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Transcript of Paul Nicolae BORZA Domotics2014Final
8/18/2019 Paul Nicolae BORZA Domotics2014Final
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New trends on homeautomation systems
First course
Prof.dr.ing. Paul Nicolae [email protected]
4
th
Renewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY
22.01.2015
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What means Domotics or HomeAppliances Systems
…a technological science which
studies all devices in the house or the building,facilitating the work and increasing the comfortof peoples,
is focused on the integration of all automationswithin the house,
creates an ideal environment for the human lifethe DREAM HOUSE !
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Which are common automation systems?
In our homes
In public buildings such as:
airports,
railways stations,
cultural cities – theaters, cinema halls;
sport arenas, etc.
In industrial buildings
As zero emission buildings or “green houses”
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In what ways we might view automationsystems?
STRUCTURAL point of view that means: image of all elementsincluded in house automations with their links (systems, elements andtheir links)
FUNCTIONAL point of view that means: the capacity of subsystems toimplement useful functions in house (activities)
INFORMATIONAL point of view that reflect the communicationnetworks and what kind of data them carry inside building (dataexchanged)
BEHAVIORAL point of view that reflect the models (mathematical,logical, workflows or physical) that reproduce the real elements thatare integrated into the buildings
Functionalityactivities
Structuresystem architecture
Behaviourcontrol model
Information syst.data/information model
Functionalityactivities
Structuresystem architecture
Behaviourcontrol model
Information syst.data/information model
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Classification function of nature ofsystem’s elements
Hardware: the physical part of home’s integrated
elements that are interconnected together and that formself or supervised controlled systems
Soft programmed systems
Hard programmed systems
Software: collection of workflows implemented asprograms that running on hardware elements
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Functionality of the Home automationSystems 1/2
Temperature (thermal comfort) Lighting (level of illumination)
White goods (electric refrigerators, freezers and theircombinations, household washing machines, electric tumbledryers, combined washer-dryers, dishwashers, household lamps,room air conditioners, ovens, vacuum cleaners, etc.)
Home Entertainment System: TVs, multi-media devices, etc.
Management of utilities: gas, water, electrical energy
Communication
Home monitoring, surveillance, access and security
Assistive Systems
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Functionality of the Home automationSystems 2/2
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Home automation systems aredeveloped hierarchically
PABX
COs
ISDN...
direct link
(e.g. RS232)
LAN (e.g.
Ethernet)external accesses
(gateways,modems,...)
High level controlLow level control(real-time constraints)(monitoring andsupervisioning)
...
CCTV
Intrusion
user interface
dedicated workstation
...
dedicated network
(e.g. RS485)
video cabling
PLC
PLCSensors
Actuactors
PABX
COs
ISDN...
direct link
(e.g. RS232)
LAN (e.g.
Ethernet)external accesses
(gateways,modems,...)
High level controlLow level control(real-time constraints)(monitoring andsupervisioning)
...
CCTV
Intrusion
user interface
dedicated workstation
...
dedicated network
(e.g. RS485)
video cabling
PLC
PLCSensors
Actuactors
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Signal pathway in data acquisitionsystems
Acquisition of signals (sensing) Processing (data collections)
Actuators (Acting systems)
Communications
Correlation of home automation sub-systems (inter
processing) Monitoring of principal signals and home security and
surveillance (supervising)
Producing storing and consuming energy (energymanagement)
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Signal pathway in data acquisitionsystems and delays on
Actuators
Processor/Processors
Sensors/Transducers
Informal Bus
S u p e r v i s o r s y s t e
m
Energysource
Тs Sensing time
тCAD Conversion analog-to digital time
тprog
Processing time (run program with acquireтDAC Conversion digital to analog time
тa Actuator time constant
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Computer Integration Building
Isolated equipments
Secu-
rity
Access
control HVAC
Electric
Energy
control,
Lifts,
water, ...
ImageVoice
Data
and
Text
HVAC
and other
Integrated
controls
TV,
Image
Commun.
Voice
Commun.
Text
Commun.
and
Faxes
Data
Commun.
Security
and access
control
Building
Automation
Systems
Integrated
Communication
Systems
ComputerIntegrated
BuildingXXI Century
90’s
80’s
Early 80’s
Before 80’s
Market
development
periods
Market
development
periodsIntegration
Average Level
Integration
Average Level
Computer Integrated Building
Integrated Systems
Multi-functions systems
Dedicated systems/
one-function
Isolated equipments
Secu-
rity
Access
control HVAC
Electric
Energy
control,
Lifts,
water, ...
