Pattern of Social Relations Among Peasants as an Effort to Continue Agricultural Activities in Rural...

7/30/2019 Pattern of Social Relations Among Peasants as an Effort to Continue Agricultural Activities in Rural Areas

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pattern-of-social-relations-among-peasants-as-an-effort-to-continue-agricultural 1/9

Research on Humanities and Social

ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 222

Vol.3, No.5, 2013

Pattern of Social Rel

Agric

Department of Anthr

* E-ma

Abstract

Peasant life in rural Java is in the p

peasants need money. One way tosocial relations are built sometimes

areas. Therefore, studies have been

village are in the process of comm

by observation and interview. Int

conclusions of the results of the stu

constructed variably according to

characteristics of the social relatio

others are strong c) social relations

individual, individuals to institution

Keywords: social relationships, pa

1. Introduction

Peasants are some of the actor

in poor condition. Problems faced

financial capital to fund their peas

selling prices, and government poli

are increasing high, and so forth. O

opportunities for peasants who can

live well, such as peasants who hav

activities, they cannot do it alone b

several parties for the continuity of

Social relations are built by th

relations they built are sometimes

Similar condition occurs among pe

build social relationships. However,

sometimes become a burden. The

relations built by the peasants to sus

2. Methods

This research was conducted

Indonesia. Kebonrejo village is an

(roads, transport, electricity, telep

smoothly. Most residents in this vi

process of commercialization in agr

Sciences

-2863 (Online)

96

ations among Peasants as an Ef

ultural Activities in Rural Area

Dr. Rustinsyah,

pology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Airl

Jl. Airlangga 4-6, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia

il of the corresponding author: [email protected]

ocess of commercialization and almost all the necess

eet the needs of peasants in rural areas is to builnot economically profitable, but it supports life an

conducted on the peasants in the village Kebonrejo in

rcialization. Research was conducted using qualitati

rviews were conducted in-depth, independent and

y are as follows: a) peasants in the village are so div

interest, b) social relations are built vertically

ns of kinship, functional, patron-client, contractual,

are conducted with people in the village and outsi

s.

tern, peasants, commercialization, rural Java.

s of national food production. However, the lives of

by peasants are very diverse, such as limited co

ant subsistence , exchange rate instability of agric

cies that sometimes disadvantageous for some peasa

n the other hand, the commercialization of the count

capture a lucrative business opportunity. Some peas

e off-farm economic activities, such as traders. Simil

t they need the support of others. Therefore, they bui

arm activities and meet their needs.

peasants to earn profits and sustain farming in count

ot economically profitable, but it can support the s

asants in the village Kebonrejo. One way to sustain

existing social relations are profitable and bring pro

efore, this paper will be elaborated the patterns a

tain farming activities in the countryside.

n 2004-2005 in the village Kebonrejo, Sub district

pen farming village, with adequate infrastructure to

one, etc.) so that social relations with the villag

llage have livelihood from agriculture. Community

culture and in meeting the needs of everyday life.

www.iiste.org

ort to Continue

angga University

om

ties of life and activities of

social relations. Althoughfarming activities in rural

2004-2005. Peasants in the

e methods, data collection

used interview guide. The

erse that social relations are

and horizontally with the

some are weak and some

e the village, individual to

ural peasants are generally

trol over land, increasing

ltural products, fluctuating

ts, agricultural input prices

ryside has created business

ants in the countryside can

arly, in conducting farming

ld social relationships with

ryside. However, the social

stainability of agriculture.

