EMISSIONS IN THE POWER SECTOR



anaerobic digesters is covered by this definition, and could be included as qualified biomass in a State plan.

Special provisions apply to waste to energy facilities. The final rule clarifies that waste to energy is not a regulated source under the emission guidelines. In fact, the biogenic portion of MSW would be considered qualified biomass under certain conditions, and could be included as renewable energy in an approvable State Plan.

With respect to waste to energy facilities, the EPA regulation acknowledges the emission and climate benefits of biogenic fuels in waste to energy facilities. However, EPA recognises the importance of integrated waste materials management strategies that emphasise a hierarchy of waste prevention, reuse, recycling and composting. Therefore, States planning to use waste to energy as an option in their plans, must include their plan submissions, their efforts to implement new waste reduction, reuse, recycling and composting programs, and include measures to minimise any potential negative impacts of waste to energy operations on such programs.

Since only electric generation resulting from the combustion of the biogenic fraction of MSW would be qualified, a State plan must include the

method to be used for determining the biogenic fraction.

Therefore rate-based State plans could issue tradable emission rate credits, to new renewable energy generated from landfill and anaerobic digester methane and to the biogenic energy from waste to energy facilities. The same waste-based renewable energy sources could qualify for tradable allowances under State mass-based plans. Through these measures, renewable energy

derived from municipal solid waste could become important aspects of State plans to comply with the emission guidelines for electric power plants.

NEXT STEPThe final rule containing the emission guidelines for existing sources was published in the Federal Register on October 23, 2015 and will become effective on December 22, 2015. States are required to submit State plans for EPA approval by

Keppel Seghers Belgium N.V. • Hoofd 1, 2830 Willebroek, Belgium • [email protected] • www.keppelseghers.com

Leading environmental technology and engineering

solutions provider for the Waste-to-Energy industry

Distribution of Fossil Fuel Power Plants across the Contiguous United States



·Air & water-cooled grates·Horizontal and vertical boiler types·Ash and slag handling·Advanced combustion control

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·ThermalTreatmentofWaste·FlueGasCleaning

September 6, 2016, but EPA may provide for a two-year extension under certain circumstances. State plans must ensure that the initial emission goals are achieved no later than 2022 and that the final goals are achieved 2030.

Operators of facilities that produce renewable energy from solid waste need to be very proactive to assure that State and Federal plans incorporate waste-based renewable energy. This includes ensuring that the plans incorporate emission trading approaches and that renewable energy from waste qualifies for emission rate credits or emission allowances depending on whether the plans are mass or rate-based. Operators need to undertake the necessary monitoring and verification actions to qualify for emissions trading.

Operators also need to work with the States to develop reasonable and practical approaches to increase new waste reduction, reuse, recycling and composting programs. Waste to energy operations also need to understand and be prepared to implement the necessary measures to minimise any potential negative impacts on such programs.

The regulations governing the Clean Power Plan will certainly face continued legal and political challenges. A number of coal producing States have already filed suit and there likely will be lengthy litigation that may eventually reach the

U.S. Supreme Court. In anticipation, the EPA has carried out unprecedented outreach to States, utilities and the public, including addressing more than 4.3 million comments that were received on the proposed rule.

The Administrator of the EPA has recently publically stated that she is confident that the regulations will withstand judicial review. The 2016 Presidential and Congressional elections also create some political uncertainty, but unless there is a Republican sweep of the Presidency and both Houses of Congress, it will be very difficult politically to overturn.

The Clean Power Plan has the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from U.S. power plants. The plan provides States and electric utilities ample flexibility and the time needed to achieve these reductions. Implementation of the plan will help assure that fossil fuel-fired power plants will operate more cleanly and efficiently, while considerably expanding the capacity for renewable power sources.

Energy derived for solid waste can play a significant role in meeting the plan’s objectives and the solid waste and energy recovery industry need to work proactively and take the initiative to make the most of this opportunity.

John Skinner is an independent environmental consultant based in Washington, DC. He serves on the ISWA Board representing the National Members. In

April 2015, he retired as executive director and CEO of the Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA).



CIRCLES OF FIREWASTE TO ENERGY’S ROLE

IN THE CIRCULAR ECONOMYWhen it comes to the con-cept of the circular econ-omy, the question that often springs to mind is – how circular is it possible to be? The answer, at least for the foreseeable future, seems to be that there will always be materials which can no longer be usefully recovered in any way. The question then becomes – what to do with those materials? That question constitutes one of the key debates at the heart of the EU’s recently adopted Cir-cular Economy Package. By Ben Messenger

There are two main options for treating residual waste - landfill and incineration at energy recovery facilities. While still widely used, in

Europe at least, the use of waste to energy is on the rise and landfill is falling out of favour.

However, some argue that waste to energy sucks non-renewable materials that could have been materially recovered away from recycling, particularly given the current low commodity prices. Others point out that with proper pre-treatment more material could go to recycling, and there would still be a lot of unrecyclable waste.

In the run up to the EU Commission’s decision on the Circular Economy package arguments were made both for and against landfill bans for certain waste streams, untreated waste, or even the banning all residual waste from landfill.

“CEWEP has always advocated to reduce landfill as much as and as soon as possible,” Dr. Ella Stengler, managing director of CEWEP tells WMW. “But if you look at the facts, at how many Member States rely on landfill it’s not doable right away. The cap which is set at 10% of municipal waste which is allowed to be landfilled by 2030 could have been more ambitious, but I also see the reality that these member states cannot change their whole waste system that quickly. But it’s definitely a step in the right direction.”

According to Stengler diverting municipal waste from landfills could save around 92 million tonnes of CO2 emissions in EU-28 by 2030, approximately 8% of what the EU still has to cut to achieve its 2030 greenhouse gas emission targets.

However, in the wake of the package being adopted, predictably, not everyone was happy.

“The proposal to address ‘waste to energy’ in the context of the Energy Union is alarming. Our economy needs prevention by smart designs, more reuse and more recycling – sustainable innovation, not more incineration,” comments Croatian MEP and Green environment spokesperson Davor Skrlec.

While he is in agreement with Stengler over the proposed 10% tolerance for landfill, he says that this “further weakens the waste recycling targets”.

TO BAN OR NOT TO BANOn the other side of the argument, Zero Waste Europe argue that landfill bans disincentivise moving materials further up the waste hierarchy into recycling or even reuse. In a recent policy paper published by the organisation it claims


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that experience shows that landfill bans, if strictly applied, do little on their own to advance towards a zero waste circular economy. It can simply shift waste from one form of ‘leakage’ to another.

“Unless all treatment options which “break the loop” are considered, the consequence of banning or phasing out one of them will result in a transfer of waste to another,” asserted Joan-Marc Simon, Zero Waste Europe’s executive director. “This will create unnecessary tensions which in no way help to move towards a circular economy.”

Zero Waste Europe went as far as to say that the incineration of wastes should be subject to a tax equal to that of landfill.

Stengler disagrees: “I think it’s more effective to set targets with regard to landfill diversion. With taxes it’s more difficult. It’s not the prerogative of the Commission, it’s up to the Member States, but if the taxes differ there could be an unlevel playing field with waste shipments to countries with lower or no tax I’m not a fan of taxes. I think legal instruments and regulation are more effective when it comes to waste.”

While CEWEP welcomes the confirmation of the Commissions plan to cut landfill to a maximum of 10%, as well as increase the quality of secondary raw materials and introduce harmonised calculation methods for recycling, it says that it would have liked to see a more ambitious approach.

That’s a view echoed by the European Suppliers of Waste to Energy Technology (ESWET). The organisation says that “we must make sure that we bury nothing containing recoverable energy” and that it had hoped for more ambition to minimise landfilling of untreated municipal waste, but did concede that it is a step in the right direction.

