Patterns of Wealth in Society (1830s-1840s) -101
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Transcript of Patterns of Wealth in Society (1830s-1840s) -101
Patterns of Wealth in Society (1830s-1840s) -101
During the 1830s and 1840s there was an increase in the
workingclass, especially with immigrants from Germany and Ireland.
As moreimmigrants came to the Americas from Europe, factories and
otherindustries grew because of the influx of workers. These
immigrantscontributed to a large and growing working class, and
were willing towork for less than native-born Americans, making it
hard to organizeindustrial workers into unions or other
organizations. Date: TB page:
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Cult of Domesticity -102 Also known as the Cult of True Womanhood,
was the notion that womenbelonged in the home as the spiritual
heads of the family who cared for thehome and the children while
the males were away at work. Included in thiswas the idea of
separate spheres, in which the man owned the publicsphere and the
woman owned the domestic sphere of living. At the time,this was not
totally negative to women, because in the home and inspiritual
pursuits they were often seen as leaders, and superior to men
inthese regards. Women were praised for having clean homes, and
caring fortheir children and husbands. Important People: Lyman
Beecher Date: 1820s-1840s TB page: 286
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ID#103: King Cotton Date- Mid 19th Century
Significance- With the help of the cotton gin, cotton became the
main staple of farming in the South. This led to the term King
Cotton and to the great plantations of the South. Slavery increased
and the creation of plantations led to Sectionalismwithin America
due to very different ways of life in the North and South.
Reference TB: , VT CH11 (Slide#10) ID#104: Transcendentalism
Date- Late 1820s and 1830s Significance-This philosophical movement
inspired this time periods most memorable experiments in thinking
and living on a higher plane. Transcendentalism influenced
literature and as a result of the movement people had a different
outlook on their relationship with nature which led to reform.
Reference- TB :297, VT CH12 (Slide#10) ID#105: Joseph Smith Date-
1805-1844
Significance- Joseph Smith is the founder of Mormonism. He told
people that he had received revelations from an angel sent from
God.This made him establish, in his opinion, a pure church on
Earth. Smith published the Book of Mormon. (Assassinated in 1844)
Reference- TB: ID#106: Mormonism Date- Began in 1830
Significance- A Christian sect, the Mormons are the first all
American religion. When founder John Smith was killed, the ability
of Brigham Young to lead the Mormons west to Utah showed the result
of American Expansion. Reference- TB: ID#107: Horace Mann Date-
1796-1859
Significance-The first person to push for state funded schools in
America, Horace Mann argued that public schools weregood for the
future of America and that the schools saved children from their
parents bad influence. Manns efforts for public education showed
how America was changing socially. Reference- TB: , VT CH12
(Slide#5) ID#108: Rise of Feminism Date- Started with the Second
Great Awakening, Seneca Falls Convention: 1848 Significance- Women
began to discuss their rights and started to demand reform. The
movement for womens rights began mainly with the Seneca Falls
Convention. With the rise of feminism, women tried to assert
themselves more in society. Reference- TB: 295, VT CH 12 (Slide#8)
ID#109: Abolitionism Date- Began in 1830s (Emancipation
Proclamation- 1863) Significance- Abolitionism, the movement to
abolish slavery in America, contributed to sectionalism in America.
Generally the North called for the end of slavery while the South
wanted the expansion slavery. The call for abolition played a major
role in the cause of the Civil War. Reference- TB: , VT CH12
(Slide#6,7) ID#110: William Lloyd Garrison
Date Significance- The first face for abolition, William Lloyd
Garrison called for emancipation and full citizenship to all. He
published The Liberator and with others founded the American
Anti-Slavery Society. William Lloyd Garrison was able to gather
support from some Northerners starting an abolitionist movement.
Reference- TB: , VT CH12 (Slide#6) ID#111: Frederick Douglass
Date Significance- Douglass related the realities of bondage to the
common man. Douglasss actions and works as a free man garnered
support for the abolitionist movement. Frederick Douglass was an
example that if free, blacks could be civilized. Reference- TB 293,
VT CH12 (Slide#7) ID#112: Underground Railroad
Date- Established in the early 1800s Significance- A network of
secret routes and safe houses leading north, The Underground
Railroad helped thousands of slaves escape bondage to freedom. The
network showed a way abolitionists helped slaves. The Underground
Railroad really added to sectionalism because Southerners were mad
at the North for aiding the slaves or not doing much about runaway
slaves. Reference: TB: 266 ID#113: Harriett Tubman Date-
1820-1913
Significance- Born into slavery, Harriett Tubman escaped. She would
return later to the South to play a key role in the Underground
Railroad freeing thousands of slaves. Tubman also served in the
Civil War as a nurse. Tubman was nicknamed Moses because of her
willingness to help free slaves and serve the Union in the Civil
War. Tubmans efforts in the Underground Railroad gained support for
the abolitionist movement, and her role in the Civil War showed
that even if you are black you could support your country.
