Payloads and experiments on Foton...

Directorate of Manned Spaceflightand Microgravity.

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Payloads and experiments on Foton M-1

• The Foton spacecraft• The ESA role on Foton missions• The Foton-M1 mission• FluidPac and its experiments• Biopan and Stone• Autonomous experiments• TeleSupport and Data network• ESA-CNES experiments in Ibis• ESA-DLR experiments in Agat and Polizon• The SCCO experiment package

PietroPietro BaglioniBaglioni, , RenèRenè DemetsDemets, Antonio Verga, Antonio Verga


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Foton

•• FotonFoton is a Russian spacecraft, designed and built by TsSKB-Samara, operated by TsSKB and the Space Forces in Plesetsk under the supervision of RosaviaKosmos.

• The spacecraft consists of 33 modules -battery module, service module and re-entry module - of which only the latter is retrieved at landing.

•• FotonFoton has a typical mass of 6.5 tons6.5 tons, and may carry a scientific payload of 650 kg650 kg.

• The daily average power available to payloads is about 500 Watt500 Wattthroughout the mission (14.5 days14.5 days).


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Mission parameters for Foton

• Foton lifts off from Cosmodrome Plesetsk (62.8 N62.8 N; 40.1 E40.1 E), south of Arkhangelsk, launched by a Soyuz-U 3-stages rocket in a slightly elliptical orbit (~400km400kmapogee, ~230Km230Km perigee).

• The Foton descent vehicle lands in the steppe close to the Russia-Kazakhstan border. Landing is assisted with a parachute and retro-rockets, in order to limit the impact shock within 40g40g for about 50ms50ms.


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Environmental conditions on board

• Pressurised environment• Stable air temperature (1818ooCC to

2525ooCC, typically) • Good relative humidity (40%40% to

70%70% RH)• Low residual acceleration level

(less than 1010--55gg from DC to 12Hz12Hz)

• Clean power supply (~26V26V to ~28V28V)

• Good heat exchange within the capsule air

Temperatures

15

17

19

21

23

25

27

29

7-Sep-99 9-Sep-99 11-Sep-99 13-Sep-99 15-Sep-99 17-Sep-99 19-Sep-99 21-Sep-99 23-Sep-99

oC

T1 min

T1 max

T2 min

T2 max


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ESA and Foton/Bion


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Payload integration and test

• Payloads are integrated and tested at TsSKB-Progress factory in Samara, starting 3 months3 months before launch.

• A reduced mission simulation is then performed.

• Foton and its launcher are finally transported from Samara to the launch site by train.


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Close-out and late access

• After transport, all payloads and instruments on board are once more tested at the integration hall of Cosmodrome Plesetsk.

• The second reduced mission simulation sequence is repeated.

• Experiments and samples can be loaded until 72 hours72 hours prior to the launch.


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Operation during the mission

• The orbital flight of Foton is monitored from TsSUPTsSUP, Moscow and EIKEIK--33, Samara. Most of the scientific and housekeeping data of the experiments on board are received at ESRANGEESRANGE, Kiruna, where from they are distributed on line to the science community.


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Landing and retrieval of experiments

• Operations are carried out within minutes after landing

• De-installation of Biopan, Stone, and autonomous experiments

• De-installation of Ibis and retrieval of its experiments

• Removal and disposal of dosimeters• Draining of FluidPac’s cooling loop• Removal of Digital Tape Recorder• Inspection of H/W• Read-out of environmental data

recorded on data logger• Duplication of flight data


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Schedule of the Foton-M1 mission

• ESA, Rosaviakosmos and TsSKBsigned the contract for Foton-M1 on 11/4/200111/4/2001

• Launch date agreed for mid-October 2002October 2002

• First I/F meeting with TsSKBheld on mid-July 2001July 2001 in Samara (Russia)

• Delivery of flight H/W for integration by end of July 2002July 2002

• Improvements of the spacecraft are in progress at TsSKB


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Payload composition for Foton M-1

•• FluidPacFluidPac 186 kg 44 fluid physics experiments•• TeleSupportTeleSupport 24 kg will assist FluidPac and Agat•• BiopanBiopan--44 27 kg 99 experiments in exobiology

and radiation exposure•• IbisIbis (CNES) 76 kg 88 experiments from CNES and ESA in

cellular biology•• AgatAgat (DLR) 37 kg 66 experiments from ESA-DLR on

diffusion coefficient measurements•• AutonomousAutonomous 7 kg 33 experiments from ESA’s

‘OUTREACH’ program for students•• StoneStone 3 kg 22 meteoritic re-entry experiments•• PolizonPolizon (KBOM) 144 kg 44 DLR’s and 22 ESA’s experiments on

crystal growth•• OthersOthers ~30 kg new ESA’s experiments (among

which SCCO, SCCO, jointly with CSA)


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The Fluid Physics Facility (FluidPac)

• Instrument to conduct fluid physics experiments (33--44) in weightlessness.

