Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow ( retired ) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus
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Transcript of Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow ( retired ) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus
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SuperCities and SuperGrids:
A Vision for Long-term Sustainable and
Environmentally Compatible Energy
Paul M. GrantEPRI Science Fellow (retired)
IBM Research Staff Member EmeritusPrincipal, W2AGZ Technologies
Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Seminar15 December 2004
CLP Research InstituteHong Kong, PRC (SAR)
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Journey to the West
Paul Grant goes to China seeking wisdom…
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“A wise Communist will not be afraid of learning from a capitalist.”
“I have seen the future…and it works!”Lincoln Steffens, 1920
V. I. Lenin, 1922
Epiphanies Undergone…
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Xue Yuyang
Yao Ming
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Earth at Night - 2000
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Earth at Night - 2050
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US Energy Consumption (2001)
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US Oil Imports (2003)
US 39%Canada 13%Saudi Arabia 10%Mexico 10%Venezuela 9%Nigeria 4%Iraq 4%UK 3%Norway 3%Angola 2%Algeria 2%Other 2%
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Hydrogen for US Surface Transportation
Hydrogen per Day
Tonnes Shuttles Hindenburgs
230,000 2,225 12,787
Water per Day
Tonnes Meters of Lake Tahoe
2,055,383 0.93
The "25% 80-80-80 400 GW" Scenariohttp://www.w2agz.com
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Hydrogen for US Surface Transportation
The "25% 80-80-80 400 GW" Scenariohttp://www.w2agz.com
Renewable Land Area Requirements
Technology Area (km2) Equivalent
Wind 130,000 New York State
Solar 20,000 50% Denmark
Death Valley + Mojave
Biomass 271,915 3% USA
State of Nevada
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China-USA Electricity Statistics (2001)Source (CIA & EIA)
Production Source (%) China USA (NA)
Fossil 80.2 71.4 (15% NG)
Hydro 18.5 5.6
Other 0.1 2.3
Nuclear 1.2 20.0
Annual Producton (TkWh) 1.42 3.72
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China – Installed Generation Capacity
400 GW
USA: ~ 1050 GW
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China “Factoid”
• Current Population: 1.3 Billion Souls
• All want to live like Americans
• Chinese Family Priorities:– (1) TV, (2) Washer, (3) Fridge…– Next an Air Conditioner (200 USD, 1 kW)
• Assume an average family size of three, then…
An extra 500 GW of generation capacity must be added just to keep them cool!
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China-USA Recoverable Coal Reserves (2002)
Million Short Tons Years Left*
China 126,215 273
USA (NA) 280,464 309
• One Short Ton = 6150 kWh
Efficiency Conversion – 40%
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US Natural Gas Imports (BCF, 2003)
22,000
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The 21st Century Energy ChallengeDesign a communal energy economy to meet the needs of a densely populated industrialized world that reaches all corners of Planet Earth.
Accomplish this within the highest levels of environmental, esthetic, safe, reliable, efficient and secure engineering practice possible.
…without requiring any new scientific discoveries or breakthroughs!
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“Boundary Conditions”
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A Symbiosis of
Nuclear/Hydrogen/Superconductivity
Technologies supplying Carbon-free, Non-Intrusive Energy for all Inhabitants
of Planet Earth
Its Solution
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Past & Future Energy Supply
Year (Modern Era)
Rel
ativ
e U
nits
Fission
Hydrogen
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The Hydrogen Economy
• You have to make it, just like electricity• Electricity can make H2, and H2 can make electricity
(2H2O 2H2 + O2)• You have to make a lot of it• You can make it cold, - 419 F (21 K)
P.M. Grant, “Hydrogen lifts off…with a heavy load,” Nature 424, 129 (2003)
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P.M. Grant, The Industrial Physicist, Feb/March Issue, 2002
SupermarketSchool Home
Family Car
DNA-to-order.com
Nuclearplant
H2
H2
HTSC/MgB2
SuperCity
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Reading Assignment
1. Garwin and Matisoo, 1967 (100 GW on Nb3Sn)
2. Bartlit, Edeskuty and Hammel, 1972 (LH2, LNG and 1 GW on LTSC)
3. Haney and Hammond, 1977 (Slush LH2 and Nb3Ge)
4. Schoenung, Hassenzahl and Grant, 1997 (5 GW on HTSC, 1000 km)
5. Grant, 2002 (SuperCity, Nukes+LH2+HTSC)
6. Proceedings, SuperGrid Workshop, 2002
These articles, and much more, can be found at www.w2agz.com, sub-pages SuperGrid/Bibliography
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Diablo Canyon
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California Coast Power
Diablo Canyon
2200 MWPower Plant
Wind FarmEquivalent
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Co-Production of Hydrogen and Electricity
Source: INEL & General Atomics
ReactorVessel
O2
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Source: General Atomics
Nuclear “Hydricity” Production Farm
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The Discovery of Superconductivity
Leiden, 1914
Onset TC = 40 K !