GHG EMISSIONSGreenhouse gas emissions are another area that has been controversial in the landfill versus incineration debate. A recent report conducted by environmental consultancy, Eunomia, on behalf of Zero Waste Europe was critical of the way in which GHG emissions from waste to energy plants are counted.

According to the report while the EU’s drive to reduce landfill has resulted in a cut in

I think it’s more effective to set targets with regard to landfill diversion. With taxes it’s more difficult. It’s not the prerogative of the Commission”


methane emissions, it has been offset by an increase in emissions from waste to energy plants. It claimed that this has been “driven by a misperception” that getting biodegradable waste out of landfill is the holy grail of emissions reduction in waste management.

Unsurprisingly CEWEP does not agree and says that it is a “dangerous message ahead of COP21 - particularly from a global perspective as it may encourage countries inside and especially outside the EU that still landfill a lot to just continue doing so”.

RECYCLINGResidual waste contains energy and materials. In many cases, unrecyclable products contain metals as well as energy carriers such as wood, plastic or textiles. The combustion process frees not only the energy, but also significant quantities of metals that would otherwise have been unrecyclable. ESWET says that it is “delighted” that this material will now be counted towards EU municipal waste recycling targets.

Stengler too is keen to highlight the benefit of this: “The metal recycling from bottom ash will be explicitly considered as recycling and will count towards recycling targets, which is positive because it gives the incentive to do more. And of course recovery of the remaining aggregates is also high on the agenda.”

According to ESWET, in Germany 460,000

tonnes of ferrous metals and 58,000 tonnes of non-ferrous metals were recycled from waste to energy plants in 2013. The same year, in Belgium, 40% of metal packaging recycled was extracted from waste to energy plants’ bottom ash. In the Netherlands, in 2014, over 112,000 tonnes of ferrous metals and 25,000 tonnes of non-ferrous metals were also recovered.

The organisation also highlights the scope for recovering more valuable metals from flue gas treatment filters. “Those are only a few examples of the contribution of waste to energy towards closing the loop for some of the most valuable materials to be part of the Circular Economy,” it says.

SANITATIONAccording to Stengler another key aspect that should be taken into account when considering the role of waste to energy in a circular economy, is that of sanitation. Since its earliest days the primary purpose incinerating waste has been to protect human health and keep the environment clean.

“The task of waste to energy is sanitary, it always has been. Of course we want to produce as much energy as possible, but it is a very important task to protect human health and keep the environment clean and that means to ensure that we have non-toxic cycles,” she says.

According to CEWEP, by diverting waste

from landfilling, the ground and water will not be exposed to pollution due to potential leachate and loss of land will be avoided. It also prevents microplastics from being blown by the wind from (legal and illegal) landfills into the seas or rivers.

CONCLUSIONOne part of the package that all sides seem in agreement on is the need to reduce waste and recycle more materials. The role of waste to energy within a circular economy is rather more controversial. ‘purists’ argue that if the economy is circular there should be no ‘waste’ only resource.

In reality, if that resource is in a form that cannot be materially recycled or reused in any feasible way, the choice is a simple one between landfill and energy recovery. That being the case, at least for the foreseeable future, it seems that to achieve the landfill diversion targets will require waste to energy.

“Waste to energy is part of the circular economy. As well as its sanitary task to keep pollutants out of the cycle, it generates secure and affordable energy from waste not suitable for recycling and helps to reduce dependency on fossil fuels,” concludes Stenglar.Ben Messenger is chief editor of Waste Management World

SPIN ME RIGHT ROUND

In a circular economy the cycle is created from

scratch to be as miserly with energy and resources

as possible. Products are designed to be serviceable

and for re-manufacture, which can give some

businesses a second sales channel. Collection of the old products by the man-ufacturer makes it easier

to extract the resources to recycle into new versions of

the products.

Infographic Credit: Ellen MacArthur Foundation


Why Waste resources?coWI combines our global experience based on cutting edge innovative and sustainable methods to create unique local solutions.

this is how coWI provides world class waste management and waste-to-energy solutions that includes all aspects of waste management, – with a passion for resources and energy!

our geographical experience range from china in the east to Ireland in the West and from south africa in the south to Greenland in the North, – provided by knowledge sharing waste management hubs in Denmark, Norway, sweden, the Middle east, Lithuania, and russia.

coWI is a leading Northern european consulting group. We provide state-of-the-art services within the fields of engineering, environmental science and economics with due consideration for the environment and society. coWI is a leader within its fields because coWI’s 6,100 employees are leaders within theirs.

see more at cowi.com/waste

tyre recycling & waste characterisation oman

coWI served as general consultant for Bergen regional Waste company in Norway in the construction of a new 15 tonnes/hour Wte unit

african stockpile programme – obsolete pesticides. Mali, tunisia, Morocco

health care waste management Lesotho, south africa, serbia

Waste collection for paper products Pakistan


SHOCKING COST CUTTING

MEASURES

Increasing plant efficiency and reducing the maintenance costs is important for the economic operation of power plants. One part of this task involves keeping the boiler heating surfaces as clean as possible. One technology development that can help is the Shock Pulse Generator. By Dr. Christian Steiner and Dr. Manfred Napp

Shock Pulse Generators (SPGs) are online-steam-generator cleaning devices that produce automated shock pulses through the ignition of

pressurised gas mixtures. To date the technology been implemented at nearly 250 installations around the world. The area of application of these shock pulse generators covers various steam generator designs and a variety of solid fuels, including wastes.

SPGs can be used from the combustion chamber/first pass, the hottest zone of the steam generator, through to the radiation and contact passes, up to the coldest steam generator zones in the economiser - a mechanical device used in power generation plants which can be considered in simple terms as a heat exchanger that

recovers otherwise wasted heat. Plant operators are reported to confirm

significantly longer uptime for steam generators, higher efficiency and longer operational lives for the steam generator pipes, resulting in more economic plant operation.

By August 2015, six years after their introduction, around 250 units are now either in operation or being delivered.

Following the initial launch onto the European market for residential waste as fuel, the technology has become available almost globally.

FUNCTION With SPGs, automatically triggered combustion reactions take place outside the steam



At Doosan Lentjes we help our customers convert millions of tonnes of residual waste into valuable energy every year. As part of the global Doosan Group, we provide tailor-made chute-to-stack solutions and full turnkey programmes that make us your preferred one-stop partner for all your waste-to-energy requirements.

To learn how Doosan Lentjes’ technologies can help you, contact us on: Tel: +49 (0) 2102 166 0 Email: [email protected]

www.doosanlentjes.com

Doosan Lentjes Helping you recover energy from waste

generator in a stable, pressure-resistant device. The pressure wave generated is passed through a Laval nozzle to the steam generator. That pressure wave generates a structure-borne sound oscillation within the caking, and sets the flue gas flow and the heating surfaces into a short-term vibration. The contamination is cleaned away through these simultaneously occurring effects. The penetration depth of the shock wave depends on the type of device, but can be above 10m.

APPLICATIONS FOR SHOCK PULSE GENERATORSThe generators are used in existing plants as a replacement, or a supplement, for previously installed purification technologies, as well as in new facilities, where they provide a reduction in the steel needed for construction and the enclosed building volume. This leads to reduced costs. Construction space requirements of around 1m3 per generator makes this possible in confined spaces.

The Silbitz biomass power plant in eastern Germany has been operated by PNE Biomasse GmbH since 2003, and generates 5.5 MWe and 3 MWt for district heating. Heavy fouling

can occur in the first radiation pass and in the superheater bundle. It leads to short reaction times and causes frequent shutdowns.

Four Shock Pulse Generators have been in operation at the plant since October 2011, either in addition to, or instead of the previously used cleaning equipment. This has led to improvements in the various areas of the steam generator during continuous operation.