• Large volume (~700 litres700 litres) but relatively low mass (185kg185kg).

• High power handling capability (500W500W).

• Two separate assemblies (Experiment Box and Electronic Boxes) dimensioned to sustain high mechanical loads (up to 90g90gshock).


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FluidPac performances

• Very accurate (±±0.10.1ooCC) temperature control from 55ooC to 80C to 80ooCC, with good stability conditions ((±±0.010.01ooC/hourC/hour).

•• 30W30W heat rejection capability at the experiment cold plate for T=5T=5ooCC (120W at 40oC).

• Very low induced disturbances from moving parts.


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FluidPac provisions to experiments

•• 1313 different optical diagnostic tools, including three interferometers and one infrared camera.

• More than 100100 signals for housekeeping and scientific in-situ measurements.

• Automatic user-selected image compression for 22-- to to 2020--foldfold data reduction.

•• 5 5 GbytesGbytes on board data storage capacity.


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Outcome of FluidPac experiments on Foton-12

MAGIAMAGIA : model experiment for crystal growth from melts, with a low viscosity liquid contained in a ring between a cold centre and a hot brim; for high ∆T, the surface instabilities switch from oscillatory waves to chaotic behaviour; most of the scientific objectives were met and published in two scientific papers.

TRAMPTRAMP : the experiment searched for a prove of the existence of ‘thermal forces’ inside liquids, seeded with solid particles; those forces set on when a thermal gradient is applied; despite the very low residual acceleration (3 3 ÷÷ 9 9 µµgg at 1.661.66 mHzmHz), no drifts by thermal forces could be distinguished from the induced convective flows.

BAMBIBAMBI : a blown fuse prevented the injection of oil in the cell;the experiment was completely lost.


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New FluidPac experiments

•• BAMBIBAMBI (Univ. of Bruxelles), as flown on Foton-12

•• ARIELARIEL (Univ. of Pisa), pool boiling with electric field

•• SIMBASIMBA (Univ. of Bruxelles), Soret-effect instabilities

•• DAGOBERTDAGOBERT (Univ. of Darmstadt), advanced capillary structure


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Biopan

• Multi-user exposure facility, designed for exobiology, radiation biology, radiation dosimetry and material science investigations in space.

•• 11 test flight and 33 operational flights successfully completed (Foton 9 in ’94, Foton 11 in ’97 & Foton 12 in ’99).

• Installed on the external surface of the Fotondescent capsule, is protected with a heat shield for re-entry.

• Mission profile includes late installation at the launch site and early retrieval after landing.

• Provided with a motor-driven hinged lid, is opened in orbit to expose the samples to the harsh space environment.

• Equipped with a variety of temperature, pressure and radiation sensors (UV, radiometers, detectors).

• Telemetry and telecommand capability


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Biopan experiments on Foton-12

•• VITAMINVITAMINDr. N. Dousset, Univ. Toulouse (F)

•• YEASTYEASTProf. J. Kiefer, Univ. Giessen (D)

•• DOSIMAPDOSIMAPDr. G. Reitz, DLR Cologne (D)

•• SURVIVALSURVIVALDr. G. Horneck, DLR Cologne (D)


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Return of Biopan experiments

•• 2424 hours after landing of Foton, Biopan is transported back to ESTEC in a temperature controlled box. Thereafter the experiment samples are removed from the two half shells and returned to the scientific teams for analysis. Results are known within a couple of months.


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Experiments for Biopan-4 on Foton-M1

EXOBIOLOGYPERMAFROSTPERMAFROSTDr. D. A. GilichinskyRussian Academy of Sciences

RADIATION BIOLOGYYEAST IIYEAST IIProf. J. KieferJustus-Liebig Univ. Giessen, Germany

RADIATION DOSIMETRYLETVARLETVARDr. N. Vana, Dr. T. BergerAtominstitute, Vienna, Austria

EXOBIOLOGYMARSTOXMARSTOXDr. P. RettbergDLR – Koln, Germany

EXOBIOLOGYLICHENSLICHENSDr. L. G. SanchoUniversity of Madrid, Spain

RADIATION DOSIMETRYRD3RD3--BBDr. T. Dachev, /Prof. HaderUniversity of Sofia, Bulgaria/Un. Erlangen D