agricultural activities is to

ress, but on the other hand

nd characteristic of social

Kepung, Kediri, East Java,

support economic activities

rs outside the village run

life in the village is in the





Vol.3, No.5, 2013

The method used was a qualit

The informants were peasants and

traders as agricultural buyer, agric

banking employees, sugarcane peas purposes of research and then interp

of kinship, contractual, patron-clien

3. Literature Review

Peasants are some of the actor

in poor condition. Problems faced

financial capital to fund their pea

selling prices, and government poli

are increasing high, and so forth. O

opportunities for peasants who can

live well, such as peasants who hav

activities, they cannot do it alone b

several parties for the continuity of

Social relations are built by th

relations they built are sometimes

Similar condition occurs among pe

build social relationships. However,

sometimes become a burden. There

built by the peasants to sustain farm

Peasants are people who work

tenants, peasants who manage the

modernization of agriculture is a

intensive farming systems, agraria

agricultural activities in dry land

guidance and assistance from threlationships is important for the co

Commercialization in rural Ja

electric communication technologie

areas and others. Commercializatio

structure. Social structure is a total

dyadic relationships or the first part

the tendency of social relations i

relationships in open and capitaliz

rural communities does not mean

Social interaction in rural communi

(Sayogya and Pudjiwati Sayogya, 2

moral, rational, and functional, accoAccording to Migdal (1974), s

in the closed village. In the open vi

outside the group freely according t

the social relationships of peasants

products, and c) the involvement o

more or less according, to his need

least four categories of social relati

producers and consumers, b) family

support; c) peasants as an integral p

products, bureaucrats, clerics, fruiti

Sciences

-2863 (Online)

97

tive method. Therefore, data collection was done by

their social relations, such as family members, neig

ltural input dealers, lenders consisting of the patron

ants' groups, and so on. The collected data were classireted accordance with the concepts that were used, su

, and others.

s of national food production. However, the lives of

by peasants are very diverse, such as limited co

ant subsistence, exchange rate instability of agricu

cies that sometimes disadvantageous for some peasa

n the other hand, the commercialization of the count

capture a lucrative business opportunity. Some peas

e off-farm economic activities, such as traders. Simil

t they need the support of others. Therefore, they bui

arm activities and meet their needs.

peasants to earn profits and sustain farming in count

ot economically profitable, but it can support the s

asants in the village Kebonrejo. One way to sustain

existing social relations are profitable and bring pro

ore, this paper will be elaborate the patterns and char

ing activities in the countryside.

and directly involve in agricultural activities in rural

sharing system, and peasant proprietors. One im

growing class differentiation (Palmer, 1976). In o

classes emerge, affecting the dynamics of social

lso involve many others to obtain labor, farming

government, selling the harvest, and so forth.tinuity of agricultural activities in the village.

va runs quickly, supported by economic infrastruct

s, government policies relating to the development of

in rural areas expands social relations and ultimate

network of relationships among individuals and gr

y to different other group (Radcliffe-Brown, 1940). I

s functional and rational, rather than personal.

d community tend to be more impersonal. Rational

that matters related to traditions and social cohesio

ies is still affected by political affiliation, belief, kins

002). Therefore, the system of social relationships tha

rding to the interests.ocial relations network in rural and capitalized comm

llage, every citizen can establish social relationships

o his interests. According to Kunkel (1961), there are

who live in an open village: a) the use of wage la

f external parties to meet cash needs. Social relation

s. According to Diaz and Potter (1967), in an open

ons: a) family obtained from blood relations and m

and relatives in the village for cooperation in the eco

art of society and culture; d) persons outside the villa

r, merchant vessels, and the interests.

www.iiste.org

observation and interview.

bors as a source of labor,

, cooperative management,

fied in accordance with thech as social relations, moral

ural peasants are generally

trol over land, increasing

ltural products, fluctuating

ts, agricultural input prices

ryside has created business

ants in the countryside can

arly, in conducting farming

ld social relationships with

ryside. However, the social

stainability of agriculture.

agricultural activities is to

ress, but on the other hand

acteristic of social relations

areas. They include hedge-

act of intensification and

en rural community with

relations pattern. Intensive

capital, agricultural inputs,

Therefore, building social

re, such as transportation,

economic activities in rural

ly affects changes in social

ups with two-dimensional

today's open rural society

eber (1978) found social

relationship order in open

n is abandoned altogether.