La- Ba- Cu- O
Onset TC = 40 K !
La- Ba- Cu- O
Zürich, 1986
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TC vs Year: 1991 - 2001
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0
50
100
150
200T
emp
erat
ure
, T
C (K
)
Year
Low-TC
Hig
h-T
C
164 K
MgB2
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Oxide Powder Mechanically Alloyed Precursor
1. PowderPreparation
HTSC Wire Can Be Made!
A. Extrusion
B. Wire DrawC. RollingDeformation
& Processing3.
Oxidation -Heat Treat
4.
Billet Packing& Sealing
2.
But it’s 70% silver!
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Finished Cable
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Innost/Innopower Cable
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Puji Substation (Kunming City)
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Reading Assignment
1. Garwin and Matisoo, 1967 (100 GW on Nb3Sn)
2. Bartlit, Edeskuty and Hammel, 1972 (LH2, LNG and 1 GW on LTSC)
3. Haney and Hammond, 1977 (Slush LH2 and Nb3Ge)
4. Schoenung, Hassenzahl and Grant, 1997 (5 GW on HTSC, 1000 km)
5. Grant, 2002 (SuperCity, Nukes+LH2+HTSC)
6. Proceedings, SuperGrid Workshop, 2002
These articles, and much more, can be found at www.w2agz.com, sub-pages SuperGrid/Bibliography
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1967: SC Cable Proposed!
100 GW dc, 1000 km !
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“Hydricity” SuperCables
+v I-v
I
H2 H2
Circuit #1 +v I-v
I
H2 H2
Circuit #2
Multiple circuitscan be laid in single trench
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HV Insulation
“Super-I nsulation”
Flowing LiquidHydrogen
Superconductor“Conductor”
DO
DH
Al
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thick
HV Insulation
“Super-I nsulation”
Flowing LiquidHydrogen
Superconductor“Conductor”
DO
DH
Al
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thick
SuperCable
Al
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thickAl
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thickAl
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thickAl
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thick
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Power Flows
PSC = 2|V|JASC, where PSC = Electric power flowV = Voltage to neutral (ground)J = Supercurrent densityASC = Cross-sectional area of superconducting annulus
Electricity
PH2 = 2(QρvA)H2, where PH2 = Chemical power flow Q = Gibbs H2 oxidation energy (2.46 eV per mol H2)ρ = H2 Density v = H2 Flow Rate A = Cross-sectional area of H2 cryotube
Hydrogen
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Power Flows: 5 GWe/10 GWth
0.383.025,000100,0005,000
tS (cm)DC (cm)HTS J C(A/cm2)
Current (A)
Power (MWe)
Electrical Power Transmission (+/ - 25 kV)
0.383.025,000100,0005,000
tS (cm)DC (cm)HTS J C(A/cm2)
Current (A)
Power (MWe)
Electrical Power Transmission (+/ - 25 kV)
45.34.76405,000
DH- actual (cm)
H2 Flow (m/s)
DH- eff ective (cm)
Power (MWth)
Chemical Power Transmission (H2 at 20 K, per "pole")
45.34.76405,000
DH- actual (cm)
H2 Flow (m/s)
DH- eff ective (cm)
Power (MWth)
Chemical Power Transmission (H2 at 20 K, per "pole")
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Radiation LossesWR = 0.5εσ (T4
amb – T4
SC), where WR = Power radiated in as watts/unit areaσ = 5.67×10-12 W/cm2K4
Tamb = 300 KTSC = 20 Kε = 0.05 per inner and outer tube surfaceDH = 45.3 cm WR = 16.3 W/m
Superinsulation: WRf = WR/(n-1), where
n = number of layers = 10
Net Heat In-Leak Due to Radiation = 1.8 W/m
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Fluid Friction LossesWloss = M Ploss / ,
Where M = mass flow per unit length Ploss = pressure loss per unit length = fluid density
Fluid Re (mm) DH (cm) v (m/s) P