Reference- TB: ID#114: Uncle Toms Cabin Date- March 20, 1852
Significance- Authored by Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin
really gathered Northerners to call for the end of slavery. The
North really began to view slavery as a terrible institution that
needed to be ended. Southerners believed the book wrongly portrayed
slavery and that slavery in fact is a just life institution where
slaves are taken care of. The book greatly increased sectionalism
in America. Reference- TB: 343 #115 James K. Polk Elected president
(Democrat) in 1844 (11th president) beating Clay (Whig) and Birney
(Liberty Party). Ran on an expansionist platform (Oregon and Texas)
Texas annexed soon after he was elected (1845) Oregon question
settled at 49th parallel to avoid conflict with Britain (1846)
angering anti-slavery Northerners who wanted 54 40, as Polk had
promised and campaigned on During boundary dispute with Mexico,
Polk sent Slidell to Mexico City.When Slidell was not received,
Polk had Zachary Taylor advance into disputed territory, starting
the Mexican-American War (1846 1848) Mexican-American War led to
the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) greatly expanding US
territory Dates: Born 1795; Died 1849 President: 1845 1849 Pages:
315 317, 319, 332 333 Parks #116 Texas Revolution Texas desired
independence from Mexico because of friction betweenTexas settlers
and the Mexican government over slavery and therequirement for
settlers to convert to Roman Catholicism. Conflict began on October
2, 1835; independence declared March 2, The Battle of the Alamo was
fought from February 26 to March 6, 1836. Myths about the battle
glorified the Texans valor The tale gave the insurrection new
inspiration, moral sanction,outside support, and the rallying cry,
Remember the Alamo. Santa Anna was captured at San Jacinto on April
21, 1836, essentiallyending the war. Santa Anna was forced to sign
treaties recognizing Texas independenceand territorial claims
(which Mexico repudiated) Texas offered free land grants to
American settlers but Texas was notimmediately annexed by the US
because of fear of war with Mexico However, independence did pave
the way to statehood less than tenyears later The resistance of
Texans, to Mexican attempts at abolition is anexample of American
reliance on slavery and the status of slavery inTexas will be an
issue for several years to come The resistance to joining the
Catholic Church shows American desire forreligious freedom. Dates:
1835 1836 Pages: Parks #117 Wilmot Proviso The Whig party opposed
the Mexican American War in principle Northerners from both parties
charged that the war was actually fought tospread slavery and
increase the power of the South After the War, the failed Wilmot
Proviso, proposed by David Wilmot,would have prohibited slavery in
territory acquired from Mexico Northerners supported this
Southerners opposed it Shows growing tensions between North and
South regarding slavery. Blocked in the Senate after passing in the
House David Wilmot's actions led to the rise of the Free Soil
Movement Dates:1846 Pages: Parks #118 Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo
By the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo after the Mexican-American War
Mexico ceded New Mexico and California to the US for 15
milliondollars the Rio Grande was established as the border between
Texas andMexico The US assumed the substantial claims of American
citizens againstMexico Mexican residents of the new territories
would become US citizens.TheUnited States gained 500,000 square
mile of territory from Mexico,which enlarged the size of the nation
by 20 percent The US gained California, believed by some to be the
true goal in order to obtaingood harbors in San Francisco and San
Diego New Mexico and Utah Territories which would become the states
ofNew Mexico; Utah; Arizona; Nevada; and parts of Wyoming
andColorado. Dates: February 2, 1848 Pages 317, 319 Parks #119
California Gold Rush The first gold strikes were made along the
Sierra Nevada in California in Thistouched off a mining boom that
helped shape the development of the West and set thepattern for
subsequent strikes in other regions. The Native Americans of
California succumbed to the contagious diseases carried bywhites
during the Gold Rush of Miners burned their villages and by 1880,
fewerthan 20,000 Native Americans were living in California.
Between 1849 and 1880 as many as 500,000 individuals made the
journey west. Cities such as San Francisco, Salt Lake City, and
Denver came into being as a result of themigration.Many people
moved west to set up business to provide service for the miners.
From California, the mining frontier headed east.In the 1860s and
1870s importantstrikes were made in Washington, Idaho, Nevada,
Colorado, Montana, Arizona, andDakota.Mining camps quickly turned
into towns. By the 1890s the early mining Bonanza was over but had
contributed billions to theeconomy.These mines helped finance the
Civil War and provided needed capital forindustrialization.The
boost in silver production from the Comstock Lode changed
therelative value of gold and silver, the base of American
currency. The mining frontier populated parts of the west and sped
the process of politicalorganization.Nevada, Idaho, and Montana
were granted early statehood because ofmining. The industry left
behind invaded Indian reservations, pitted hills, and ghost towns.
Dates: 1849 early 1890s Pages: , 428, Parks #120 Compromise of 1850
When Taylor took office in 1849 he was in favor of immediate
admission of California and New Mexico as states without
goingthrough territorial status California applied as a free state
and because Mexico had outlawed slavery, the South feared that New
Mexico would also applyas a free state The South organized a
convention to air grievances and make demands;the president would
not modify his plan Henry Clay proposed series of resolutions which
formed the basis of the Compromise of 1850 He proposed that
California be admitted as a free state and that slavery in Utah and
New Mexico Territories would notbe explicitly prohibited He would
also give the disputed area between Texas and New Mexico to New
Mexico and the federal governmentwould assume Texas state debt as
compensation He recommended the prohibition of buying and selling
of slaves at auction within the District of Columbia and wouldallow
abolition of slavery in the District by a vote of its white
inhabitants He called for more effective fugitive slave laws.