ImageVoice
Data
and
Text
HVAC
and other
Integrated
controls
TV,
Image
Commun.
Voice
Commun.
Text
Commun.
and
Faxes
Data
Commun.
Security
and access
control
Building
Automation
Systems
Integrated
Communication
Systems
ComputerIntegrated
BuildingXXI Century
90’s
80’s
Early 80’s
Before 80’s
Market
development
periods
Market
development
periodsIntegration
Average Level
Integration
Average Level
Computer Integrated Building
Integrated Systems
Multi-functions systems
Dedicated systems/
one-function
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Main processing topologies in HomeAutomations
7/2/2014
Sensor Processor
Actuator
Network bus/Protocol Supervisor
Distributed control:
Centralized control:
SensorPre-
processing
AdapterActuatorController
SensorPre-
processing
AdapterActuator…
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Components of Home AutomationSystems
Intelligent/Smart Sensors Smart Actuators
Data concentrators / Signal Dependent Processing
Integration Processor
Communication Processors and Networks Aggregation Processors
Presentation Processors implementing human-machine interfaces (HMI)
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What is a Smart Sensor? A device able to convert into an electric signal another one frequently having a different “nature” and able toimplement one or more functionalities such as:
Amplification, Filtering, Limitation or Logarithm of the signal
Making decisions about level, shape of converted signal, or apparition of signalon its inputs, detection of artifacts or noises, etc.
Able to self switch between more signal’s inputs
Able to auto calibrate, adjust
Able to self detect his status and to compare it with normal or abnormalstages
Able as result of self status detection capacity to react by compensating missfunctionalities or mal functioning, replacing self elements with existingredundant elements
Able to find out solution in case of mal functioning stages, etc.
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Which are the principal signals acquiredby smart sensors
Electric Signals:
Voltage
Current
Frequency
Phase
Non Electric Signals:
Temperature
Humidity
Light flow and/or intensity
Mechanical signals: presence, displacements, velocity, acceleration, position,etc.
Chemical signals: CO2 , N2, CH4 etc. concentrations in air
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Structure of a Smart Sensor
Reference/CalibrationControl multiplexor
Gain Settings
Wired /WirelessCommunication protocol
[Human Machine Interface]
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Sensors Examples
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“Mote” systems
Mica 2 “smart dust”
sensor
Structure & Functionality ofsensors:
•Sensors;•Processors;•Energy sources
Topology of the networks:
•Mesh•Star
Support for design and operatinOperating systems - TinyOSEnergetic autonomy
Infineon eyesIFX2.1 SDK
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Smart Sensors – Local processing
Structure & Functionality of
sensors:
•Sensors;
•Processors;•Energy sources
Communication networks:
topologies &
protocols:
•Mesh
(mesh based)
•Star(node based)
•Bus
To measure:TemperaturePressurePresence, movement
HumidityAir compositionLightElectromagnetic fields
To process:One-dimensional signalsImages (bi-dimensional)Complex signals (correlat
To supply:Locally generatedMixed generatedCentral generated and transmit
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An example: MSP430 Family
Advantages:Include all the function16th bits RISC architectVery low consumptionA large number of inteI2CFlash memory until 62Include A/D and D/A co
From Texas Instrument site
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Other System on Chip – comparison -
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Other System of Chip
daVinci Image Processor
MEGA2560 Microcontroller
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Other System of Chip
• Single cycle 8051 processor• DC to 67MHz• Multiply &Divide• Flash up to 64 KB 100kcycles WR• Up to 8KB SRAM• 24 channels DMA (Direct Memory
Access)• AHB architecture (Advance
Microcontroller Bus Architecture)• Many A/D and D/A converters with
variable resolution
Cypress Inc PSoC 3®
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Main 8 bits Microcontrollers Families
Family MCS51
Family PIC
Family AVR8
Families Cypress PSoC0x
Families MSP430Fxxx
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Family MSC51 1/3 CPU on 8 bits
4 Kbytes ROM memory
128/256/512Bytes SRAM memory
32 general registers divided in fourbanks
2 I/O ports
2 Timers 8 & 16 bits
1 full duplex USART
An Interrupt Controller with 5th vectored sources: T0,T1,USART,INT0&INT1
Two level of priorities
Maximum 64Kbytes external memory
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Family MSC51 2/3
A Accumulator
B Indexer (8th bits)
DPH&DPL Data Pointer (16th bits)
PC Program Counter (16th bits)
PSW Program Status Word 8th bits
SP Stack Pointer
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Family MCS51 3/3
Instruction set is the most reliable and well-tested of all thefamilies of microcontroller is present (it appeared in 1974-1975,and implemented in billions of units)
Has 4 banks of general registers making it extremely easy andquick change of context by simply pointing to another benchgeneral registers selectable using two selection bits (RS1, RS0);
Operating at high frequencies and thus in conjunction with thereduction to a single clock cycle an instruction duration achievedsignificant performance computing.
