Paula Yurkanis Bruice Chapter 8 - Staff Site …staff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Dr....
Transcript of Paula Yurkanis Bruice Chapter 8 - Staff Site …staff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Dr....
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Chapter 8
Reactions of Dienes
Ultraviolet and Visible
Spectroscopy
Organic Chemistry
4th Edition
Paula Yurkanis Bruice
Irene Lee
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, OH
©2004, Prentice Hall
Disampaikan oleh: Dr. Sri Handayani
2013
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Hydrocarbon containing
two double bonds: diene
three double bonds: triene
four double bonds: tetraene
many double bonds: polyene
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Different Kinds of Dienes
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Nomenclature of Alkenes with More
than One Functional Group
1. Identify the longest continuous chain containing
both double bonds
2. Give the double bonds the lowest possible number
3. The numbers indicating the double bonds are cited
either before the name of the parent compound or
before the suffix
4. Substituents are cited in alphabetical order
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When the double bonds are a double bond and a triple
bond
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If there is a tie, the double bond gets the lowest number
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H2C CHCH2OH CH3C CHCH2CH2OH
CH3
H2C CHCH2CH2CH2CHCH3
NH2
OH
CH3 NH2
2-propen-1-ol 4-methyl-3-penten-1-ol 6-hepten-2-amine
6-methyl-2-cyclohexanol 3-cyclohexenamine
A chain is numbered to give the lowest number to the
functional group with the highest priority
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Configurational Isomers of Dienes
The Z isomer has the high-priority groups on the same
side
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Why is conjugated diene more stable than isolated
diene?
The closer the electrons are to the nucleus, the shorter
and stronger is the bond
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Electron Delocalization Stabilizes a
Conjugated Diene
H2C CH CH CH2
H2C CH CH CH2H2C CH CH CH2
CH2 CH CH CH2
resonance contributors
resonance hybrid
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A cumulated diene is less stable than an isolated diene
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Addition can occur at only one of the double bonds when
1 mole of HBr is available
Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Isolated
Dienes
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Electrophilic Addition Reactions of
Conjugated Dienes
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A conjugated diene undergoes both 1,2- and 1,4-addition
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kinetic control
thermodynamic or equilibrium control
Compare the two addition product distribution at different
reaction temperatures
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• The kinetic product is the product that is formed most
rapidly
• The kinetic product predominates when the reaction is
irreversible (kinetic control)
• The thermodynamic product is the most stable product
• The thermodynamic product predominates when the
reaction is reversible (thermodynamic control)
Thermodynamic Versus Kinetic Control
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The 1,4-addition product has the greater number of alkyl
groups bonded to the sp2 carbon (more stable)
Why is the 1,2-addition product the kinetic product?
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Consider the reaction coordinate diagram …
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Consider 1,3-pentadiene + DCl
H2C CHCH CHCH3
H2C CHCH CHCH3
+ DCl
+
D Cl
CH2CH CHCHCH3
D Cl
1,2-addition product
78%
1,4-addition product
22%
The 1,2-addition is the major product because the chloride ion can
stabilize the positive charge better at C-2 than at C-4 simply
because it is closer to C-2 (the proximity effect)
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Do not assume that the 1,4-addition product is always
the thermodynamic product …
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The Diels–Alder Reaction:
A 1,4-Addition Reaction
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The Diels–Alder reaction is a pericyclic reaction; a
[4+2] cycloaddition reaction
+
diene dienophile transition
state
new bond
new bond
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The reactivity of the dienophile is increased if one or
more electron-withdrawing groups are attached to its
sp2 carbons
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A Molecular Orbital Description of the
Diels–Alder Reaction
Let’s focus on the HOMO and the LUMO of the
reactants
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Stereochemistry of the Diels–Alder
Reaction
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The reaction is a syn addition
• The Diels–Alder reaction is stereospecific
• The configuration of the reactants is maintained
• The reaction is concerted
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Predicting the reaction products
1. Consider the alignment of the reactants
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2. Consider the charge distribution in each of the
reactants
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Only the cis conformation can participate in a
Diels–Alder reaction
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Two Possible Configurations of Bridged
Bicyclic Compounds
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Secondary orbital overlap favors the endo product
formation
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Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy
• Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between
matter and electromagnetic radiation
• UV/Vis spectroscopy provides information about
compounds with conjugated double bonds
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UV and Vis light cause only two kinds of electronic
transition
• Only organic compounds with electrons can UV/Vis
spectra
• A visible spectrum is obtained if visible light is absorbed
• A UV spectrum is obtained if UV light is absorbed
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A chromophore is the part of a molecule which absorbs
UV or visible light
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The Beer–Lambert Law
The molar absorptivity of a compound is a constant that
is characteristic of the compound at a particular
wavelength
A = log(I0/I)
c = concentration of substance
in solution
l = length of the cell in cm
= molar absorptivity
A = cl
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Effect of Conjugation on max
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Both the max and increase as the number of
conjugated double bonds increases
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An auxochrome is a substituent in a chromphore that
alters the max and the intensity of the absorption
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The Visible Spectrum and Color
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Uses of UV/Vis Spectroscopy
• Measure the rates of a reaction
• Determine the pKa of a compound
• Estimate the nucleotide composition of DNA