hip, status, and self-esteem

t develop can vary between

nities will open wider than

with individuals inside and

three factors that influence

or, b) trade of agricultural

s built by the peasants can

ural social life there are at

rriage, they have a role as

omic, social and emotional

ge as buyers of agricultural





Vol.3, No.5, 2013

Social relations developing i

dyadic contract. Social relationshi

(Foster, 1967). Rural communities

farming communities affects changrelationships with workers, buyers

widen due to the change from colle

The characteristics of social r

basis of kinship emotion, b) patr

contractual relations (Popkin, 1979

as social relations of farmer group

capital, access to credit, labor, p

characteristic of social relations buil

farms establish social relationships

and have multiple economic activiti

4. Results and Discussion

Kebonrejo village is farming v

a living as a farmer with dry land fa

corn and so on. Generally, they do

agricultural products for sale.

Peasants in the village of Ke

tenants, poor peasants who have les

peasants who have less than 0.5 he

and have no source of income outsi

off-farm income, peasants who own

farm income sources. Mostly dema

class of merchant- peasants. For th

relations. Figure 1 is a diagram on t

Sciences

-2863 (Online)

98

the farming community can be viewed vertically

s occur between those who have the same or diffe

are changing, according to Stirling (1965), so that

es in impersonal social relationships. Changes occur of agricultural products. Furthermore, Potter (1967

tive orientation to individualistic orientation.

lationships can be categorized by several things a)

on-client social relations (Scott, 1976), c) rational

, and d) functional social relationships with instituti

embers. The pattern of social relations is associated

roduction and agricultural means, the buyers, and

t by the peasants are in line with their needs. Generall

less than rich peasants who have wide land with a

es.

illage, which is undergoing commercialization. Most

rming systems that produce vegetables (peppers, onio

intensive farming using pesticides, chemical fertiliz

bonrejo consisted of cultivators with a hedge-shari

than 0.5 hectares of land and have no source of inco

ctares of land and have off-farm income, peasants w

de of agriculture, peasants who have a 0.5 to 1 acre o

land more than one acre that have off-farm income s

ded economic activity outside the agriculture is trad

continuation of agricultural activities in the village t

e pattern of social relations among the peasants in Ke

www.iiste.org

or horizontally, called the

rent socio-economic status

social change in the rural

adults, especially in social) says that social relations

oral social relations on the

social relations, such as

ns and organizations, such

ith needs intended to raise

so on. The number and

y, peasants who have small

ariety of farming activities

of Kebonrejo villagers earn

ns, beans, etc.), sugar cane,

ers, manure and almost all

g system, peasant-tenants,

e outside agriculture, poor

ith 0.5 to 1 hectare of land

f land and have a source of

ources and do not have off-

because there is emerging

ey need to establish social

bonrejo village:





Vol.3, No.5, 2013

4.1. Social Relationships among P

Social relations built by the

(money, land), and the distribution

social relations of the peasants wi

activity, and b) social relations of t

village, the sugar factory, traders i

lender; d) social relations of produc

relations of peasants and bureaucrat

peasants (rich peasants and farm wo

peasants is at least influenced by th

Sciences

-2863 (Online)

99

igure 1: Social Relationships among PeasantsSource: Research Data, 2004/2005

easants in Kebonrejo village

easants are intended to address issues of labor, m

of the harvest. Social relations built by the peasants

h family, relatives, neighbors to gain mode suppor

e peasants with the agricultural buyers (middlemen i

the market, etc), c) social relations of the peasants

ion of peasants with traders (manure, chemical fertili

s, such as agriculture counselors and peasants' groups

rkers, peasants and tenants, and so on). The number o

ir interests to undertake economic activities and need

www.iiste.org

eans of production, capital

can be categorized into: a)