Finally it is very cheap and can be made in most circuits hascurrent semiconductor technologies.
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Family PIC –Microchip 1/4
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Family PCI Microchip 2/4 (PIC10Xxxx) A relatively reduced number of
pins
SRAM memory 16 till 24 bytes Instruction Word Length 12bits
Power consumption 100nW-1uW
32 Instructions
1 Serial Interface
1 Timer
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Family PIC Microchip ¾ (PIC16Fxxx) Number of pins between 8 and 64
SRAM memory is up to 386 bytes
Instruction word length is 14 bits Power consumption Approx. 100nW-
1μW
35 instructions
Two or more timers
1 Synchronous and Asynchronous
serial interface circuit basedcommunication
For generating an interrupt to thesingle entry point and identify thesource soft switches
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Family PIC Microchip 4/4
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Family PIC Microchip 4/4Comparison between different PIC circuits
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Atmel ARV Family 1/2
Has a structure of records and advanced instructionset:
32 general registers usable for all 8-bit operations
3 pairs of registers that allow indexed addressing
A set of instructions (instruction 120 according to theabove embodiment)
Has facilities system troubleshooting
Serviceable and opening hours can be uploadeddirectly into the system (ISP In System Programming)
Ports GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) haveadditional records that specify the direction ofpropagation of the signal through the port
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Atmel AVR Family 2/2ATMEGA 128
8-bit Controller
Harvard architecture Width 16-bit program word
Memory 128Kbytes
Instruction number 133
Number 53 GPIO lines Themaximum frequency 16MHz
Array of timers with 16channels
Has "watch-dog"
In System Programming (ISP)
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Families PSoC 0x (Cypress) (1/4)PSoC03
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Families PSoC 0x (Cypress) (2/4)PSoC03 Integrate on the same chip a hardware and software programming
device
Allow a better adaptation of pins and functionalities function ofsystem requirements and characteristics
Performance is mainly offered by the central processing unit (areseveral implementations ST8, MCS51, ARM solutions
Maximum clock frequency 50MHz (PSoC03)
Includes a very flexible variety of analog to digital converters thatcould be customized from 12 till 16th bits resolutions (SAR/sigma-delta)
All digital and analogic lines could be multiplexed by appropriateprogramming
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Family PSoC (3/4)Universal Digital Block Array (UDBA)
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Family PSoC03 (4/4)Routing circuit pins
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Comparison between different CypressPSoC families
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Mixed signal processors MSP430Fxxx 1/2
16th bits microcontroller
Has a reduced instruction set ISA includes a powerful mathematics
instruction set
Clock frequency is generated from abase frequency 32.768kHz bymultiplication
Internal flash memory variablefunction of device between 8kBytes till64kbytes
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Mixed signal processors MSP430Fxxx 2/2
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g p
They have an extremely low (about 0 μA);
Wake-up duration from power down extremely low;
The number of peripherals includes GPIO lines differ from one circuit to
another;
ADCs 10, 12 or 16 bits, maximum sampling frequency and resolution aredifferent from one circuit to another (eg 10-bit frequency sampling can reach200KSPS);
It features an integrated voltage reference source and two digital-to-analogconverters 12-bit;
Has a variable number of 16-bit timers depending on the circuit;
Has general registers ("file registers") wide that streamlines processing;The instruction set is optimized for microcontroller's programming in C;
Is a vectored interrupt system, the Assign at least one vector for eachperipheral function circuit element.
