...and  some  bonus  from  the  immunogen  attachment  strategy

(1)  Very  easy  single  step,  mild  and  clean  surface  modification  strategy

     (mix  GNP  and  NTA-­derivative,  incubate  and  wash/spin)

(2)  Linker  length  can  be  adjusted  by  using  different   -­carboxyl-­alkane-­thiol  

         or   -­carboxyl-­ethylenglycol-­alkane-­thiol

     (dicarboxymethyl-­lysin  +  any  molecule  with  carboxy  and  thiol  can  be  easily  obtained  and  utilized)

(3)  Proteins  do  not  have  to  be  exposed  to  any  chemicals  so  that  the  integrity

         and  activities  of  attachment  target  can  be  guaranteed

     (some  proteins  do  not  survive  chemical  modification  step  of  attachment  chemistry)

(4)  Use  of  general  metal  chelating  strategy  allows  us  to  attach  virtually  any

         co-­stimulatory  molecules  (proteins)  with  His-­tag.

     (We  use  His-­tag  for  protein  purification  anyway,  so  there  is  no  extracost  involved)

(5)  Potentially,  purification/attachment  on  the  GNP  directly  from  expressed  protein

     (Maybe  good  for  the  large  scale  production  as  long  as  protein  is  pure  enough)