In the first radiation pass, the SPG prevents the build-up of large scoria on the walls of the pass. Before the installation of the SPG, this scoria often reached such a size that discharge via the deslagger was no longer possible if a scoria became loose due to its own weight. The plant had to be shut down in such cases.

The two SPGs in the first and second pass improve the cleaning of the two radiation

The SPG is waiting. A freely moving piston closes off the outlets.Once enabled by the controller, a dosing container is filled to a set pressure with the necessary small amounts of natural gas and oxygen. The two gases are still completely separated from each other, and are therefore non-combustibleThe transfer solenoid valve for natural gas and oxygen are opened, and the two gases flow into the combustion cylinder, where they mix with each other and are now combustible

A glow plug is activated and triggers the combustion. Due to the sudden pressure increase to 350 bar in the combustion chamber, the piston is shot backwards and opens up the outletThe pressure wave passes through the outlet nozzle into the steam generator and spreads out, initially linearly and then sphericallyAfter the pressure wave has left the unit, the piston is pressed against the outlet by the nitrogen pressure, and closes it.

The following steps occur during a cycle:

6

12

35

4



passes, which is why the flue gas passes into the superheater bundle at a lower temperature. The deposits are thereby less sticky and easier to clean.

The use of soot blowers in the third pass could be significantly reduced thanks to the reduced flue gas temperature and the cleaning performance of the SPG mounted below superheater one. For the first six weeks of operation after a thorough cleaning, the soot blowers remained switched off, and the soot blowers above the evaporator bundle and six soot blowers in the economiser have been removed. The SPG in the economiser is only operated with an interval of 24 hours.

Electricity production is increased by around 2% due to the reduced operation of the soot blowers. As a result of the reduced operation of the soot blowers, less demineralised water has to be prepared, the flue gas humidity decreases and the induced draft requires less power. It was also found that there was less damage to the steam generator and that the service life of the wall and bundle surfaces is extended.

LUCERNE WASTE TO ENERGY PLANTThe Lucerne waste to energy plant has three steam generators that were originally cleaned by soot blowers and shot cleaners operated with compressed air. In 2009 a total of eight shock pulse generators were installed on the three lines - 20 soot blowers and one shot cleaner were removed.

Within five years, all the cleaning was exclusively carried out by the Shock Pulse Generators. Alltogether, including the test phases, a total of around 500,000 shock pulses were carried out on the three steam generators, without damage of any kind occurring. This illustrates that the impact of the shock pulse creates no stress for the steam generator components.

On the basis of the temperatures of Line three, it can be shown that the impact of the shock pulse is also present against the flue gas flow.

Although no SPG was installed in the second section, the outlet temperature of the second section could be massively reduced, and this can be maintained at clean boiler conditions. Previously, values of more than 700°C occurred, which led to a high corrosion rate in the final superheater.

The Lucerne waste to energy plant was shut down at the start of 2015, as it was replaced by a new waste-fired cogeneration plant at the Perlen site. The three radiation sections in the new plant are cleaned by three EG10L Shock Pulse Generators.

Dr. sc. techn. Christian Steiner Dr.-Ing. Manfred NappExplosion Power GmbH, Lenzburg/Switzerland

n Europen Japann Asia without Japann USAn other

n MSW/RDFn Industrial Wasten Hazard. Wasten Biomassn Coaln Metallurgy

Distribution of the reference installations by region and solid fuels/industrial sector

Horizontally-installed Shock Pulse Generators in Waste-to-Energy Plant of Perlen/Lucerne

The Swiss company Hitachi Zosen Inova has

acquired an interest in the patents for the Shock Pulse Generator technology. “The

Shock Pulse Generators have significant potential,,”

said HZI CEO Franz-Josef Mengede.


MARTIN plants and technologies

www.martingmbh.de

Plant engineering with the environm

ent in mind

Thermal waste treatment plants are complex structures, the design of which differs in each individual case.

The implementation of these plants requires a high level of competence in engineering and plant

construction covering the whole range of services from planning and supply to start-up and maintenance.

Using our combustion technologies and cooperating with carefully selected and proven suppliers, we have

accumulated a vast range of experience as a general contractor for the supply of entire turnkey plants.

In March 2015, we extended our product portfolio. As a plant manufacturer, we use the MARTIN dry

digestion system (Thöni technology) to treat organic waste in numerous European countries as well as in

Australia and New Zealand.

The Thöni dry digestion system has proven itself and is well established on the market. Biogas, compost

and liquid fertilizers are separated from organic wastes and then returned to the substance cycle.

„Solutions for the recovery of energy and materials from waste"

COMBU S T I O N D I G E S T I O N


RETROFITTING FOR NOX REDUCTIONS

With tighter emission limits on the horizon, reduction of NOx emissions from waste to energy plants a hot topic. One solution to retrofit advanced SNCR systems to reduce raw NOx emissions by up to 70%. By Christian Helmreich

Around the world emission regulations for waste to energy plants have become increasingly stringent. In Europe another round

of tightening is on the horizon. When it comes to NOx eissions however, boiler design is a critical factor. Today many different boiler designs are in service, produced by different manufacturers over a number of decades.

Newer boiler designs are characterised by staged combustion process as primary measures, a well-known design to avoid high flame peak temperature, which increase thermal NOx formation, reduced by local oxygen reduction.

The two technologies available to reduce NOx formation from the combustion process are Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The SCR technology is usually situated as tail-end of the system, or as hot dust application directly after the boiler.

When it comes to retrofitting waste to energy plants SNCR system has a clear advantage in lower investment costs and much faster installation time. The total cost of ownership over five years is favourable due to the considerable costs for catalyser replacement or catalyser recovery for SCR systems.

Common flue gas temperature variations caused by load, or fuel fluctuations and imbalances, can cause an insufficient NOx reduction. Unfavourable operating conditions can be found when incineration has an non-homogeneous, constantly varying fuel mix, which results in large and fast changes in ignition behaviour and heat release, and as a consequence to the furnace temperatures. Therefor it is important to select a SNCR system which is able to react accordingly.

ADAPTIVE SNCR SYSTEM In order to follow larger variations and imbalances in gas-temperature during operation, two or three injection levels have proven to be successful. Using motorised SNCR lance types it is possible to adapt to changes in the combustion conditions with either:A) A Tilting Injection Lance (Type: TL) with a

tilting angel of +/- 40°B) A Rotation Injection Lance (Type: RL) with a

rotation angel of +/- 90°

EFFICIENCY CRITERIA OF SNCR SYSTEMS

With selection of an SNCR System there are major physical influences on the efficiency of NOx reduction:

a. Available flue gas temperature window (ideal between 850-1050°C)

b. Flue gas retention time (gas velocity) in the optimum temperature window

c. Flue gas profile in the boiler (variation with boiler load)

d. Reagent agent (24,5% Ammonia-water vs. 40% Urea-solution).



Shock Pulse Generatorsfor innovative online boiler cleaning

compact, safe, certi�edfully automatic operation, controlled by PLCsigni�cant increase of efficiencyno intermediate cleaning needseconomic solution for new plants and retro�ts

worldwide over 200 WtE reference installations

Augustin Keller-Strasse 22 CH - 5600 LenzburgExplosion Power [email protected] +41 62 886 50 80www.explosionpower.ch

0

5

25

75

95

100

adv_ wmm_EP_151120_2c

Freitag, 20. November 2015 17:13:45

These adaptive injection lances with replaceable nozzle head can be operated alternatively with compressed air or steam as an atomising media. It is mandatory that the reagent sprayed into the flue gas covers the majority of the flue gas flow. The lance openings will be placed in positions, calculated and evaluated by a prior flue gas measurement.

To properly control an adaptive SNCR system an online flue gas temperature measurement is required. That can be achieved with a number of pyrometers, which are constantly measuring the actual flue gas temperature in different parts of the boiler in order to detect the thermo-profile and the location of the profile.