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Analog to Digital Circuits
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Analog to Digital Circuits
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
V o l t a g e
( V o l t s )
Analog Voltage
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 LSBNumber of Bits (N) Resolution (1/2N) Increment (5V)
6 1/64 78.18 1/256 19.6
10 1/1024 4.9
12 1/4096 1.2
14 1/16384 0.3
16 1/65536 0.07
= /2N*Vin
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Characteristic of converter
D I G I T A L O U T P U
T
1 LSB
ANALOG INPUT
1/8 2/8 3/8 4/8 5/8 6/8 7/8
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
From Analog-Devices presentation
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Main parameters of analog to digital
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Main parameters of analog to digitalconverters Aperture error is defined as the amplitude and time errors of the sampled data
points due to the uncertainty of the dynamic data changes during sampling
The quantization error represents the incertitude as result of dividing of inputinterval by integer values, normally power of 2. The minimum value ofuncertainty or quantization error is ±1/2LSB
The resolution represents the number that is use to divide the input domain andnormally is given as 2 exponent (N) LSB=VFS/2N.
Linearity error can’t be corrected or compensated. The single method consist incalibration and development of a Look Up Table
“Noise free” effective resolution (ER) is done by: ER=log2 (FSR/RMS noise) [bits]and Noise free=log2(FSR/6.6RMS noise)[bits]. Effective number of Bits (ENOB) isdefined as: ENOB=(SINAD-1.76dB)/6.02.
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Example ADC161S626 (TI) 1/2
16-bit resolution with no missingcodes
Guaranteed performance from 50 to250 kSPS
±0.003% signal span accuracy
Separate Digital Input/Output Supply
True differential input
External voltage reference range of+0.5V to VA
Zero-Power Track Mode with 0 μsecwake-up delay
Wide input common-mode voltagerange of 0V to VA
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Example ADC161S626 (TI) 2/2
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Example ADC161S626 (TI) 2/2 Conversion Rate 50 kSPS to
250 kSPS
DNL + 0.8 / − 0.5 LSB
INL ± 0.8 LSB Offset Error Temp Drift 2.5
μV/°C
Gain Error Temp Drift 0.3ppm/°C
SNR 93.2 dB
Power Consumption
10 kSPS, 5V 0.24 mW
200 kSPS, 5V 5.3 mW
250 kSPS, 5V 5.8 mW
Power-Down, 5V 10 μW
Ideal Conversion Characteristics
Timing of SPI interface
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Circuits for analog signal processingLMP8358 (TI) 2/2
Falling edge represent thechanging moment of digitalvalues on inputs
The circuits could be connected
in:
Parallel
Series
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f l l
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Circuits for analog signal processingLMP8358 (TI) 1/2
Supply voltage: 2.7-5.5V Supply current: 1.8mA
Max. Gain error: 0.15%
Max drift error: 16ppm/K
Min CMRR: 110dB
Max Offset voltage 10uV
Bandwidth: 0-8MHz
Max non linearity: 100ppm
SPI Inteface
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A li i E l
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Applications -Example
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Application Example Explanations
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Represents a board used for identification of State of Charge ofBatteries using Impulsive method
Includes:
2 precision digital programmed oscillators: 0-50MHz, resolution 11mHz
2 precision data acquisition channels: 16 bits, sampling rate ≤250KSps, power
management facilities, single reference voltage, mono or bi polar input voltage,result is done in 2 complement
2 programmable gain amplifiers with automatic drift compensation; gain between1x, 10x,20x, 50x, 100x, 200x, 500x, 1000x.