, cooperation in economic

the village and outside the

with a financial institution

ers and anti-pest), e) social

; f) social relations between

f social relationships of the

of everyday life





Vol.3, No.5, 2013

4.1.1 Social relations of the peasa

A family or a household usuasame house for a while the member

agricultural activities in the village.

members (children, wife, parents w

school can devote unpaid labor c

families of poor peasants can survi

children of the poor peasants dema

the village ask their parents to buy

tenants of farm laborers in the vill

work outside the village also assist

from their children who work in the

proud of remittances from their ch

building a house, renting land and

continuation of agricultural activitiewith his parents in the village hel

intentionally caderized to replace th

Elderly parents who live in o

from poor peasant families, who ha

as workers. Usually the land and th

has an important role in family peas

relationship, but also economic rela

can be categorized into: a) as a s

economic crisis, and c) as a friend o

a source unpaid family labor. For p

costs. Wife can help work in the

economic assistance in the form of also sources of unpaid labor, but t

wealthy peasants are deemed in app

perform heavy physical activities.

perfunctory. The full outpouring of

such as when the sales price of chili

for the needs of daily life. In the e

middlemen. Similarly, wealthy pea

relationship with wage labor, such a

labor is one way to make the work

job (when he is ill, traveling) or tak

the workers. The wives are those w

managing finances is a form of coo

general, have economic supporteconomic business as a trader of agr

4.1.2 Social Relations of the Peasa

Relatives or in a Javanese lan

blood relationship or by marriage.

relations with relatives occur not o

Their economic relations are expec

based social kinship. The pattern o

source of capital, as they lend mo

socioeconomic conditions. Cash bo

agreement about the timing of the r

aggrieved party, such as the case o

Sciences

-2863 (Online)

100

ts with their families

lly consists of parents and children who have not bwork outside the village. Family plays an important

Families of poor peasants in the village Kebonrejo a

o live in the same house) in carrying out their activiti

rtainly like wage laborers in helping the economy

ve and even thrive because of the help of their childr

d rewards for meeting their needs as other children d

a motorcycle instead of a bicycle, because a numb

ge Kebonrejo already have motorcycles. Children

their families in the village. Some farm families in

big cities or abroad as Indonesian Workers. Peasant’

ildren so that they generally make the remittances

other critical needs. Children from wealthy farmin

s in the village. Children of wealthy farming family tthe economic activity by positioning themselves a

eir parents' work as peasants.

e house with the family of their children provide e

e only a narrow land of less than 0.25 acres and are

house are inherited, so that they do not have full po

ants. The social relations of wives and their families

ions. Peasant wives participation in economic activiti

ource of labor, b) as a mediator and negotiator wi

r partner, d) as an additional breadwinner. Wives in p

or peasants who have a narrow strip of land, help wi

ot sun. Wives in poor peasants generally double as

oney for capital and labor to farm. I contrast to the rihe outpouring of physical labor is lower than that i

ropriate to carry out heavy physical work, such as far

They are more appropriately to supervise the wa

physical labor is done in case of a crisis, urgent situ

declines at harvest time. A wife serves as a mediator

ent of crisis, women are seen as more flexible, nego

sant’s wife also serves as mediators and negotiators

s providing a decent meal for wage workers. Providi

rs feel at home. Wife as a partner means that they r

e some economic activities commonly performed by

o pay wages, buy agricultural tools, and others. Gran

eration in carrying out economic activities. Successf

rom the wives. Women in the village Kebonrejoicultural products, kiosks at home for selling food, ho