Taylor was opposed to Clays compromise and few politicians from
either section were willing to go on record as supporting thekey
concessions to the other section President Taylor died and Millard
Fillmore, who was in favor of the Compromise, came into office By
breaking the bill up into pieces, getting Democrat sponsors of the
pieces, and modifying some of the proposals to make themmore
acceptable to the South, the Compromise passed Popular sovereignty
(see entry) would determine the slave issue in the New Mexico and
Utah Territories The new Fugitive Slave Law (see entry) denied
suspected fugitives of jury trial, the right to testify and other
rights This part of the Compromise was extremely unpopular in
abolitionist areas. No single bill in the compromise was backed by
majority from either section and few in Congress voted for each
piece However, because concessions were made to both sides of the
slave issue, the compromise for a time did serve as abasis for
sectional peace Dates: 1850 Pages:
https://historygcp.wordpress.com/unit-2-compromise-and-conflict/compromise-of-1850/
Parks #121 Kansas Nebraska Act In 1854, Stephen Douglas,
disregarding the Missouri Compromise of 1820, proposed a bill to
allowsettlers in the Kansas and Nebraska territories to determine
the slavery issue by popularsovereignty He hoped this would revive
the spirit of manifest destiny and give the Democrats a platform
forsuccess The Kansas-Nebraska Act passed and in its final form it
repealed the Missouri Compromise The Bill was extremely divisive
and ended sectional harmony because it made a concession to
theSouth without an equivalent concession to the North The major
political parties were split along regional lines over the
sectional issue of slavery. Douglas had split the Democratic
Party.Those Democrats who broke rank denounced the bill as agross
violation of a sacred pledge The Act repudiated the Missouri
Compromise, which many northerners saw as a binding
sectionalcompact.From then on, northerners would be fighting to
regain lost ground, while southernerswould be fighting to maintain
rights that were already conceded. The Whig party totally
disintegrated as they split along sectional lines. As a result, in
the North,anti-Nebraska candidates swept the 1854 Congressional
elections while the Democratic Partybecame the only party in the
South In the North, anti-democratic coalitions evolved into a
stronger Free Soil Party called theRepublicans.The furor over the
Kansas Nebraska act doomed the efforts of the Pierceadministration
to revive an expansionist foreign policy by acquiring Cuba from
Spain becauseNortherners thought this was a scheme to fulfill the
Southern dream of a Caribbean slave empire. Dates: 1854 Pages:
https://causesofthecivilwar.wikispaces.com/The+Kansas-Nebraska+Act+1854
Parks #122 Bleeding Kansas In Kansas, there was a struggle known as
Bleeding Kansas,which often became violent, between abolitionists
and pro- slavery forces for control of the Territory In 1857, the
pro-slavery territorial legislature in Kansascalled an election for
delegates to a constitutional convention Because the free-state
advocates refused to participate, thepro-slavery forces controlled
the Lecompton convention anddrafted a constitution allowing slavery
When a new territorial legislature was elected those in favorof
having Kansas be a free-state won control, submitted theLecompton
Constitution to popular vote, and it failed President Buchanan
tried to have Kansas admitted under theLecompton Constitution but
this effort was blocked inCongress The Lecompton Constitution was
put to a vote again andagain it was rejected by Kansans Kansas was
admitted as a free state in 1861, after severalsouthern states had
already seceded Dates: 1861 Pages: Parks #123 Dred Scott Decision
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h1532.html
John Emerson, of Missouri, owned a slave, Dred Scott.Emerson took
Scott to Illinois, a freestate, and then to Wisconsin Territory
where the Missouri Compromise forbade slavery. Emerson died and his
wife, Irene, took Scott back to Missouri. Scott sued for his
freedom on the grounds that Emerson had given up his ownership when
hetook Scott to a free territory.After a series of lower court
rulings against Scott, the case went tothe Supreme Court in the
form of Scott v Sandford (John Sanford was Irenes brother)
President-elect James Buchanan urged the Court to render a decision
that would settle theslavery issue The Courts opinion (written by
Chief Justice Roger Taney) was that the Constitution did notgive
blacks, whether slave or free, the rights of citizenship and that
they had no rights otherthan those who held power might choose to
grant them. He wrote that slaves were property and the Constitution
prohibited Congress fromtaking property without due process of law
Therefore, he said, the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
and Congress had noauthority to prohibit slavery in the
territories. For the first time, the Supreme Court had used
judicial review to strike down a major piece oflegislation The
decision outraged abolitionists, delighted Southerners, invalidated
the principal plank ofthe Republican Party (exclusion of slavery
from all federal territories), and relieved moderateswho believed
the decision would end the slave controversy.It did not The
Republicans used the decision as a rallying cry realizing that they
needed to win thepresidency and change the composition of the
Supreme Court.The decision gave credence tothe Republican claim
that an aggressive slave power was dominating all branches
(PresidentBuchanan, the Legislature, and the Judiciary) of the
federal government and was using(twisting) the Constitution to
achieve its goals. Dates: 1857 Pages: 344, Parks #124 Abraham
Lincoln Lincoln Douglas Debates (see # 125) in 1858 raised Lincolns
stature Elected 16th president (won elections of 1860 (see #126)
and 1864) President of the Union (United States) during Civil War