SPI Interface
char read_CAD(char address){char tmp,lo,hi;
zero_bufspi();pspi=&bufspi[0];
contor_r_spi=2;spidir=1; SPCR = 0x00; //Dezactivea//necesare esantionarii pePORTB=0xF7; //init switch (address){..\DATA ACQUISITION SYSTcase 0:
PORTB
case 1:PORTB
}asm("cbi $18,1\n sbi $18,1\SPCR = 0xD8; //Activeaza SSPDR=0x00;
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Sensors and Actuators Energetic
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Sensors and Actuators EnergeticRequirements
Telco applications Overall
power
consumption
Autonomy
From Super capacitor
Stored
energy
Typical Voltage Typical
Courant
SensorAnd / or wireless
sensor node
50 mW to 100 mW 24 hours 50mJ to 100mJ x24 hours
1.8 V up to 2.7V 20 mA
Mobile supply a few W
5 to 10 W
1 week 1 W in 1 hours
=3600J
4.8 V 1 to 3 A
Electromechanical
converters
Supplied from
battery
A few minutes 1000A in a second 12 or 14 V 1000 A
Telco applications Charging time Super capacitorcapacity
Request Volume/packaging
REMARKS
Sensor 1 hour 1to10 Farad a few mm3 Super capacitors are used as storage and
batteries
Mobile supply 1 minute 30 to 40 Farad a few cm3 Super capacitors are used as an energy
buffer
Engine starting /
actuators battery
1 hour 100 to 1000 Farad not important Super capacitors are used for starting
current impulse
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P i St f E b dd d
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Programming Steps for EmbeddedSystems Developments Analyzing of process or system that will be implemented
Hardware design Software design
Developing the corresponding of flow diagrams
Editing the source program (assembler, C, Pascal, etc)
Compiling
Linking
Converting in Intel HEX format to be transfer to the system Transfer to target system
Testing
Validating
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T l d t d l g
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Tools used to develop programs
Editors: notepad++, notepad, integrated editors into IDEs
Compilators C: gcc Linkeditors
Debuggers
System Development Kits SDKs
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Type of embedded Applications
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Type of embedded Applications
Event Drive Systems
Programmed Actions Systems
Event: a marked stage of the system that request an specific action
Interrupt: Change the context of program execution, Stop the currentprogram execution, save the status of CPU, recognize the interruptsource, jump to
Interrupt service routine: A sub-routine that describe the specific actiontriggered by an event
Features of interrupt system:
fast response,
specific and
able to prioritizes the service of events
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Main type of Embedded Systems 1/2
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Main type of Embedded Systems 1/2
Update
status
Interrupt Vectors
Table
Commands Vectors
Table
Updatestatus
Cycling
Automata with finite number ofstages
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Main type of Embedded Systems 2/2
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Main type of Embedded Systems 2/2
igital Regulator
ADC
DAC
ControlledprocessMicro-controler P
r o g r a m
M e m o r y
Commands
Senzori
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Principal Integrated Development Environments
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Principal Integrated Development Environmentsdedicated to Embedded Systems
AVR Studio for Atmel AVR8, ATxMEGA an
AVR32 products (free) MPLAB for all PIC 10, 12, 16, 18, 24, an
32F/Cxxxx (free)
Cypress for all Cypress products (free)
Keil Software DS-5 for majoritymicrocontrollers families, MCS51,AVR8/32, AtxMEGA, ARM, Tegra, AtmelSama, Renesas etc.
Eclipse for a large group ofmicrocontroller families
ImageCraft IDEs for different familiessuch as: ARM, AVR8/AtxMEGA/AVR32
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Interfaces & Protocols
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Interfaces & Protocols
An interface represents a section into a system that implement acommunication task
Interfaces present two facets: hardware & software
A protocol represents a set of rules that refer hardware & softwareinterface properties & features
Open Systems I nterconnection (OSI) is a set of internati onal ly recognized,
non-propr ietary standards for networking and f or operating system involvedin networking functions.
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How Systems Communicate?
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How Systems Communicate?
See on Internet OSI Model2
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OSI Model
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OSI Model
See on Internet OSI Model2
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Wired Interfaces
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Wired Interfaces
RS232 UART/USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous ReceiverTransmitters
RS485 serial
SPI
I2C
TWI
CAN
Parallel Interfaces (complete conditioned handshaking)
Specific for some applications
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RS232
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RS232
Voltage level ±5 to ±15V; -5÷ -15V represents 1 logic (data) and +5÷ +15V represents 0 logic (data)
Maximum distance 15m
Standard baud rates=bits per second (bps) 921600bps
Synchronous & Asynchronous modes
Asynchronous mode involve eachbyte is framed by some additional
information, as following:1 bit START1, 1&1/2, or 2 bits STOP
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RS485
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RS485
Communication using differential voltage modulation (Voa-Vob < -200 mV) for1 logic OFF and ((Voa-Vob > +200 mV)) for 0 logic ON
Working modes: semi-duplex & full duplex
Maximum distance 1,2km and maximum speed 10Mpbs (the maximum distancewill be in correlation with the maximum desired frequency)
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Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
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Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Used for inter-devices communication with very high speed and data
efficiency
Limitation due to the distance between devices (several mm till tens of cm)
Two/three lines;
Protocol type “master-slave” , the master assuring the transmission clock;
Main elements that are in connection: shift registers and afferent logicassuring the hand-shaking process
Maximum speed ½ of minimum frequency clock of both systems
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Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
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Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
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I2C protocol
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I2C protocol
2 wires connection with a simplified protocol.