nts and their Relatives

uage called sanak-saudara, are people outside the n

Just like what happened to peasants in the village

ly in the context of fraternal relations, but also in r

ted to provide economic benefits for each party, des

f socio-economic relations between relatives is as

ey without any payment of interest, whose amount

rowing among relatives still undergoes, but not expos

turn and the reason for borrowing money. The case

denial of either party. If the issue is raised, it is usu

www.iiste.org

een married or lived in theole for the sustainability of

re assisted by many family

es. Children who are out of

of their families. Several

en, although sometimes the

o. For example, children in

r of children who are also

ho are not yet married and

illages receive remittances

s families in the village are

or good purposes, such as

families also support the

at have grown up and liveds partner. The children are

onomic assistance. Parents

still able to work, also help

er over the property. Wife

are not only a family social

es in the village Kebonrejo

h people to overcome the

oor farming family serve as

es labor saving production

a laborer, so she can give

ch peasants wives, they aren poor peasants. Wives of

ming all day in the moor to

e workers while working

ations and in certain cases,

and negotiator to get a loan

tiate to get a loan from the

to establish a good social

g good and proper food for

places an absent husband's

usbands, such as watching

ting authority to the wife in

l peasants in the village, in

generally have additionalusehold goods and so on.

clear family related due to

Kebonrejo, peasant social

ational economic relations.

pite a sense of community

ollows: First, relatives are

varies depending on their

ed openly. Usually, there is

ill be raised if there is any

lly solved right away so as





Vol.3, No.5, 2013

not to cause a rift in kinship social r

motor vehicles ownership [BPKB]

farming equipments, such as spraye

agricultural land owned by relativesthe farm. Fifth, run off-farm econo

of chemical fertilizers and agricult

social control in order to avoid d

understand other people's condition

denial, usually the aggrieved party

to the neighbor, to keep good relatio

4.1.3 Peasants Social relations wi

The buyers of agricultural pro

between peasants and buyers of agr

patron-client social relations is pre

the clients (peasants) are obliged to

daily life, farming capital or otheagricultural products. However, the

on. Patron social relationships occ

lasted for a long time. Contractual

credit to peasants without any pay

grinding at the mill. The base pric

beneficial because they can deal di

for sugar mill.

4.1.4 Social relations of peasants

Almost all peasants in the village u

or private. Public bank that provid

credit to peasants in this village a

institutions that provide loans with

Kebonrejo also provides credit to p

that provide credit even lead a num

in increasing cases of " gali lubang

peasants can take advantage of the

all successful peasants in the village

selling prices improve, the peasants

when the price of agricultural produ

4.1.5 Peasants social relations wit

Individual investors may com

buyers of agricultural products that

village usually perform contract of

the village receive certain amount

peasants who receive capital gain ar

Social relations between peasa

implemented. The bureaucrats, esp

guide the peasants. Rich peasants o

more closely associated with the Ag

the delivery of the program. Howe

government program, the social re

Pertanian has been much replaced

consultant or mediator in addressin

pests and diseases, agricultural seed

Sciences

-2863 (Online)

101

elations. Second, relatives may lend securities (land t

to serve as collateral to borrow money in the bank.

r, motor vehicles, and helping together in a farming a

who live outside the village, receiving a mandate froic activities together with venture capital (e.g sawmi

ral medicine and so on). Assistance given was not

nial. Those who have been already helped should

, such as running obligations concerning what had b

would protest. The protest is not done directly, for e

ns with the relatives.

h buyers of agricultural products

ucts are from the village and outside the village. Th

icultural produce is patron-client and contractual soc

ent because buyers as patron have provided investm

sell their products to patrons with a commission. Th

r needs. The amount of commission is fluctuatingcommission is limited because the buyer has to pay

r between peasants and buyers of agricultural prod

social relationships occur between peasants and su

ent of interest, but the credit is paid with sugar as

e of sugar is determined by the government. The p

ectly with the sugar mills, although sometimes there

ith financial institutions of lenders

se credit from financial institutions, such as cooperati

s much credit to peasants is Bank Rakyat Indonesia.

e cooperative, or Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR).