These pyrometers are calibrated to indicate the real gas temperature. A software program controls the injected reagent flow and the position of spraying angle of each lance in relation to the thermos-profile detected by pyrometers. This intelligent control optimises the NOx reduction and NH3 slip of the boiler.

CONCLUSIONPast SNCR systems may come reach their limit when installed only in one or two levels of the boiler. Due to operation variations and imbalances in combustion a flexible SNCR injection system is favourable to react quickly, according to the thermal profile. Flexible injection lances are able to offer a wider operating range compared to fix installed injection levels.

With a properly designed adaptive SNCR system it is today possible to guarantee NOx

clean gas values below 100 mg/Nm3 and slip of 10mg/Nm³, which is equal to an NOx reduction rate of up to 70%. Modern adaptive SNCR systems are a cost-effective for a retrofit project to guarantee the emissions regulations are met within a 1 year lead time.

Christian Helmreich is managing director of Umwelttechnik

Design Criteria SNCRnon-catalytic reduction

SCRcatalytic reduction

NOx Reduction Efficiency 40-75% 60-90%

FG-Temperature Window* 870°-1100°C 180°- 450°C

Reactant Ammonia or Urea Ammonia or Urea

Reactor None Catalytic

Waste Disposal None Spent catalyst

Thermal Efficiency Debit 0 – 0.3% 0%

Energy Consumption Low Higher I.D. fan

Capital Investment Costs Low High

Plant Requirements (Installations) Minor Major

Maintenance Low3 to 5 years

(typical catalyst life)

Dust in FG not sensitive sensitive

Ammonia/NOx (Molar Ratio) 1.0 – 1.8 0.8 to 1.2

Urea/NOx (Molar Ratio) 0.5 – 0.75 x

Ammonia Slip 5 to 20 ppm 2 to 10 ppm

Plant Retrofit Easy Difficult

Mechanical Draft of FG + electric power Not Required Required

Project realisation time 6-12 months 12-24 month

* depending on application

THE PRO’S AND CON’S OF EACH SYSTEM IS BELOW LISTED:


ISWA MEMBER NEWSNEW ISWA PLATINUM MEMBERISWA is pleased to welcome Belgian firm SURECA as its latest Platinum Member. SURECA stands for Sustainable Reusable Carriers. Carriers refers to different kinds of load carriers like pallets, boxes, drums, crates,…

The SURECA group currently consists of different companies active in pooling and renting of reusable load carriers in variety of supply chains like Food, Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals,…

The SURECA group and its group companies are growing fast, not only in numbers but also in services and activities. Below you can see (picture) the activities SURECA wants to further expand in.

All activities are somehow connected to the core activity of pooling and renting. Pooling is what drives the REUSE of the load carriers involved. The result is that SURECA is able to REDUCE the impact the use of these load carriers on the environment through an efficient management of these load carriers.

An efficient management means less trucks (and miles) to deliver and collect the load carriers, less load carriers needed and manufactured, less waste at the end of life of the load carriers and less costs for the users (customers).

SURECA also invests in R&D to make the load carriers themselves already more efficient through smart designs. Also a new material (MATERIAL X) has been developed as an alternative for the more traditional packaging materials (wood, plastic, metal) that exist today. This new material can be made of a variety of WASTE…available in all regions across the globe…this is one of the reasons why SURECA decided to become not just an ISWA member, but a PLATINUM member!

For more information about Material X: [email protected] more information about SURECA and its group companies: www.sureca.comOR www.contraload.com and www.loadcarriersolutions.com

OPTIMISING MAINTENANCE WITH AN EXPERIENCED PARTNERA well-managed waste to energy facility will typically use some 80% of maintenance time prioritising, evaluating and administrating and only some 20% performing very effective conscious maintenance. However, for many plants, the distribution of time spent is the other way around, which is neither cost-effective, nor good for operational availability.

Maintenance can be too costly, too cheap, too intensive, too neglected or simply a combination of an unconscious firefighter approach. The only way to know is to take the temperature on the maintenance performed. With Ramboll as an experienced partner, waste-to-energy plants can save time and money.

Over the last two years, Ramboll has analysed more than 3000 plant components at different energy facilities with a view to preparing maintenance strategies based on an assessment of the risk of component failure and the consequences of such failure.

This allows Ramboll to carry out value-creating maintenance performance reviews that use internationally recognised maintenance tools in combination with solid waste to energy expertise. These reviews focus not on the equipment state, but rather on the way maintenance is performed, organised and prioritised.

This maintenance review will enable management to decide if the maintenance strategy is fulfilled and if ambitions for maintenance are met. If not, the review will point to the reasons why. During the review, the site will be inspected, procedures evaluated, the personnel interviewed, the organisation studied, the maintenance performance indicators assessed and observations held up against the strategy. Benchmark against industry best practise will be performed with available data.

For more information go to: www.ramboll.com/WtE and www.ramboll.com/services-and-sectors/energy/asset-management.

BESPOKE SOLUTIONS FROM KEPPEL SEGHERS Keppel Seghers offers proprietary technology for air- and watercooled grates, furnace, boiler and flue gas cleaning systems, and optimises the performance of your WtE plant with its advanced combustion automation system. Emissions are kept well below the most stringent standards.

With over 30 years’ experience, Keppel Seghers is a recognised specialist in the development of state-of-the-art WTE systems and solutions around the world, each time tailored to the project specific requirements of our client.

This year in the UK, Keppel Seghers commissioned phase I and II of the Greater Manchester Energy-from-Waste Combined Heat and Power plant. The first-of-its-kind combined plant is one of the largest and most efficient in Europe, with a total capacity to treat 750 000 tpa of solid recovered fuel (SRF) and to produce 83 MW of electricity and 51.2 MW of heat.

In Qatar, Keppel Seghers has built the first Integrated Domestic Solid Waste Management Centre in the Middle-East The plant treats up to 2300 tonnes per day of different waste types, of which 1900tpd mixed household waste.

Keppel Seghers works with carefully selected, long-term suppliers for the different systems and has the expertise of coordinating the integration of these systems as Technology Provider.

For more information contact [email protected] or go to www. keppelseghers.com

The WtE plant provides around 20% of the total energy needs of Ineos Chlor’s Runcorn chemicals plant.

MEMBER NEWSISWA

36 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 2015


In their day-to-day operation, waste management companies are often confronted with new challenges and trends that force them to react quickly, flexibly and reliably. Following an influx of many thousands of refugees, waste firm Stadtreinigung Hamburg is having to do just that, on a grand scale. By Rhea Hellermann

REFUGEES IN HAMBURG THE IMPACT ONWASTE MANAGEMENT

Currently in Germany, the clean-up at refugee shelters is a tall order to fit in with the

daily operation of the municipal waste companies – especially in a large city like Hamburg.

In the context of this situation, long term planning is virtually impossible. The placement of bins, the daily waste removal and the treatment of the corresponding capacities were presumably not

included in most companies’ budgets a year ago, nor were the additional logistical and personnel requirements foreseen at that time.

In addition to the increased demands on the operations, planning and infrastructure, it is always necessary to consider the position and structure of the company, as the ability for a fee-financed company to offer additional services is extremely limited. Immediate help and

emergency aid must be in accordance with the applicable statutory provisions.

In 2015 alone, the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg has provided long term housing for more than 15,000 refugees. The actual number of refugees in Hamburg, however, is considerably higher. Currently, it’s estimated that up to 500 new refugees arrive every day – so by the end of the year approximately 40,000

refugees in Hamburg will need to be provided for. Even when the majority of them move on after a short stop, or are sent to other German states via an allocation key, the additional demands on the city and the service provider Stadtreinigung Hamburg (SRH) are immense.