Declares martial law Imprisons 10,000 subversives without a trial
Briefly closes newspapers Emancipation proclamation (September
1862) (see #129) made civil war about slavery Gettysburg Address
(November 19, 1863) not popular at time becomes part of national
identity 13th Amendment (January 1865) (see #130 and #135)
prohibited slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment
for a crime Lincoln, hoping to shorten the war, promoting a lenient
reconstruction plan Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth (April 15,
1865) shortly after Civil War ended. First president in US history
to be assassinated Dates: Born: 1809 ; Died: 1865 (Assassinated)
President: 1861 1865 Pages: 210, 222, 289, 328, , 360, 367, 370, ,
, 378, , 418 Parks #125 Lincoln Douglas Debates
In the 1858 Senatorial debates between Lincoln and Douglas,Lincoln
argued that A house divided against itself cannotstand. I believe
that this government cannot endurepermanently half slave and half
free. Lincoln Decries Southern plot to extend slavery Promises to
work for slaverys extinction Casts slavery as a moral problem
Defends white supremacy in response to Douglas Douglas accuses
Lincoln of favoring equality In the short term, Lincoln lost the
Senatorial election In the long-term, the debates raised his
stature as a politicianand gained him the Republican nomination for
president in The debates foreshadowed the problems (slavery)
thatLincoln would face as president which ultimately led to
theCivil War and the end of slavery. Dates: 1858 Pages: Parks #126
Election of 1860 Won by Abraham Lincoln with a majority of
theelectoral vote but only a plurality of the popular vote Lincoln
was the Republican nominee and wasportrayed as a Northern Moderate
He ran on a platform opposing the spread of slavery The Democrats
were split between Douglas in theNorth and Breckenridge in the
South Lincoln carried the North and the West but did not getvotes
in the South where is name was not on theballots The South was
losing power After the election the South started to secede
withSouth Carolina seceding before Lincoln even tookoffice Dates:
1860 Pages: Parks 127. Homestead Act What: The Homestead Act was
passed in 1862 to helpsupport Western expansion and to populate
WesternAmerica. This act granted any citizen 160 acres of
Westernland, as long as they bought it for $10 and pledged
tocultivate and live on the land for 5 years. The expansionout West
was more difficult than Congress anticipated, asfew farmers could
afford all the farming gear and it wasdifficult for them to get
used to the semiarid climate ofthe Western Frontier. However, it
created more Westernfarmers and lead to more acts, such as The
Timber andStone Act, to further populate the West,
eventuallycreating a popular and fruitful region. Additionally,
128million acres were donated to railroad companies underthis act,
leading to the vast growth of the railroad industry,while also
creating easy transportation into the West tofurther populate the
land. When: May 20, 1862 Page: 430 128. Copperheads What: The
Copperheads were a group of Northern citizensduring the Civil War
that advocated peace and fought forlimited government, but were
driven by racist tendenciesand did not see African Americans as
worthwhile to fight for.They rioted against the conscription of
white northerners tofight for African American freedom, seeing it
as unfair andnot worth their sacrifice, with more anger arising
from thelower classmen as they were forced to fight while the
upperand middle class citizens were able to buy substitutes
forthemselves in battle. The lower classmen rioted and killedmany
black citizens, as well as burned down many draftoffices. The
Copperheads were a more covert rebellion style,consisting mainly of
propaganda, that fought for limitedgovernment instead of a large
central government thatwould force them to fight, but the
opposition toemancipation and racism towards African Americans
thattruly drove this group. They slowly died out as the Unionbegan
to win more battles, but they presented a majorproblem in the North
on a basis of morale, and showed thedissent against fighting, and
that equality was not a priorityof all Northerners. When: Page: 377
129. Emancipation Proclamation
What: The Emancipation Proclamation was passed by President
Lincolnand it stated that all slaves in areas under Confederate
control would beforever free. Additionally, it allowed the
enlistment of freed slaves in theUnion army. However, it did not
stretch to the Union states that stillallowed slavery, and the
Confederacy still kept a tight hold on their slaves,so truly, no
slaves were actually freed. But many slaves ran from theirmasters
in the South to help fight in the Union forces, a great addition
tothe Union effort that fought passionately for the freedom of the
rest oftheir race. Additionally, it represented that the Union
truly had abolition asa war aim and helped destroy the system of
slavery, completely eliminatingit after the Union won the war. The
Emancipation Proclamation acted as arepresentation of freedom for
enslaved African Americans. When: January 1, 1863 Pages: th
Amendment What: The 13th Amendment was the law that made slaveryin
America illegal and released all African American slaves inAmerica.
This opened doors for African Americans andallowed society to enter
into a new era of equality. AfricanAmericans, however, were not
entirely equal in the eyes ofsociety yet, so they began to fight
for more rights andfreedoms that would be established in the 14th
and 15thAmendments. African Americans would continue to fightracism
for more than a century, as the Ku Klux Klan arose inthis time to
repress the newly-freed, equal African Americansand keep them in
the lowest social class, as the Klan felt thatwas their position.
However, it did show the pervading senseof equality in America and
the effective results of the Unionwinning the Civil War.