igh interest rates, yet the terms are easy. Cooperativ

asants with easy terms but small credit limit. The nu

er of peasants to involve in credit and even make the

tutup lubang" , meaning to get debt to pay off debt

redit so well that it brings progress of economic acti

are financed by credit. Peasant’s credit to financial in

will be benefited, and the number of peasants who

cts decline and many peasants suffer losses.

individual investors, bureaucrats, interest group,

from the village or outside the village. Investors fro

exist in the patron-client relationship. While individua

sale of agricultural products. For example, corn peas

f capital and pay in some amount of corn in specifie

e benefited since they have non-interest bearing loan.

ts and bureaucrat and organizational interests can be

cially the Agricultural Counselor, as government ag

peasants who doubled as village officials and peasa

ricultural Counselor or Penyuluh Pertanian. They are

ver, the pattern of social relations has ups and dow

lations become more intense. The role of Agricultu

y the agent or seller of agricultural drug in the villag

g the problems of the peasants, especially in farmin

s, and so on.

www.iiste.org

itles, Petok D, certificate of

Third, to obtain loans for

ctivity. Fourth,, to manage

elderly parents to managell business, opening a store

voluntary, as they also do

ahu diri. Tahu diri means

een agreed. In the event of

ample, by telling the story

e pattern of social relations

al relations. The pattern of

ent loans to the clients and

loan can be a necessity of

in line with the price of ransportation, labor and so

ucts in rural areas and has

ar mills. Sugar mills give

the product of sugar cane

attern of social relations is

are issues such as queuing

ves and bank, either public

Private banks that provide

enerally, private financial

Ngadi Luhur at the village

ber of financial institutions

m difficult to pay, resulting

. On the other hand, some

ities in the village. Almost

stitutions fluctuates. If crop

apply for credit is less than

and neighbors

m the village are generally

l investors from outside the

nts who are also traders in

d time period. Some of the

mutually beneficial if well-

encies, deliver programs to

t groups administrators are

usually used as a partner in

s because when there is a

ral Counselor or Penyuluh

because they also serve as

g activities associated with





Vol.3, No.5, 2013

Social relations of the peasan

peasants complain is the uncontinu

peasant group Tambaksari Mulyo a

groups is generally passive . The pCredit Disbursement. Since 1999,

fertilizer through a dealer, distribut

with farmer groups run more inten

mill. The board of farmer groups a

Petani Tebu Rakyat ). The chairm

sugarcane peasants in the village

APTR.

The peasants maintain good

activities, because rich peasants are

clean village rituals, village develo

villager’s gossip.

5. Conclusion

Peasants in the village Kebo

according to their needs. Social r

production, capital ( money, land,

peasants can be categorized into: a

support capital, labor, cooperatio

agricultural buyers (middlemen in t

c) social relations of the peasants

traders( manure, chemical fertiliz

agriculture counselors and peasants

peasants and tenants, and so on).

Social relations built by the peasant

labor, capital, money, means of pr

obtained from family, relatives and

of agricultural produce or patron,

obtained from agricultural buyers, s

subsidized fertilizer aid. To sell a

outside the village with the market s

The built characteristics of social

vertical and horizontal. social relat

relationships are common in thos

purchasers of agricultural products

Unstable social relations can be

particularly banks, and peasants so

References

Diaz, MN and J.M. Potter.1967. Int

A Reader . Berkeley: University of

Foster, G.M. 1967. The Dyadic Con

J.M.Potter (ed.) Peasant S

Migdal, J. 1974. Peasant, Politics a

World . USA: Princeton Press

Kunkel, JH. 1961. Economic Auton

Sciences

-2863 (Online)