Start / Stop Transmission
Data communicationon clock pulse
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Wireless transceivers
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Wireless transceivers
Bluetooth 802.11 ZigBee 802.15
RuBee
Wi-Fi 802.11 a, b, g, n, ac
WiMAX
RFM different frequencies domains: 430, 868, 915MHz, or others from 300÷1000MHz.
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Bluetooth standard
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Frequency domain for Bluetooth is the domain 2,4 GHz band(2,402÷2,480GHz), with maximum 79 different channels – replace thewired connection
Distance is between 10 and 100m and till now 4 standard version exist Asynchronous Connectionless (ACL) links for data transmission
Synchronous Connection oriented (SCO) links for audio/voicetransmission.
The gross Bluetooth data rate is 1 Mbps while the maximum effectiverate on an asymmetric
ACL link is 721 Kbps in either direction and 57.6 Kbps in the returndirection
A symmetric ACL link allows data rates of 432.6 Kbps.
Bluetooth supports up to three 64Kbps SCO channels per device.
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Example of a system (TmoteSky)
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See Anastasi and Co Wireless Sensor Networks
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Breakdown TmoteSky Energy
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y gyConsumption
Nakyoung Kim, Sukwon Choi, Hojung Cha,
Automated Sensor-specific Power Management
for Wireless Sensor Networks, Proc. IEEE MASS
2008, Atlanta, USA, Setp. 29 – Oct. 2, 2008
Mode CurrentPower
Consumption
Reception 19.7 mA 35.46 mW
Transmission 17.4 mA 31.32 mW
Idle 0.426 mA 0.77 mW
Sleep 20 m A 36 mW
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How are measured the flows? (water,gas oil etc) Methods
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gas, oil, etc). Methods
69
).(cos
cos
coscos123
222
222
v c
Lv
v c
L
v c
Lt
).(
).(cos
).(cos
113
1032
942
1221
2112
t t t
v c
Lt
v c
Lt
).(cos
).(cos
cos
1432
1332
2
2
2
2
t L
c S v S
t L
c v
c
Lv t
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Flowmeters
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cos0
22
244 f
f c d v
d
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Main features of Energy Meters
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Sensitivity
Accuracy
Stability
Power consumption
Standard Interfaces:
Unidirectional IEC1107
Bidirectional
Standards used:IEC60850-5-102, IEC81850 (Industrial Ethernet),
4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015
Energy Meters
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Main Energy Meter Components
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Voltage & Current Sensors (normally insulated: highprecision transformers, and Hall elements).
High resolution & stability analog to digital Converter (16bits minimum, normally 18th or 24th bits resolution)
Microcontroller coordinating the IC meter activities
Memory and Perennial Calendar
Interfaces Power supply
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Components –IC meter ADE7758
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Detailed Structure (Hardware&Software) 1/2
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Detailed Structure (Hardware&Software) 1/2
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From real values to virtual values Every software process will generate anew virtual value
Data basis is essential to be processedwithout any losses of data!
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Energy Management in house 1/2
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Means to find out a balance between the necessary energy
for all appliances existing in buildings and thepossibilities to provide this energy from local sources orby transferring the energy using the power lines of thedistribution grid.
Means also to implement an intelligent switching theconsumers of generators in order to southing the variation
of load in time
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Energy management in house 2/2
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To schedule the consumption
when that is possible
To measure, to switchon/off the consumersfunction of a optimizedcontrolling function
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What we need?