For all of these people, the daily allowance on things such as food, clothing, accommodations, sanitary facilities, etc. has to be

FEATURES


organised – waste disposal tends play a minor role for the local authorities, organisations working on site, and occupants. Our “open arms culture”, however, demands a show of presence in the form of waste removal, sanitation and winter service – as the negative impact from inadequate waste

collection and cleaning is well known; the resulting problems and consequential costs are inevitable.

Hamburg has several institutions (central registration facilities, emergency shelters, long term housing) and different types of dwellings (container homes, existing buildings, gymnasiums,

ships, wooden huts, new buildings etc.). In each case, SRH has to visit the site to determine which disposal system is best suited.

For this purpose, swap containers and dumpsters are used, whereby dumpsters (1100 litres) are the preferential system. All of the bins provided by SRH will be included in the normal workflow of the service fee calculation system and the scheduled collections. In this case, the city of Hamburg is responsible for paying the costs.

The utilisation of dumpsters can be flexibly organised and is widely used in internal logistics. For reasons of safety, it is essential to use a driver’s helper to direct the driver during the waste collection.

The cost of purchasing the bins is comparatively low and normally they can be used in the future as forward-buying replacements in the daily business. As waste disposal at refugee shelters is a major undertaking for all of Germany, the necessary additional waste bins are in short supply and it is expected that prices will rise.

ANALYSIS OF THE WASTEFor the analysis of the waste composition (sampling and sorting in September 2015), the residual waste from the two container types (18 dumpsters and one swap container) was examined separately. The sampling was done

In order to gain more insight into the development of the waste situation at the refugee shelters and to be able to respond more effectively, SRH commissioned the Institute u.e.c. Berlin GmbH to conduct an analysis of the residual waste at the central registration facility in Hamburg.

ANALYSIS OF THE WASTE IN THE REFUGEE SHELTERS

Accommodations for refugees are in use since June 20152015

2,500240

Number of people at the time of the analysis: 2,500

12 locations for housing, each with 20 individual containers(= 240 individual container homes) plus ca. 70 tents

Supply and provision: External catering service (food deliveries using disposable tableware)

Residual waste composition– 26 dumpsters (1,100 liters); collection 6 times per week– 3 swap containers (18 m³); collection 2 times per week

TABLE 1: WEEKLY WASTE VOLUMES

Estimation of the weekly waste volumes according to type of container and inhabitant-specific waste mass

kg/refugee, year

TABLE 2: WASTE FROM REFUGEE SHELTERS

Comparison of waste from refugee shelters compared to the waste from Hamburg households (initial and rough comparison)

Waste from the swap container (18 m³)

Containers Collections(Average)

weight per container

Weight/week

pecific waste

quantitySpecific waste

quantity

type number per week total kg kgkg/

occupant, week

Dumpster (1100 l) 26 6 156 50 7800 3.12

Swap container (18 m³)

3 2 6 1721 10,328 4.13

18,128 7,31

Results of waste analysis in refugee shelters 2015Source: u.e.c. Berlin GmbH

Collected waste from households in Hamburg 2014 Source: Konzernbericht SRH 2014

Residual waste 380 261

Biowaste bin No separate collection 33

Paper bin No separate collection 33

Packaging and similar materials bin

No separate collection 19

In total 380 (including 151 kg biowaste)

347

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on the day of the regular collection. The waste was separated

into fractions by various sorting methods. To enable the sieving, all the closed sacks and garbage bags were first opened and emptied. In addition to the emptied sacks and bags, ceramic, porcelain and other fragile objects as well as larger quantities of source-separated materials were also sorted out prior to sieving.

The drum screen classified the waste according to the different particle sizes (sieving screen: 40 mm round perforation). In a further step, the fine waste (< 8 mm) was separated from the sieving screen (< 40 mm) via a vibration screen, so that three sizes of particles were generated (≥ 40 mm, 8 to 40 mm, < 8 mm).

The sieve overflow (≥ 40 mm) was sorted manually on a sieving screen.

A subsample of at least 20 litres was taken from every sampling unit for each of the particle sizes

8 – 40 mm and each sample was sorted by hand into the following sorting fractions:• Organic 8 – 40 mm • Non-organic without metal 8 –

40 mm • Fe metals 8 – 40 mm • Non-Fe metals 8 – 40 mm Altogether, the residual waste produced per week in the central registration facility can be estimated at about 18,130 kg. Based on the occupancy size of 2500 people at the time of the study, it was revealed that each occupant generates 7.3 kg of waste per week (table 1).

The residual waste consists of around 40% (w/w) biowaste. More than half of the biowaste is fermentable or compostable (organic l). The waste which is not fermentable or compostable (organic ll) consists of fish and animal bones or packaged foods. Furthermore, textiles (without shoes) make up another 14% (w/w). In total, composite materials

31%

9%

9%9%5%

10%

14%

11%

1%

<0,5%

Organics40%

Composites18%

Composition of residual waste from the central registration facility Schnackenburgallee, Hanseatic City of Hamburg 2015

n Organic I comp./ferm.n Organic II not comp./ferm.n Other composites incl. e-scrapn Composites disposable tablewaren Plastics

n Glassn Paper/cardboardn Metallen Textiles (without shoes)n Residuals

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ANDRITZ MeWa WEEE recycling plants. All kinds of electrical and electronic scrap –

white and brown goods, computers, refrigerators or simply only cables – are catered for

by ANDRITZ MeWa. At a very early stage we paved the way with recycling technology

in accordance with the European WEEE Directive. The pictures show one of our latest

European projects: A combined e-scrap and refrigerator recycling plant in Hungary.

www.andritz.com/mewaANDRITZ MeWa GmbH, Gechingen, Germany, Phone: +49 (7056) 925-0, [email protected]

UK: PRM Waste Systems Ltd., Phone: +44 (1823) 665541, [email protected]

WEEE / Refrigerator recycling with the proven QZ technology

Our recycling solutions on YouTube

http://bit.ly/1POYzgt


inclusive e-waste make up 18% (w/w), roughly half of the fraction is disposable tableware. Together the recyclable materials paper/cardboard, plastics, glass and metal make up approximately 17% (w/w).

It is worth noting that unused or unneeded material donations, of which a relevant portion are made up of textiles, shoes, miscellaneous types of paper (books), wood (boxes, toys) and plastic goods made of PE/PP (toys) end up in the waste bins. The volume of waste resulting from material donations is circa 1.6 kg per week per occupant.

INITIAL ASSESSMENTAs expected, in comparison to the separate collection of domestic waste from the private households in Hamburg, there is a significant difference in composition. One striking feature is the high percentage of organic matter, from which a significant portion is uneaten foodstuffs.

This could be due to the

different eating habits of the refugees. The high percentage of textiles, and in some cases toys etc. Especially critical for SRH is the use of disposable tableware for the catering, particularly as the emphasis has been to promote “zero waste” options or “return-refill” systems within the scope of major events.

At first sight the waste production of refugees and citizens is comparable; the amount of biowaste within the residual waste in the refugee shelters seems to be quite high. As a result for some of the waste fractions such as biowaste, textiles or paper, the implementation of waste separation at the refugee shelters would be advisable. Currently, however, this issue at the refugee shelters – at least at the central registration facility – is not considered a priority.

The introduction of a sorting system at the long term housing facilities is certainly conceivable.

2.9

2.3

1.0

0.7 0.7 0.6

0.4

0.1 <0.1

0.8

Specific residual waste generation per occupant per week

The weekly quantities of waste for the individual fractions based on an occupancy size of about 2,500 people.