Additionally, its ratification by theSouthern states served as
their readmission from theConfederacy to the Union. When: January
31, 1865-December 6,1865 Pages: 376, 390, 394 131. Jefferson Davis
What: Jefferson Davis, previously known as the Secretaryof War for
President Franklin Pierce, was inaugurated asthe President of the
Confederacy on February 18, He was very concerned with keeping a
heavy military frontwhile fighting in the Civil War, but he
neglected to care forhis citizens and created very dissatisfied
citizens and aserious morale problem. He also had very little
powerover the states in the Confederacy, as they believed instates
rights and did not want to be controlled by onecentral power,
giving Davis little power. Regardless, Daviswas the figurehead for
the Confederacy and representedthe idea of states rights and the
expansion of slavery allover America and played a heavy opposition
to PresidentAbraham Lincoln. When: Pages: , 367, 370 132. States
Rights What: States Rights was a primarily Southern movementthat
wanted limited government and disagreed with themajor central
government that controlled their states.States Rights acted as a
cover for the Souths majorintention for secession, the expansion of
slavery, but stillplayed a role in the development of the Civil
War. TheConfederacy wanted a less controlling federal
governmentthat left the decisions of each state up to the local
andstate governments. Many compromises, like the
MissouriCompromise, the movement that regulated and ended
theexpansion of slavery temporarily, tried to find an equalbalance
between state and federal government, however,the Southern states
never saw it as acceptable. It washighly debated in that time and
lead to a great deal ofrebellion from the national government.
When: Pages: , , , 133. Ulysses S. Grant What: Ulysses S. Grant was
a very successful Uniongeneral who was assigned the position
general in chief inMarch of He ended the war as the head of the
Unionarmy and he and his men officially defeated Robert E. Leeand
his men, a highly esteemed Confederate general. Grantwas an
incredible driving force and strategist for the Unionarmy and
played a major role in the victory of the Union.He was elected
president in 1868, and was not sosuccessful in this endeavor. He
passed the Force Acts tostop the attacks of the Ku Klux Klan
against AfricanAmericans in the South, but the attacks survived
throughhis attempts. His administration was also riddled
withcorruption and scandal, such as the hiring of his familymember
in nepotism, giving him the appearance ofnegligent to the masses.
Additionally, he handled the Panicof 1873 poorly, as powerful
businesses began to decline,and the national economy suffered.
However, his leadingand fighting skills cement him as an American
and Unionhero. When: Page(s): , 134. Robert E. Lee What: Robert E.
Lee was the powerful Confederate general thatonly supported the
Confederacy due to his citizenship inVirginia. He lead his
Confederate men into many battles, such asthe famous battle of
Gettysburg, and he acted as an inspirationand morale booster for
his Confederate effort. He was defeatedby Union general Grant at
the Appomattox Courthouse andsurrendered, generally marking the end
of the Civil War. When: Page(s): 347, 365, , , 380 th Amendment
What: The 13th Amendment was the law that made slaveryin America
illegal and released all African American slaves inAmerica. This
opened doors for African Americans andallowed society to enter into
a new era of equality. AfricanAmericans, however, were not entirely
equal in the eyes ofsociety yet, so they began to fight for more
rights andfreedoms that would be established in the 14th and
15thAmendments. African Americans would continue to fightracism for
more than a century, as the Ku Klux Klan arose inthis time to
repress the newly-freed, equal African Americansand keep them in
the lowest social class, as the Klan felt thatwas their position.
However, it did show the pervading senseof equality in America and
the effective results of the Unionwinning the Civil War.
Additionally, its ratification by theSouthern states served as
their readmission from theConfederacy to the Union. When: January
31, 1865-December 6,1865 Pages: 376, 390, 394 th Amendment What:
The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to allpeople born or
naturalized in America. This included AfricanAmericans, a major
step in equality and civil rights forAfrican Americans. However,
much like the 13thAmendment, it met objection from the South. Black
Codeswere passed by the Southern governments in order tofurther
diminish the social and economic level of AfricanAmericans. These
acts stole social rights from AfricanAmericans, such as where they
may live and under whatconditions, and also did not allow for
African Americans tovote, leading to the ratification of the 15th
Amendment.African Americans continued to fight for their rights,
butthe ratification of this Amendment was a great stride fortheir
movement. Additionally, it also served as areadmission necessity
for all Southern states hoping torejoin the Union. When: July 9,
1868 Page(s): 389, th Amendment What: The 15th Amendment made it
illegal for anygovernment to prohibit an American citizen from
votingdue to race, color, or previous servitude. This was
mainlydirected at African American suffrage, as the
Southerngovernments were attempting to steal the voting rightsfrom
African Americans by passing grandfather laws ordemanding a
literacy test in order to vote. This also gave agreat response from
the Ku Klux Klan, as they began to walkthe polls and intimidate and
attack African Americans tothe point where they were afraid to
vote, leading to theForce Acts from Grant to stop the Klan by
force. Somewomen movements saw this as a way to take a stand
forwomens suffrage, however, it would be many years untilthat was
later added. This amendment was a major step inthe direction of
racial equality in America and would leadthe way to more civil and
social rights for African Americansover the next century. When:
February 3, 1870 Page(s): 394, , 413 138. Sharecropping What:
Sharecropping was a new form of employment mainly used