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To measure or evaluate the needs To control the locally generation of energy To store the energy when this is locally generated in
excess To inject this supplementary energy in case when the
storage devices are full To receive and use the energy carried using the
distribution grid To adapt the parameters of energy at the requirements ofconsumers: necessary power, voltage form,
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Elements of an Energy ManagementSystem
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Electrical Energy Cycles
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Grid IntegrationIntegrative Controller
Connected to DSO
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Generation of Electrical Energy fromprimary energy sources
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primary energy sources
Conversion of fossil energy in electricity or co-generation (CHP)
from: Coal Petrol Natural gas Atomic
Capture of Sun energy by renewable: Direct solar radiation conversion by PV cells
Thermal cells Wind mills and wind farms power Water by hydro-electric power Wave energy Biomass based power plants
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Energy Storage
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Rapid release electric storage buffers:
Superconducting electromagnetic energy storage
Supercapacitors
Medium and slow release energy storage buffers:
Potential mechanical storage (accumulation lakes)
Kinetic energy stored by flywheels
Air compressed buffers Chemical storage in batteries
Hydrogen vector (electrolyses & fuel cells)
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Exchange of Energy
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Transfer of electric energy through grids: Transport of energy Distribution of energy
Insulated generation & consumption
Conversion of electrical energy in other forms ofenergy:
Thermal Mechanical Radiant
Chemical
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Characterization of electrical energy
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Type of power flow variation in time: Alternative current:
Mono phase
Three phase
Multi phase
Direct current Electrical parameters:
Voltage Current Power Frequency Phase
Qualitative parameters: Noise spectrum Availability of power supplies Reliability of providing process
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Matching processing
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Types of systems that implement the matching processes: Electrical transformers
Voltage control rectifiers
Inverters
Noise cancellers (quality of power flow variation)
Management of energy (time oriented matching processes)
Active Filters (Power quality assurance)
Electronic power commutation devices implement themajority of matching processes
Types of commutation processes: Forced
Natural (or crossing zero / resonant converters)
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Facets from ontological point of viewrelated to the energy
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related to the energy
Energetic capacities & Power flows ( finite)
Information flow (essential to optimize the efficiency ) Effects of energy (“usage value”)
Environmental concerns (“eco- footprints”)
Economical effects (“smart systems”)
Societal effects (rules, regulations, contracts for
providing, consumption and quality of energy supplied) Opportunity of generation, consumption & conversion
(generation characteristics, load characteristics, load“demands” - matching phenomena -)
Other characteristics
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Granularity of the system (from power and informationembedded into the system elements)
Capacity and speed reaction of the system Stability of the system assured:
In the past: by over-generation and central control ofthe power flow
In the present and more in the future: by embedded ofcontrol at very low level in order to find out theequilibrium at the level of elementary groups (e.g.case of Distributed Generation most remarkableexample: Renewable Energy Sources RES) thatminimize the power flow circulation and successiveconversions
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Steps toward to maximize efficiency ingeneration, transport, conversion and
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g , p ,consumption of electrical energy
The problem is a COMPROMISE Wisdom in choosing oftargets/objectives for optimal
Uniform definition of the multidimensional problem
Adoption of the optimal granularity for the system elements
Choosing of the appropriate model and developing of virtualmodels to easier the control process that assure the masteringof the system complexity
Choosing of the right informational system attached at theenergetic system able to process, communicate and real timecontrol of the system. The common languages, the appropriateprotocols used for communication represent premises to reachan optimal control
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Types of services related to thegeneration of electric energy 1/4
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Base load (production of electric energy quasi constant intime)
Peak shaving (procedure to increase the production ofenergy and to shift the maximum of load profile in orderto smooth the load curve)
Standby power (minimum power necessary to maintain infunction a system)
Spinning reserve (The spinning reserve is the extragenerating capacity that is available by increasing thepower output of generators that are already connected tothe power system.)
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Types of services related to thegeneration of electric energy 2/4
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Reactive power supply (generation in order to compensate the load factor
into the grid)
Ancillary services (those services necessary to support the transmission ofelectric power from seller to purchaser given the obligations of control areas andtransmitting utilities within those control areas to maintain reliable operations of theinterconnected transmission system, and consists in the following services:
1) Scheduling, System Control and Dispatch
2) Reactive Supply and Voltage Control from Generation Sources
3) Regulation and Frequency Response
4) Energy Imbalance
5) Operating Reserve - Spinning
6) Operating Reserve – Supplemental see Federal Energy Regulation
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Types of services related to thegeneration of electric energy 3/4
l
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Power quality (is the result of an incompatibility between the power delivered into the
grid and the loads that consume this power; This notion reflect how much differ the form of voltage
relative at sinusoidal form)
Type of disturbances that affect the power quality:
Voltage sags (dips) are brief reductions in voltage, typically lastingfrom a cycle to a second or so, or tens of milliseconds to hundredsof milliseconds.
Voltage swells are brief increases in voltage in the same range oftime
Transient overvoltage are variation of voltage in the range from 10to 80% of nominal voltage
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Types of services related to thegeneration of electric energy 4/4
H i i d d i i l b ifi d i
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Harmonics induced in special by rectifiers and invertersas result of circuit commutation by electronic powerdevices (involve important values for 3rd, 5th , 7th harmonics
Frequency variation of voltage supplied could be theresult of over load of the network or poor network,high frequency noise produced by arch of motorbrushes or radio transmitters, extremely fast transient
overvoltage result of arches appeared into thenetwork, unbalance three phase systems
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Storage Devices and performances
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Investments in Power Generation 1/2
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Investments in Power Generation 2/2
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SC Applications in the field of RenewableEnergy Sources –wind power (1)
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Role of SC in case of wind
power mills:• to compensate rapid
variation of powergenerated or of the rapidvariation in time of load;
• to adapt and control the
power generation bymodifying the angle ofblades against the winddirection.