Noteworthy is the high percentage of organic matter. In total, the weekly amount of the fraction organic ≥ 40 mm is nearly 1.4 kg per occupant. The fraction (≥ 40 mm) is essentially composed of organic kitchen waste (ca. 11.1% (w/w) of the total volume of waste) and packaged foods (ca. 8.5% (w/w)) of the total volume of waste).

kg/refugee, yearn Organic I comp./ferm.n Organic II not comp./ferm.n Other composites incl. e-scrapn Composites disposable tablewaren Plasticsn Glassn Paper/cardboardn Metallen Textiles (without shoes)n Residuals

FEATURES

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SRH plans to hold information events at the shelters for the occupants, to introduce the topic of waste separation. Flyers and signs would enable SRH to have a lasting influence. Moreover, some of the shelter residents could be integrated into the project to help inform the other occupants and / or serve as interpreters.

Over the long term, if the refugees acquire a work visa, they could be hired by SRH as “special waste consultants”. SRH could offer language courses to help combat the language barriers, thus enabling a win-win solution.

REFUGEES AT SRHAnother aspect concerning refugees is their integration into society and employment at companies. SRH is committed to advancing this goal. This is unchartered territory for all sides and as such will take time until it becomes a “normal” process in companies and the collaboration with the points of contact and refugees has been established.

At present, what is missing is a comprehensive information policy for companies in Hamburg as well as a concentration of interfaces via an external centralised administrative authority. Therefore, the SRH personnel department is,

along with participating in a variety of information events, in contact with a number of institutions and advocacy groups in Hamburg. SRH is utilising these different avenues to communicate its interest in offering refugees internships, training and employment.

At the moment, one refugee is working part time cleaning paper bins and four interns were hired over the summer. However, the company plans to create a total of 10 positions for refugees. Refugees that have the necessary qualifications and work permit can also apply for normal job postings.

The experiences SRH has had with refugees have been without exception positive and even within the company there have been no cases of hostilities or xenophobic treatment from any employees. Nevertheless, there are a number of stumbling blocks which are very time intensive and must always be handled individually:• Language barriers (especially as

concerns work safety)• Attaining work permits: the

process is very lengthy as the legal requirements for each person vary accordingly (labor market priority, check via the foreigner’s registration office and work office, etc.)

• The person’s residency status,

duration of stay, prospect of right of residence, etc. must all be considered for internships, too

• The legal basis for the employment of refugees is constantly changing (e.g. safe countries of origin, employment, internships)

• Bringing together potential employers and interested parties is a time consuming process

• No system has yet been implemented to attract applicants or for job placement - hardly any empirical data

• Refugees require intensive support on the part of the SRH

As a result of the large number of requirements, SRH has created a new position for the project coordination of refugee integration. In the future, this topic will therefore be centrally coordinated. This will enable it to further develop contacts to the

public authorities, institutions and other advocacy groups, expand existing networks and to steer the approval process for work permits while at the same time helping to guarantee that the refugees as well as the external advisors /support staff have a reliable contact partner at SRH.

CONCLUSIONSRH’s willingness to employ refugees, along with its endeavors to provide reliable and flexible waste collection, cleaning and winter road service in the refugee shelters, is a testimont to Germany’s “open arms culture”.

This article is on-line. Please visit www.waste-manage-ment-world.com

Biowaste matter within the residual waste – specific waste generation per inhabitant per week

kg/refugee, year

n Compostable/fermentable (8 to 40 mm)n Organics from kitchen I & II - comp./ferm. (> 40 mm)n Percentage organics from kitchen In Packaged foods (> 40 mm)n Organics from gardening (> 40 mm)n < 8 mm

1.4

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0.6 0.6

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With all the hype surrounding the circular economy, the need to reuse products and equipment has never been in sharper focus. However, some products need more than a simple refurbishment, they require remanufacturing. One company that’s been doing just that for years is Caterpillar. By Ben Messenger

When a car reaches the end of its life, in most cases, it finds itself drained of fluids and stripped of any valuable

components. Then it’s crushed and shredded so that its various metals can be sorted and melted down at a foundry.

Recycling that material is certainly better both economically and environmentally than mining new materials from the ground. But that car also represented a huge energy cost to manufacture in the first place, and another when it was recycled, and again when those recycled materials are eventually made into something else.

While it’s not ideal, for cars it may prove difficult to move away from such a model – certainly anytime soon. But when it comes to heavy equipment there is an alternative option which makes much more sense – remanufacturing.

In contrast to refurbishment, remanufacturing a product brings it right back to ‘as new’ specification and performance. It’s something that Caterpillar has been doing for around forty years, and it now actually designs

its new equipment with not just one life in mind, but for multiple lifetimes, and also with the remanufacturing processes that will make that possible in mind. And it doesn’t just rebuild whole machines to as new spec, it also offers 7200 individual part numbers through its dealer network on a trade-in basis.

“From a remanufacturing point of view, it’s bringing back that old iron, the old core,” Ian Vickers, market development specialist for remanufacturing at Caterpillar tells WMW. “When we say core we mean the old used engine or component and bringing that component back to life using different salvage technologies.”

HOW IT WORKSThe way Caterpillar’s remanufacturing program works is that customers go to their dealer needing a component and they’ll be offered different options, depending on the component, Cat Reman will be one.

“From a Reman point of view there will be an offer of a part, let’s say an engine,” Vickers explains. “The customer will walk in and ask for an engine for their machine and they’ll be given possibly two or three different options – a

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brand new engine, a remanufactured engine or possibly a dealer rebuilt engine. All of these will be at different price points.”

“When we refer to a Cat Reman component we’re referring to a ‘same as new’ standard,” he adds. “What the customer will purchase is same as new quality and performance, with a new warranty – at a lower cost point.”

According to the company, its remanufactured engine components are priced at a fraction of new. The customer also receives credit for their used core through the Core Acceptance Program.

“The whole program works on the basis that the customer will return the old used engine to the dealer, who will evaluate the condition of that core,” says Vickers. “The money returned back to the customer will depend on the condition of that core. It’s a very easy inspection. Is the engine running? Does it rotate? And so on. At that point the transaction between the dealer and the customer will finish and it’s returned back to ourselves at Caterpillar to remanufacture.”

“Let’s say it’s a seized engine,” he continues. “We will still pay for that engine, but it will be what we call a partial credit. Our strategy is that

if a customer replaces any component before catastrophic failure, the majority of the time they will receive the full core deposit value.

METAL ON METALOnce the component is returned to Caterpillar it will be completely striped down to its original castings so that all the items that wear within the component can be replaced and recycled. It is then remanufactured using salvage techniques such as adding metal to metal. That product will then be tested to the same standards as new, and will reenter the supply chain.

“When it comes to adding metal to metal it’s a really complex process and it depends on the type of product,” says Vickers. “For example, to add metal to a cylinder head we use one technique but to add metal to the bore of a block would be a different type of salvage technique because bond strengths have to be different. We have many different ways of adding metal to metal using different materials and different techniques.”

One such technique is twin wire metal spray. Vickers explains this process as using two wires made from different types of material that

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come together to make an arc. Behind that arc is high pressure air. The molten particles are then blasted onto the parent metal. This builds up layers on top of the component, which can then be machined back to its original design tolerances.

This technique can be used to rebuild worn cylinder heads. However, if the head is cracked puddle wielding is a typical solution. Here the crack is machined out and molten metal poured in. Once set, the filler metal can be machined back down to standard specification.

A similar technique to the twin wire process uses plasma gases, which allows for micro particles to be thrown at a higher speed onto the parent metal, allowing for more control and a stronger bond.

“We’ve been using some of these techniques for many years and we’ve been very successful,” adds Vickers. “It’s something we’ve developed as time moves on. As technology moves forward, and it becomes cost effective, we introduce new salvage techniques,” he says. “The minimum standard we have to be, is as good as new. So if we add metal to metal the bond strength between the two materials must be as strong as the new equivalent.”

MACHINES THAT ARE MADE FOR REBUILDINGIt’s not just components that Cat takes back and reworks. It also takes back whole machines. And that’s where the company’s Rebuild program comes into play. Offered through the dealer network the program offers five options.

