Patterns of Structure and Function in Plants. Brain Viagra In The News.
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Transcript of Patterns of Structure and Function in Plants. Brain Viagra In The News.
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Patterns of Structure and Function in Plants
Patterns of Structure and Function in Plants
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Brain ViagraIn The News
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Vascular Plants
• Have transport system– Water – Nutrients
• Allows for larger size
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Organization of Vascular Plant
• Below ground root system– Roots for absorption
• Above ground shoot system– Stems & leaves
• Both have growth zones
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Tissue Types of Vascular Plants(Differentiated Tissue)
• Vascular tissue– Circulatory system
• Ground tissue– Embeds vascular tissue– Most of plant tissue– Stores carbohydrates
• Dermal tissue– Protective covering
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Meristem Tissue(Undifferentiated Tissue)
• Area of cell division• Gives rise to other tissue types• Results in plant growth
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Vascular Tissue
• Xylem– Transports
• Water• Nutrients
– Conducting cells• Tracheids • Vessel elements
– Cells die before becoming functional
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Vascular Tissue
• Phloem– Conducts
• Carbohydrates • Minerals
– Cells • Sieve-tube members
– Living cells – Cytoplasm, no nuclei
• Companion cells– Nuclei – Secrete into & remove from sieve-tube
members
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Ground Tissue
• Three cell types
– Parenchyma cells
– Collenchyma cells
– Sclerenchyma cells
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Parenchyma • Photosynthesis and storage
• Thin walled
• Most common cell type
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Collenchyma• Support tissue
• Unevenly thickened cells
• Bundles of supportive columns
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Sclerenchyma• Help in support and strength
• Dead, hollow cells with thick walls
• Fibers and sclerids
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• Covers plant
• Cells– Mostly epidermal (cuticle)– Guard cells
• Surround stomata
– Trichomes • Outgrowths of epidermis
• Bark replaces dermal tissue in woody plants
Dermal Tissue
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Meristematic Tissue
• Meristems – Areas of undifferentiated cells– Undergoes mitosis
• Primary growth– At tips of roots & shoots
• Secondary growth– Cylinder of meristematic tissue– Found in woody plants
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Organs of Vascular Plants
• Roots
• Stems
• Leaves
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Roots• Absorb water & minerals• Anchor the plant• Storage (Some Roots)
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Root Tissue Structure
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Root Growth• Meristem tissue at tip of root
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Root Hairs
• Increase surface area for absorption
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Types of Roots
Taproot Prop Root Fibrous Root
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Essential Nutrients Delivered by Roots
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Need for Nutrients • Plants produce carbohydrates from nonmineral nutrients (photosysthesis)• Need nucleic acids, proteins, fats, & vitamins• These are produced from carbohydrates and mineral nutrients• Nutrient deficiency impairs growth
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Stems• Support leaves• Transport fluids• Have many shapes• Storage
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Stem Structures
• Nodes – Areas where leaves form on stem
• Internodes – Areas between nodes
• Lateral buds– Side shoots from stem
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Stem Transport System
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Vascular Cambium
• Growth tissue in woody stems
• New xylem & phloem is formed
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Secondary Growth in Woody Stems
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Wood of Trees
• Accumulated secondary xylem
• Hardwood – wood of dicot trees
• Softwood – wood of conifers
• Not accurate descriptions of wood density
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Tissues in Tree Cross Section
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Leaves
• Sites of photosynthesis
• Blade = flattened portion
• Petiole = stalk
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Dicot vs. Monocot Leaves• Monocot – veins parallel
• Dicot – net-like
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Internal Leaf Structure
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Openings in Leaf Tissue• Used for respiration
• Stomata – openings
• Guard cells – regulate opening
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Transpiration
• Water exiting leaf openings
• Fluids move by transpirational pull or (adhesion-cohesion-tension theory)– Water evaporates from airspaces within leaves– Water in mesophyle moves into empty spaces– Results in pull of water in xylem– Molecules pulled up (adhesion & cohesion)– Water (by osmosis) and minerals (by active transport)
enter through root
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Bulk Flow or (pressure flow)
• Fluid (sap) is also transported by phloem
• Transports products of photosynthesis
• Bulk flow = pressure flow– Companion cells actively transport sucrose into sieve
tube member cells, water follows by osmosis– High pressure develops in phloem near the source– Low pressure in sink (where sucrose is used)– causing the rapid flow of sap
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Nonvascular Plants
• No true roots, stems or leaves
• some have stems and leaf-like structures
• Outer layer of epidermis
• Parenchyma cells inside
• Some have central strand of water-conducting cells
• No other vascular tissues
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Rhizoids• Anchor some nonvascular plants
• No role in absorption
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End chapter 24