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Wind generators Power versus RotationSpeed
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p
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Wind resource classification with windclasses of Power Density
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y
Retrieved from: Mukund R. P., “Wind and Solar Power Systems - Design, Analysis, and Operation”, CRC Press - Taylor & Francis Group, 2006
4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015
Solar radiation variation and the LoadCurve (residential record –summer)
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( )
Variation of load demand recordedduring 24 hours /day depend on:
• Type of consumer : residential,commercial, industrial, social,administrative, etc
• Seasons: summer / winter• Weather: rainy, sunny, windy• Region, country.
4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015
Variants of Combined Wind Generators
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4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015
Evolution of photovoltaic cells NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory US - Study
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4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015
Energy Sources –solar PV principle andcharacteristic
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4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015
Insertion of photovoltaic sources intothe grid
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4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015
SC Applications in the field of assuranceof electrical power quality
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The SC role is to provide a rapid
release energy in order tocompensate the voltage and loadvariation and to increase thesupplied electric power
From: Stan G. D., D.B Doniga, R. Magureanu, L. Asiminoaei, R. Teodorescu, F. Blaabjerg, “Controactive filters in the context of power conditioning”, EPE Dresden, Germany, 2005, R
http://www.iet.aau.dk/~las/personal_files/atash_Control%20strategies%20of%20active%20filters%20in%20the%20context%20of%20power%20co
15th
4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015
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Proposed scheme for a VirtualGenerator
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Information network
Wind Farm area Consumers area
Electricity market
Local power grid
LC
S P
WF 1 WF 2… …WF n
SW
P
Consumer
1
…Cons.
n
SW
P
Consumer
1
P
Storage
LC
S P
Protection (P)
Contr
ol
unit
Local Control
System (LCS)
SW -
Switch
The DIAWEPI proposed architecture:
Wind Farm Virtual Power Plant (WF-ViP)
4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015
Hardware premises for the development ofgeneric Management of Energy
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Development of powerful processors that can implement complex
embedded systems Development of communication systems specially the wireless
communications
Development of RES that present a large distribution in space and alarge variety of generation conditions
Development of Intelligent Consumers inclusive at the building level
Important advances in the field of Storage & Converter devices andsystems that make sense to introduces at all levels managers ofenergy
4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015
Example:SiMMONSys Siemens Modular MonitoringSystem 1/8 configuration(coordinated by Eng. Lazar Laszo Siemens PSE)
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System 1/8
Modular architecture Flexible
Base modules running on LINUX
Fast development of new communication modulesand graphical elements for HMI (based on templates)
Scalability
Full customer support
Easy to implement expert system modules
4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015
Example: SiMMONSys Messages/Application layer 2/8
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4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015
Example: SiMONSysInternal organization 3/8
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HMI
ARCHIVE
SIGNAL4
SIGNAL3
DEVICE 2
SIGNAL2
SIGNAL1
DEVICE 1
Communication Module 1
Using protocol x
SIGNAL8
SIGNAL7
DEVICE 4
SIGNAL6
SIGNAL5
DEVICE 3
Communication Module 2
Using protocol yCORE
4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015
Example: SiMONSys Messages 4/8
Binary messages for values transmitted from
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Binary messages for values transmitted fromcommunication modules to the Core and instant events
that need to be transmitted to HMIs and archives XML messages for communication module and HMI
configuration and for historical data read from archive
Message structure: [ HEADER ] [ PAYLOAD ]
[ HEADER ] [TYPE] [DATA] [AUX] [LENGTH]
[ TYPE ] tells to the CORE or modules what to do with the message
[ PAYLOAD ] binary or ASCII data
Binary format is used to send simple messages with constant structure, as fastas possible. ASCII format is used to send complex and variable structuredmessages in XML format that needs processing.
4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015
Example:SiMMONSys CORE Configurator 5/8
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4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015
Example:SiMMONSys HMI Configurator 6/8
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4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015
Example:SiMMONSys HMI main window 7/8
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4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015
Example:SiMMONSys HMI event view 8/8
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4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015