“We rebuild the whole machine,” Mathias Donguy, marketing specialist at Caterpillar’s Engine Power Train division tells WMW. “We rebuild the certified powertrain, we rebuild the certified hydraulic system, we offer a certified component rebuild and we offer a certified engine rebuild. Our machines are built to be rebuilt.”

“It’s a process which is run by our dealers,” he continues. “They will inspect the machine, disassemble the machine, recondition or change the parts that need to be changed. Caterpillar has a list of parts that must be changed, and a list of parts which must be inspected. Then we incorporate any new engineering updates… If the engineering updates improve the performance it will be a better machine than when it was made 10 years ago.”

While the two programs are separate, with remanufacturing taking place in Caterpillar

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factories, where possible the Rebuild program, which is carried out by Cat dealers, uses Cat Reman components.

Donguy explains that once a machine has been through this process it will come with a new warranty and a new serial number. Typically he says that a machine can be rebuilt twice before the volume of parts needing replacement makes it uneconomic. Some small machines may also be economically unsuited to the process, because of the cost of labour versus the cost of buying a new machine.

However, those machines that do go through the process are typically sold to new customers for 60%-70% of what they would have cost to buy brand new.

REMANUFACTURING LESSONS FOR OTHERS“Through our distribution centres and our dealer networks we know how many pieces of a part number have sold and how many cores can come back. As many Reman parts as we sell, we try to recover that many cores,” says Vickers.

The advantages of taking used components back and remanufacturing them are not only to the customer.

According to Cat, remanufacturing a cylinder head instead of manufacturing a new one produces 61% less greenhouse gas emission, 85% less material, 86% less water and 85% less energy.

In 2014 the company recovered some 2 million cores weighing in at 75,400 tonnes. That’s a lot of energy, water and GHG emissions saved.

While Caterpillar may have the luxury of working with heavy iron, which can, with care, be brought back from a beating, there are certainly lessons other industries could learn when it comes to making and tracking products that could live more than one once.

Maybe one day Cats really will have nine lives, but for now two or three has to be better than one.

Ben Messenger is chief editor of Waste Management World

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Last year Spanish waste firm l’ Arca del Maresme was awarded an environmental services contract with the Comarca del Maresme region of Catalonia. To carry out the municipal waste and recycling requirements the firm bought two N2 Series Geesinknorba hybrid drive refuse collection vehicles. After their first months of operation, WMW finds out how they’re performing. By Timothy Byrne

The waste collection service in Argentona differs from that in other cities and towns in Spain. l’ Arca del Maresme carry out a door to

door waste collection service for 75% of the municipality’s population. This involves the collection of non-recyclable waste in plastic sacks, and the collection of dry recyclables such as paper, cardboard, plastic (PET, HDPE, TETRAPACK and LDPE) and commingled metals in categorised containers.

Organic waste is also collected. Residents place this in storage containers of 10 or 25 litre capacities with a lid designed to prevent foul odours being produced in the warm Mediterranean climate. There are light coloured green igloos placed along the streets in Argentona for the deposit of commingled coloured glass bottles and jars.

The system in Argentona is one of the first kerbside collections to be introduced by a municipality in Catalonia. The system has led to I’ Arca del Maresme achieving a high participation rate in the collection of

dry recyclables while maintaining consistently high quality standards of the collected dry recyclate.

THE CASE FOR HYBRID DRIVE RCVSTo enhance the waste collection service, I’ Arca del Maresme took the decision to purchase two Hybrid Drive N2-series intermittent loading waste collection vehicles from Geesinknorba Spain. These two new units accompany an existing Geesinknorba KT2 24H25 24 cubic metre capacity waste collection vehicle fitted with a roof mounted crane operated by l’ Arca del Maresme mounted to a Renault Premium 340 DXI 6x2 rear steer 26 tonne chassis.

This unit is used to collect dry recyclables e.g. paper, cardboard, plastics and steel and aluminium tins and cans from the blue and yellow coloured 3-5 cubic metre containers used to service 25% of the municipality’s population.

The new hybrid drive RCVs include an N2 8L22 of 9 cubic metres capacity mounted

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onto a Renault D16 Euro 6 16 tonne 4x2 chassis, and an N2 18H25 of 18 cubic metres capacity mounted onto a Renault Premium D26 Euro 6 26 tonne 6x2 rear steer chassis. Both Renault chassis feature the Allison 3000 Series automatic transmission to reduce driver fatigue in the start and stop operations experienced in waste collection operations.

The municipality of Argentona had previous experience of the KT2 24H25 unit and Renault chassis already working on their fleet and had therefore stipulated that this was the equipment they wanted used in the municipality.

The case for selecting hybrid technology was strengthened by the municipality and I’ Arca del Maresme’s longer term environmental strategy to reduce carbon dioxide and noise emissions, while also improving the general air quality of the local environment. The municipality is also working in conjunction with the Diputació de Barcelona on reducing carbon emissions by 20% by 2020 to meet legal requirements.

OPERATIONAL CAPABILITIESEach of the N2 series units are fitted with the L200 Combi- Lifter which consists of a comb bar for emptying DIN 30740 type containers of 80 - 1100 litres capacity. Trunnion arms have also been fitted to both units to enable the emptying of DIN 30700 type containers of 660 and 1100 litre capacities too. This gives the crew the versatility of using either the comb or trunnion arms.

The N2-series has an intermittent packing mechanism using the patented Geesinknorba slide block system. The compaction mechanism achieves a compaction ratio of 6:1 yielding a high payload.

One of the technical and operational advantages of the hybrid units is that they are electrically operated and provide a noise free waste collection service when collecting waste in the middle of the night.

The RCVs use a special industrial type lithium ion battery, which has been specially designed and manufactured for Geesinknorba. Including the battery pack, electric motor and electric

pump, the hybrid drive system weighs 500 kg, so it does not have any effect on payload of waste and recycling that the N2s can legally carry.

The Renault truck chassis recharges the power battery when the vehicle is moving from one collection point to another. The chassis starts to recharge the batteries once it reaches a speed of 8kph. The power unit achieves a fuel saving of 30% when in operation.

The power pack also needs charging from an electrical connection at the workshop once a week to make sure that the lithium ion batteries are stabilised. In service the batteries do not fall below the 60-70% level. If the batteries did fall to around 25% because of a technical or diagnostic issue the power unit would automatically disconnect and the hydraulics for operating the packing mechanism and bin lifting equipment would be provided through the chassis power take off using the Geesinknorba SmartPack system.

This is claimed to reduce the fuel consumption by 15% when used. The benefit to using the SmartPack system in conjunction with the hybrid system is that it will make sure that, if the conventional chassis PTO is used, it will maintain a high level of operational productivity for the waste collection service.

While hybrid technology is increasingly in the spotlight as municipalities try to reduce GHG and noise emissions, its not new for Spain. “Geesinknorba Spain have sold sixty hybrid waste collection vehicles to Spanish cities and towns,” explains Miguel Angel Morales Commercial Director for Geesinknorba Spain. “The first unit was delivered in 1996.”

According to the manufacture, the result of its years of development is a system reduces running costs, both in terms of reduced fuel consumption, but also because the engine doesn’t need to power the hydraulic system which reduces wear on it.

When it comes to maintenance, Geesinknorba Spain will support l’ Arca del Maresme’s new hybrid drive N2s from its Rubi service centre in Barcelona, as it will the firm’s KT2 24H25 RCV.

In conclusion, the Argentona municipality, in conjunction with l’ Arca del Maresme are using the new hybrid collection vehicles to provide an efficient waste management system for residents while successfully reducing noise and air pollution.

Timothy Byrne, MCIWM chartered waste manager, ISWA international waste manager and associate member Ategrus.