fornewly-freed African Americans on a farmers land. African
Americans andother workers would plant and harvest a landlords
crop, and return apercentage of the crop to the landlord, receive a
small wage from thefarmer, and then buy their goods and necessities
from the farmer.However, this new process soon became wildly
corrupt and would resultwith landlords raising the prices of their
products or demanding apreposterous percentage of the crop, leading
to the continued exploitationof African Americans. This process
only further repressed AfricanAmericans and forced them into a
lower social and economic class andbecame a kind of servitude,
reverting African Americans to a state of near- slavery. When:
1870s Page(s): 139. Black Codes TB: pg. 391 Historical Date:
Black Codes were laws passed by Southern States in 1865 and 1866,
after theCivil War. Description of Historical Significance:
Immediately after the Civil War ended, Southern states enacted
"black codes"that allowed African Americans certain rights, such as
legalized marriage,ownership of property, and limited access to the
courts, but denied them therights to testify against whites, to
serve on juries or in state militias, vote, orstart a job without
the approval of the previous employer. These codes were allrepealed
in 1866 when Reconstruction began. The laws were designed toreplace
the social controls of slavery that had been removed by
theEmancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment to the
Constitution,and were thus intended to assure continuance of white
supremacy. Simply put,black codes were a way for Southerners during
the Reconstruction era to keepAfrican American citizens under the
same bondage they were in as slaves.They made it possible for
businesses to openly discriminate against AfricanAmericans, allowed
poll taxes and tests to be placed on a person's votingrights - note
that anyone who voted before 1864 was grandfathered in,
butobviously no African American voted before that time - and made
it illegal for awhite woman to marry a black man. They also made it
so that black citizenshad to buy crops from their former masters,
drawing them into a cycle of debtwhich was inherited by their
children - this is where the term "sharecropper"came from; the
plantation owners loaned them crops of land at interest ratesthey
could never possibly pay off.These laws evoked political, social,
andeconomic effects such as politically restricting blacks,
socially degradingAfrican American culture, and economically
crippling them in the job market. TB: pg. 391 140. Jim Crow Laws
TB: pg. 413 Historical Date:
Jim Crow Laws were enacted in the late-20th Century after
theReconstruction period in the United States, and which continued
withforce until 1965. Description of Historical Significance:
African Americans bore great hardships imposed by the new
order.From 1876 through the fist decade of the twentieth century,
southernstates imposed a series of restrictions on black civil
rights known asJim Crow laws. While segregation and
disenfranchisement began asinformal arrangements, they culminated
in a legal regime ofseparations and exclusion that took firm hold
in the 1890s. The rise ofJim Crow in the political arena was
especially bitter for southern blackswho realized that only
political power could ensure other rights.Furthermore, white
Democrats now controlled the electoral machineryand were able to
manipulate the black vote by stuffing ballot boxes,discarding
unwanted votes, or reporting fraudulent totals. Some statesalso
imposed complicated new voting requirements to discourageblack
participation. The dark night of racism that fell on the South
afterReconstruction seemed to unleash all the baser impulses of
humannature. Between 1889 and 1890, an average of 187 blacks
werelynched every year for alleged offences against white
supremacy. TB: pg. 413 141. Poll Tax, Literacy Test, Grandfather
Clause
Historical Date: Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century
Description of Historical Significance: After the Civil War and
Reconstruction, southern states employed arange of tactics to
prevent blacks from exercising their right to vote.These tactics
caused registration by blacks to drop significantly. Suchmeasures
as the poll tax, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses
provedespecially effective in disfranchising blacks. The poll tax
was instituted inseven southern states following Reconstruction.
The poll tax was a flatfee required before voting; it was often
levied as high as $200 per person.The voting rights of poor blacks
were disproportionately discriminatedagainst in this method.
Literacy tests were used to help exclude themfrom the polls.
However, whites found that literacy tests also wouldexclude large
numbers of whites from becoming eligible voters sincemany whites
could not read or write either. As a remedy, somejurisdictions
adopted a reasonable interpretation clause; these lawsgave voting
registrars discretion to evaluate applicants performance onliteracy
tests. The effect was predictable: most whites passed and
mostblacks did not. By the beginning of the twentieth century,
almost everyblack had been disfranchised in the South. Grandfather
clauses, apeculiarly irksome impediment to achieving voting rights
for AfricanAmericans, were enacted by seven Southern states between
1895 and These laws provided that those who had enjoyed the right
to voteprior to 1866 or 1867 or their lineal descendants would be
exempt fromeducational, property, or tax requirements for voting.
Because formerslaves had not been granted the right to vote until
the FifteenthAmendment was ratified in 1870, these clauses
effectively excludedblacks from the vote. The use of Southern
tactics to disenfranchiseformer slaves gave way to the 15th
Amendment, an attempt by the federalgovernment to discontinue these
prejudice actions. The FifteenthAmendment makes it illegal for the
federal government and the states touse a citizen's race, color, or
previous status as a slave as a qualificationfor voting. Literacy
Test: Political Cartoon
https://sites.google.com/site/apgovvocabwiki2/unit-3-terms/literacy-test
TB: pg. 498 142.Compromise of 1877 Electoral Map of 1876: TB: pg.