(atm/10 km)
Power
Loss (W/m)
H (20K) 2.08 x 106 0.015 45.3 4.76 2.0 3.2
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Heat Removal
dT/dx = WT/(ρvCPA)H2, where dT/dx = Temp rise along cable, K/mWT = Thermal in-leak per unit Lengthρ = H2 Density v = H2 Flow RateCP = H2 Heat Capacity A = Cross-sectional area of H2 cryotube
SuperCable Losses (W/M) K/10km
Radiative Friction ac Losses Conductive Total dT/dx
1.8 3.2 1 1 7 10-2
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SuperCable H2 Storage
Some Storage Factoids
Power (GW)
Storage (hrs) Energy (GWh)
TVA Raccoon Mountain 1.6 20 32
Scaled ETM SMES 1 8 8
One Raccoon Mountain = 13,800 cubic meters of LH2
LH2 in 45 cm diameter, 20 km bipolar SuperCable = Raccoon Mountain
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Relative Density of H2 as a Function of Pressure at 77 K wrt LH2 at 1 atm
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Pressure (psia)
Rh
o(H
2)/
Rh
o(L
H2)
Vapor
Supercritical
50% LH2
100% LH2
H2 Gas at 77 K and 1850 psia has 50% of the energy content of liquid H2
and 100% at 6800 psia
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HV Insulation
“Super-I nsulation”
FlowingHigh PressureHydrogen Gas
Superconductor“Conductor”
DO
DH
Al
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thick
Flowing liquid N2 cryogen in flexible tube, diameter DN
HV Insulation
“Super-I nsulation”
FlowingHigh PressureHydrogen Gas
Superconductor“Conductor”
DO
DH
Al
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thick
Flowing liquid N2 cryogen in flexible tube, diameter DN
“Hybrid” SuperCable
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Electricity Generation - June 2004
Coal49%
Oil2%Hydro
7%
Nukes20%
Gas18%
Renewable2%
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Al-Can Gas Pipeline
Proposals
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Mackenzie Valley Pipeline
1300 km
18 GW-thermal
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Electrical Insulation
“Super-Insulation”
Superconductor
LNG @ 105 K1 atm (14.7 psia)
Liquid Nitrogen @ 77 K
Thermal Barrier to
LNG
LNG SuperCable
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Electrical Issues• Voltage – current tradeoffs
– “Cold” vs “Warm” Dielectric
• AC interface (phases)– Generate dc? Multipole, low rpm units (aka hydro)
• Ripple suppression– Filters
• Cryogenics– Pulse Tubes– “Cryobreaks”
• Mag Field Forces• Splices (R = 0?)• Charge/Discharge cycles (Faults!)• Power Electronics
– GTOs vs IGBTs– 12” wafer platforms– Cryo-Bipolars
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Construction Issues• Pipe Lengths & Diameters (Transportation)• Coax vs RTD• Rigid vs Flexible?• On-Site Manufacturing
– Conductor winding (3-4 pipe lengths)– Vacuum: permanently sealed or actively pumped?
• Joints – Superconducting– Welds– Thermal Expansion (bellows)
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SuperCable Prototype Project
H2 e–
H2 Storage SMES
Cryo I/C Station
500 m Prototype
“Appropriate National Laboratory”2005-09
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Regional System Interconnections
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China: Present
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China: 2015 - 2020
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The Vision of Prof. Zheng-He Han !
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Postcard from China
Helping toPromote
US – Chinese
Relations-------------------------------------
Glad you’re not here,
Dr. Grant & Friend
-------------------------------------
Stone Forest
Yunan Province, PRC
June, 2004
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Will China Build the World’s First SuperGrid?