Geesinknorba’s hybrid drive system allows significant noise and emission reductions

when operating in urban areas

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48 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 2015

PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLDWIDE

ISWA INFORMATIONVISIT WWW.ISWA.ORG FOR MORE INFORMATION

ISWA BEACON CONFERENCES

ISWA regularly organises so called Beacon Conferences. These conferences highlight different waste management topics such as recycling and Waste Minimisation, Waste-to-Energy, Sustainable Landfill or Sorting and Treatment Techniques. Usually these issues are presented and discussed by a top-class panel of around 20 to 30 selected international speakers. In the past two month ISWA organised three such conferences which have been attended by more than 550 waste management experts from all over the world.

At a stunning location right in Hamburg`s harbor area, specific types of waste of high relevance for our societies – like End-of Live Vehicles and Shredder Light Fraction, composite materials, hard plastics, incineration residues and industrial slags, household waste and WEEE-waste have been addressed by high profile experts from science and practice in eight individual sessions.

Technologies and processes to deal with End-Of-Life vehicles presented by experts from industry showed that very high compulsory recycling rates can be achieved for this specific waste stream but however problems exist regarding the procedures valued as recycling. Questionable practices accepted as recycling pose an obstacle to high value recycling.

Social events and a technical tour complemented the conference sessions and facilitated the informal interaction of the 285 participants of this Beacon Conference.

ISWA Beacon Conference at Hotel Hafen Hamburg, Germany

This conference organized by ISWA’s Argentinian National Member ARS (Asociación para el Estudio de los Residuos Sólidos- National) and the Isalud University attracted 145 participants.

ISWA officials gave an introduction to the topic: Atilio Savino, ISWA Board Member and Vice-president of ARS presented “A conceptual framework for the Circular Economy”. Antonis

Mavropoulos, Chair of the ISWA STC, analysed the 3rd Industrial Revolution and its impacts on sound waste management and Björn Appelqvist presented the Final Report of the ISWA Task Force on Resource Management.

The Conference then focused on the responses and reactions of regional and local institutions and companies to the concept of a Circular Economy.

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT’,1 OCTOBER, BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA

‘RECOURSES FROM WASTE’ 14-16 OCTOBER, HAMBURG, GERMANY

Atilio Savino at the Beacon Conference in Buenos Aires

49SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 2015 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD

ISWA CALENDAR 2016JANUARY

ISWA-SWIS Winter School on Solid Waste Management - Landfill and Landfill Mining18–29 January 2016United States, Arlington & Denton, Texas

FEBRUARY

ISWA Working Group on Governance and Legal Issues Meeting 18–19 February 2016 France, Paris

ISWA Working Group Meeting on Communication and Social Issues25–26 February 2016Vienna, Austria

APRIL

Board Meeting 1 April 2016 Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur

ISWA Co-operation Conference on Healthcare Waste 14–15 April 2016 United Kingdom, London

ISWA Study Tour on Collection, Sorting & Recycling 25–29 April 2016Austria, Vienna

MAY/JUNE

IFAT 30 May – 3 June 2016Germany, Munich, IFAT

JUNE

Beacon Conference on Waste Minimisation and Recycling 15–17 June 2016Norway, Oslo

ISWA Study Tour Waste to Energy 19–24 June 2016Austria, Vienna

JULY

CleanEnviro Summit Singapore 2016 10–14 July 2016Singapore, Marina Bay Sands

SEPTEMBER

ISWA World Congress 2016 19–21 September 2016Serbia, Novi Sad

128 experts, professionals and students from 19 countries gathered in Malmö, Sweden for ISWA’s 9th Beacon Conference on Waste to Energy, hosted by ISWA’s Swedish National Member, Avfall Sverige and organized by the Working Group on Energy Recovery. The two day conference offered a broad perspective of the current waste-to-energy situation with both a technical and political focus.

ISWA President, David Newman opened the conference by challenging the Waste-to-Energy sector to engage in the circular economy. Topics on the first day included the role of energy recovery in the Circular Economy, public awareness (and acceptance)

for Waste-to-Energy and the importance of effective communication strategies for WtE organizations.

In the evening, the guests had the pleasure of a dinner in the spectacular surroundings of Örenäs Castle in Landskrona – a typical, modern Swedish castle, constructed in the early 20th century.

The second day focused on technical aspects and operational experience, with plant-focused case studies. On the Friday, guests were offered a technical tour of Filbornaverket plant in Helsinborg, a state-operated plant which supplies district heating to 6,000 homes in the area.

‘WASTE-TO-ENERGY’, 18-19 NOVEMBER, MALMÖ, SWEDEN

WtE Beacon Conference in Malmö, Sweden

For more details on the above mentioned events and meetings please go to www.iswa.org.


DIARY

DIARY OFEVENTSENERGY FROM WASTELondon, UK7-8 December 2015T: +44 (0) 20 7827 6000 F: +44 (0) 20 7827 6001E: [email protected]: www.smi-online.co.uk

15TH INTERNATIONAL ELECTRONICS RECYCLING CONGRESS IERC 2016Salzburg, Austria19-22 January 2016E: [email protected]: www.icm.ch

MACAO INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CO-OPERATION FORUM & EXHIBITION (MIECF) Macao31 March – 2 April 2016E: [email protected]: www.macaomiecf.com

ENERGY FROM WASTELondon, UK24-25 February 2016T: + 44 (0)1322 221144M:+ 44 (0)20 7501 6742 W: www.efwconference.com

16TH INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOBILE RECYCLING CONGRESS IARC 2016Berlin, Germany16-18 March 2016E: [email protected]: www.icm.ch

IFATMunich, Germany30 May – 3 June 2015T: +49 89 949-11358E: [email protected]: http://www.ifat.de

UK AD & BIOGAS 2016Birmingham, UK6-7 July 2016T: +44 (0) 20 3176 0503 E: [email protected]: adbioresources.org/uk-ad-biogas-2016

WASTECONIndianapolis, US22-25 August 2016W: www.swana.org/events/wastecon/Indianapolis2016

RWMBirmingham, UK8-11 November 2016T: +44 (0) 203 033 2049E: [email protected]: www.rwmexhibition.com

ECOMONDORimini, Italy3-6 November, 2016T: (+39) 0541/744.492F: (+39) 0541/744.475E: [email protected]: www.en.ecomondo.com

POLLUTEC 2016Lyon, France2-5 December 2016T: +33 (0)1 47 56 21 54F: +33 (0)1 47 56 21 10E: [email protected]: www.pollutec.com

Chief EditorBen MessengerEmail: [email protected]: +44 7917 566259

International Sales ManagerFelix KeckeisEmail: [email protected]: +44 7593 954911

PublisherINDUSTRIEMAGAZIN Verlag GmbHHans F. Zangerl, General ManagerEmail: [email protected] 561070 Vienna, AustriaTel: +43-1-585 9000-90www.industriemagazin-verlag.at

AdvertisingEditorial/News Contact: [email protected] Correspondence/Press Releases: Please send to Waste Management World at [email protected]

ADVERTISERS’ INDEXADVERTISER PAGE

ANDRITZ ........................................................................................................................................... 39

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COWI .................................................................................................................................................... 29

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GICOM ............................................................................................................................................... 16

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New Tier 4 engine, featuring much lower emissionsThe M&J PreShred crawler version can be moved during operation, and is easier to load and transport. It delivers all the sturdiness and strength you’d expect from a Metso PreShredder, with the added benefits of being easier to operate, more efficient to run, and easier to service – which the means a lower total ownership cost for you.

Easier to load and moveDrawing on its vast experience designing mobile units, M&J PreShred crawler version allows for excellent on-site mobility. The total height of the new crawler unit is half a meter lower, making it easier and cheaper to transport. Its lower height also makes it easier to load the machine, as a smaller loader can operate it.

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