EXOBIOLOGYORGANICSORGANICSProf. P. EhrenfreundLeiden Observatory, NL

RADIATION DOSIMETRYRADORADODr. V. A. ShurshakovSRC IBMP RAS, Moscow, Russia

RADIATION BIOLOGYPHOTOPHOTODr. Maria Teresa GiardiIBEV - CNR – Roma, Italy


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The STONE experiment

• World’s first artificial meteorite experiment, designed to look at changes suffered by meteorites during the passage through the atmosphere

• Flown on Foton-12, when 2 out of 3 samples were retrieved after flight (1 sample lost during landing)

• Good and interesting results after analysis of the morphological and chemical changes induced by the atmosphere entry conditions

• Strong interest of the scientific community in follow-on experiments

•• 44 samples will fly on Foton-M1


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The Telescience Support Unit (TeleSupport)

• Advanced electronic unit to acquire scientific data from FluidPac and Agat and transmit them to ground.

• Taylor-made on board image processing with very high compression ratio (up to 1:5001:500).

• ‘Mail box’-style telecommandinterface to modify FluidPac and Agat experiment parameters from ground.

• Two omni-directional antennae with cross-polarisation RF-beams.


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Ground Station Network during Foton M-1 flight

•• ESRANGEESRANGE, Kiruna, will be the main operation centre. Fotonwill be visible over ESRANGE four times/day between 18:00 and 24:00 CET.

•• FairbanksFairbanks, Alaska, could also receive data from FluidPac, Agat and TeleSupport fourtimes/day between 06:00 and 12:00 CET.

• Scientific data will be readily available to universities via Internet and FTP procedures.


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Autonomous Experiments on Foton-M1

•• 33 Autonomous Experiments, from the ‘OutreachOutreach’ educational program will be accommodated in 3 BB containers.

•• Floatin’ Floatin’ ProteinProtein (University of York, UK)

•• WinogradWinograd (University of Edinburgh, UK)

•• ChondroChondro (Federal Institute of technology, Zurich, CH)

• Experiment samples will be installed in Foton-M1 at LL--7474 hours at the integration site in Plesetsk.


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ESA-CNES experiments in Ibis

•• IbisIbis, developed by CNES, is at its 4th flight on Foton. It performs, automatically, cell biology experiments. It consists of a “cold” chamber (44ooCC--2222ooCC), a ‘hot” chamber (2222ooCC--3737ooCC), a static tray, and a continuously rotating centrifuge simulating the earth gravity.

• Ibis will accommodate 2 experiments selected by ESA’s scientific peer: ATSPACEATSPACE(Univ. of Bonn, D), studying the first stage of growth of seeds in weightlessness and BIOCLEARBIOCLEAR (Univ. of Groningen, NL), conducting survival tests on bacteria used to clean and purify water.


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Agat

• High temperature (10001000ooCC) furnace for crystal growth, directional solidification, shear cell technique under vacuum (1010--33mbarmbar).

• 6 sample cartridges with attached heating elements (50K/cm50K/cm)and thermocouples.

• The experiment program is coordinated by three European universities (Technical University of Berlin, Laboratory MADYLAM in Grenoble, and University of Karlsruhe).

• Agat will use TeleSupport for the first time on Foton-M1.


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Polizon

• Multi-zone electro-vacuum furnace (12001200ooCC) with translation unit (0.050.05--50mm/h50mm/h) and rotating magnetic field (5mT, 400Hz5mT, 400Hz).

• The experiment samples are loaded sequentially from a cartridge drum.

• Two experiments selected by ESA µ-g board: growth of Ge-Si crystals with vibrating unit and magnetic field (Crystallographic Institute of Freiburg, Technical University of Freiberg, Mendeleyev Institute of Moscow, University of Marseille, Institute for Continuous Media Mechanics in Perm).


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The SCCO experiment

• Measurement of Soret coefficient in crude oil.

• Originally conceived for a flight inside a GAS container.

• Study in progress to adapt the existing hardware for accommodation inside Foton-M1.

• Available room and mass margin for two columns (1212 experiment samples).

• The conduct of the experiment is compatible with the on board resources.


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Future Foton flights

• Included in the ‘ELIPSELIPS’ programme

• New experiments to be proposed

• Improvement of payload performances

• Extended use of TeleSupport

• Full exploitation of Foton flight opportunities for other ESA directorates

Payloads and experiments on Foton...

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