409
Historical Date: 1877 Description of Historical Significance:
Immediately after the presidential election of1876, it became clear
that the outcome of therace hinged largely on disputed returns
fromFlorida, Louisiana and South Carolinathe onlythree states in
the South with Reconstruction- era Republican governments still in
power. Asa bipartisan congressional commissiondebated over the
outcome early in 1877, alliesof the Republican Party candidate
RutherfordHayes met in secret with moderate southernDemocrats in
order to negotiate acceptance ofHayes election. The Democrats
agreed not toblock Hayes victory on the condition thatRepublicans
withdraw all federal troops fromthe South, thus consolidating
Democraticcontrol over the region. As a result of the so- called
Compromise of 1877 (or Compromise of1876), Florida, Louisiana and
South Carolinabecame Democratic once again, effectivelymarking the
end of the Reconstruction era. Electoral Map of 1876:
https://lsaushistory13.wikispaces.com/The+Compromise+of+1877 TB:
pg. 409 143. Radical Republicans TB: pg. 389 Historical Date:
Late 19th Century Description of Historical Significance: Congress
was unhappy with the Lincolns Reconstructionexperiments and in 1864
refused to seat the Unionists electedto the House and Senate from
Louisiana and Arkansas. Aminority of congressional Republicansthe
strongly antislaveryRadical Republicansfavored protection for black
rights(especially black make suffrage) as a precondition for
thereadmission of southern states. The Radicals, a faction of
theregular Republican Party, came into prominence on the
nationallevel after They never achieved majority status
withinRepublican ranks, but were successful with manipulating
theother factions to their advantage. Radical influence
wasespecially strong in the New England states. They tended toview
the Civil War as a crusade against the institution of slaveryand
supported immediate emancipation. Moreover, RadicalRepublicans
advocated enlistment of black soldiers throughoutthe war and led
the fight for ratification of the 13th Amendment.In 1867 and 1868,
the Radicals passed Reconstruction Actsfeaturing far harsher
treatment of the South. The Radicals alsoplayed a leading role in
the impeachment of Andrew Johnsonand the succeeding trial.
Participation in those events tended toweaken the Radicals appeal
at the polls as the public grewweary of their hard-edged tactics.
The Radical Republicans inthe early 1870s urged Ulysses Grant to
take action against theKu Klux Klan, and later pressed for labor
reforms, whichincluded improved working conditions in factories and
the eight- hour day. Therefore, these individuals played a profound
role inthe Reconstruction of American after the Civil War. TB: pg.
389 144. Ku Klux Klan TB: pg. 405-407, 410 Historical Date:
Late 19th Century to Present Day Description of Historical
Significance: From 1868 through the early 1870s the Ku Klux Klan
(KKK)functioned as a loosely organized group of political and
socialterrorists. The Klan's goals included political defeat of
theRepublican Party and the maintenance of absolute whitesupremacy
in response to newly gained civil and politicalrights by southern
blacks after the Civil War. They were moresuccessful in achieving
their political goals than they werewith their social goals during
the Reconstruction era. Itsmembers waged an underground campaign
ofintimidation and violence directed at white and blackRepublican
leaders. Though Congress passedlegislation designed to curb Klan
terrorism, theorganization saw its primary goalthe
reestablishmentof white supremacyfulfilled through
Democraticvictories in state legislatures across the South in
the1870s. TB: pg , 410 145. Sand Creek Massacre TB: pg. 422
Historical Date:
November 1864 Description of Historical Significance: The causes of
the Sand Creek massacre were rootedin the long conflict for control
of the Great Plains ofeastern Colorado. In what can only be
considered anact of treachery, Chivington moved his troops to
theplains, and on November 29, they attacked theunsuspecting Native
Americans, scattering men,women, and children and hunting them
down. Thecasualties reflect the one-sided nature of the fight.
Nineof Chivington's men were killed; 148 of Black Kettle'sfollowers
were slaughtered, more than half of themwomen and children. The
Colorado volunteers returnedand killed the wounded, mutilated the
bodies, and setfire to the village. The atrocities committed by
thesoldiers were initially praised, but then condemned asthe
circumstances of the massacre emerged.Chivington resigned from the
military and aborted hisbudding political career. Black Kettle
survived andcontinued his peace efforts. In 1865, his
followersaccepted a new reservation in Indian Territory. TB: pg.