102

ts and their organizations, such as farmer groups,

us government programs. In the village Kebonrejo, t

nd Harapan Jaya. If there is no government program,

asant groups become active when there are governmthere has been no Farm Credit any longer, only th

r of fertilizer in the village. However, the social rela

ive because sugarcane farmer groups serve as a loa

re also the member of People Sugarcane Growers A

n of Sugarcane Peasants Group serves as coordin

nd the sugar factory. Some wealthy peasants who

elations with their neighbors because they need la

expected to provide incentives for farm workers and t

ment, religious celebrations, and so on. Wealthy pe

rejo are diverse, so that the social relations also h

lations built by peasants are intended to address

pesticide, etc), and the distribution of the harvest. S

social relations of the peasants with family, relativ

in economic activity, and etc; b) social relation

e village and outside the village), the sugar factory, t

with a financial institution lender; d) social rela

rs and pesticide); e) social relations of peasant

groups; f) social relations between peasants ( rich

s are intended for the sustainability of farming activit

oduction, sales of crops and the needs of everyday

neighbors. Capital can be obtained from family, rela

financial institutions, and sugar mills. The needs f

ellers of agricultural inputs, and agents appointed by t

ricultural products, the peasants need buyers. Buy

ystem, and the commission system of patron-client bo

elationships are familial and moral, functional, rati

ons. Social relations among them may either be we

e who are bound in special patron-client relations

in the village, the peasants' social relations with t

found, for example, between the peasants and c

ial relations with agricultural extension.

oduction: The Social Life of Peasants. In J.M. Potter

alifornia.

tract: A Model for The Social Structure of Mexican P

ciety: A Reader. Berkeley: University of California.

d Revolution: Pressures toward Political and Social

omy and Social Change in Mexican Villages. Econom

www.iiste.org

ay have benefit. What the

ere are peasant groups, the

membership in the farmer

nt programs, such as Farmdistribution of subsidized

tions of sugarcane peasants

s mediator from the sugar

ssociation (APTR, Asosiasi

ator, as mediator between

row sugar cane belong to

bor for farming and other

o contribute when there is a

sants who would be stingy

ve a diverse characteristic

issues of labor, means of

ocial relations built by the

es, neighbors to gain mode

s of the peasant with the

raders in the market and etc;

ions of the peasants with

and bureaucrats such as

easants and farm-workers,

es and subsistence, such as

life. The need for labor is

tives, individuals as buyers

r production facilities are

he government to distribute

rs come from the village,

und.

onal, personal, impersonal,

ak or strong. Strong social

hip between peasants and

e relatives and neighbors.

redit provider institutions,

ed.), Peasant Society:

easant Village. In

Change in The Third

ic Development





Vol.3, No.5, 2013

and Cultural Change (10):

Palmer, I. (1976). Rural Poverty in

Programme Research.Popkin, S. 1979. The Rational Peas

University of California Pr

Radcliffe-Brown, AR. (1940). On S

Britain and Ireland , (LXX

Sayogya and Sayogya P..(2002). So

Scott, J.C.(1972). The Erosion of P

of Asian Studies (33):5-37

----------. (1976). The Moral Econo

Haven: Yale University.

Weber, M. 1978. Economic and Soc

Sciences

-2863 (Online)

103

23-29

ndonesia with Special Reference to Java. Geneva: W

nt: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietna

ess.

ocial Structure. Journal of The Royal Anthropological

:1-12

iologi Pedesaan. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada Universi

tron-Client Bonds and Social Change in Rural South

y of The Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Sout

iety. USA: University of California.

www.iiste.org

rld Employment

. Los Angeles:

Institute of Great

ty Press.

ast Asia, Journal

east Asia. New



This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,

Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access

Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is

Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.

More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:http://www.iiste.org

CALL FOR PAPERS

The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and

collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for

submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission

instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/

The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified

submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the

readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than

those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the

journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.

IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners

EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open

Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische

Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe DigtialLibrary , NewJour, Google Scholar

http://www.iiste.org/


http://www.iiste.org/Journals/





Pattern of Social Relations Among Peasants as an Effort to Continue Agricultural Activities in Rural...

Documents

Transcript of Pattern of Social Relations Among Peasants as an Effort to Continue Agricultural Activities in Rural...