422 146. Battle of Little Big Horn
Historical Date: 1876 Description of Historical Significance: The
effects and significance of the Battle of Bighorn in historyis that
the Battle of the Little Bighorn was the beginning of theend of the
Indian Wars. The nomadic hunter lifestyle of thePlains Indians was
lost forever. The languages, culture,religion, beliefs and
ceremonies of conquered people fell intodecline. The news in the
East of the disastrous defeat at theBattle of Little Bighorn
shocked people who were accustomedto battlefield victories and
convinced of their inherentsuperiority and claim to manifest
destiny. The US Governmentexpanded the Army in the region by 2,500
men following theDefeat at the Battle of Little Bighorn. The Battle
of LittleBighorn led to increased intolerance of the Native Indians
anda determination to place them on a reservation in order
to'civilize' them. The Battle of the Little Bighorn was also
themost successful action fought by the American Indians againstthe
United States Army in the West. It was part of theCampaign of 1876,
an effort by the United States Governmentto force the Sioux tribes
onto their Reservations. TB: pg 147. Dawes Act TB: pg. 425
Historical Date:
1887 Description of Historical Significance: Legislation passed by
Congress in 1887 that aimed at breaking uptraditional Indian life
by promoting individual land ownership andassimilation. It divided
tribal lands into small plots that were distributedamong members of
each tribe. Provisions were made for Indianeducation and eventually
citizenship. The law led to corruption,exploitation, and the
weakening of Native American tribal culture. TheDawes Act of 1887
was a misguided attempt to reform the government'sNative American
policy. It's goal was to assimilate Native Americans intothe
mainstream of American life and eliminate tribal ownership.TheDawes
Act significantly undermined Indian tribal life, but did little
tofurther their acceptance into the broader society. In addition,
the lawseverely reduced Indian holdings; after all individual
allocations hadbeen made, the extensive lands remaining were
declared surplus andopened for sale to non-Indians. In 1887, the
tribes had owned about 138million acres; by 1900 the total acreage
in Indian hands had fallen to 78million. This policy was not
reversed until 1934, when the IndianReorganization Act asserted the
importance of perpetuating Indiancultural institutions and
permitted surplus lands to be returned to tribalownership. The
result of this was almost complete destruction of Nativeculture and
identity. TB: pg. 425 148. Gospel of Wealth TB: pg. N/A Historical
Date:
1889 Description of Historical Significance: The Gospel of Wealth,
Andrew Carnegies mostfamous essay, was written in 1889 and
describes theresponsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class
ofself-made rich. The central thesis of Carnegie's essayis that the
wealthy entrepreneur must assume theresponsibility of distributing
his fortune in a manner thatassures that it will be put to good
use, and not wastedon frivolous expenditure. The very existence of
povertyin a capitalistic society, Carnegie believed, could
begreatly alleviated by wealthy philanthropic businessmenand women.
The Gospel of Wealth is an eloquenttestament to the importance of
charitable giving for thepublic good. The novel expresses Carnegies
vision ofeconomics as in Social Darwinism. TB: pg. N/A 149. John D.
Rockefeller TB: pg. 453-454, 458,483 Historical Date:
Description of Historical Significance: John D. Rockefeller,
founder of the Standard OilCompany, became one of the worlds
wealthiest menand a major philanthropist. Born into
modestcircumstances in upstate New York, he entered
thethen-fledgling oil business in 1863 by investing in aCleveland,
Ohio, refinery. In 1870, he establishedStandard Oil, which by the
early 1880s controlled some90 percent of U.S. refineries and
pipelines. Criticsaccused Rockefeller of engaging in unethical
practices,such as predatory pricing and colluding with railroadsto
eliminate his competitors, in order to gain amonopoly in the
industry. In 1911, the U.S. SupremeCourt found Standard Oil in
violation of anti-trust lawsand ordered it to dissolve. During his
life Rockefellerdonated more than $500 million to
variousphilanthropic causes. TB: pg , 458,483 150. Andrew Carnegie
TB: pg. 452, 461, 464-465 Historical Date:
Description of Historical Significance: Scottish-born Andrew
Carnegie ( ) was an Americanindustrialist who amassed a fortune in
the steel industry thenbecame a major philanthropist. Carnegie
worked in a Pittsburghcotton factory as a boy before rising to the
position of divisionsuperintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad in
Whileworking for the railroad, he invested in various
ventures,including iron and oil companies, and made his first
fortune bythe time he was in his early 30s. In the early 1870s, he
enteredthe steel business, and over the next two decades became
adominant force in the industry. In 1901, he sold the CarnegieSteel
Company to banker John Pierpont Morgan for $480million. Carnegie
then devoted himself to philanthropy,eventually giving away more
than $350 million. Congress wasunhappy with the Lincolns
Reconstruction TB: pg. 452, 461, 151. J.P. Morgan TB: pg. 450, 452,
455, 509, 538 Historical Date:
Description of Historical Significance: One of the most powerful
bankers of his era, J.P. Morganfinanced railroads and helped
organize U.S. Steel, GeneralElectric and other major corporations.
The Connecticut nativefollowed his wealthy father into the banking
business in the late1850s, and in 1871 formed a partnership with
Philadelphia bankerAnthony Drexel. In 1895, their firm was
reorganized as J.P.Morgan & Company, a predecessor of the
modern-day financialgiant JPMorgan Chase. Morgan used his influence
to helpstabilize American financial markets during several
economiccrises, including the panic of However, he faced
criticismthat he had too much power and was accused of manipulating
thenations financial system for his own gain. The Gilded Age
titanspent a significant portion of his wealth amassing a vast
artcollection. TB: pg. 450, 452, 455, 509, 538 152. Social
Darwinism TB: pg. 485-488 Historical Date:
Late 19th Century Description of Historical Significance: The
concept of Social Darwinism originated withinthe writings of
English social philosopher, HerbertSpencer. In several influential
books, Spencer tookthe evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin
andapplied Darwinian principles of natural selection tosociety,
combining biology and sociology in a theoryof social selection"
that tried to explain humanprogress. Like animals society evolved,
slowly byadapting to the environment. The survival of thefittesta
term that Spencer, not Darwin,inventedpreserved the strong and
weeded out theweek. This theory played a significant role
withinCarnegies TB: pg