Pattern Making and Foundry Practice a Plain Statement of ... · PDF fileP RE FACE 5 in all its...

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L. H . HA N D . M . E .

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FRE DE RICK J. DRAK E 69 c o .

PUBLISHE RS CHICAG O

PRE FACEMy purpose in w riting this book will be ap

parent from its great usefulness , which , I amquite sure , will be conceded by intelligent andthoughtful readers .

For many years I have been employed in railroad and constru ction shops and have observedthat the principles of pattern making were lessunderstood than any other branch of woodwork . I have frequently noticed , in railroadshops especially , that the workmen who couldmake a pattern commanded a better positionand were in greater demand than those whocould not . In large shops from one to a greatmany pattern makers are regularly employed ,and work is systematically arranged ; but in thesmaller shops it is very important to have aworkman in the cabinet or carpenter shop whois competent to make a correct pattern and whomay be called upon at any time to perform thisduty , thereby being instrumental in saving muchmoney for his employers .For a term of years I w as employed as gen

3

4 PRE FACE

eral foreman of the wood working departmentof a factory near one of the large cities on LakeMichigan . This factory , from a very modeststart , advanced rapidly in wealth and importance , until its employes were numbered by thehundreds . In the beginn ing the pattern shopwas only a branch of, or rather a bench in , thecabinet shop . For about three years the growthof the pattern shop kept pace with the growthof the plant , until eventually it became a department of itself and passed out from under mysupervision .

During - m y term as foreman of the patternsh0 p , I observed that workmen who were considered pattern makers were entirely ignorant ofsome of the simplest problems in pattern making , while others were expert in every detail ofthe business . I also discovered that there was agreat scarcity of literature upon the subject ofpattern making , and such as was obtainable wasnot generally read by the members of the trade.Having become much interested in the variousproblems with which I was confronted fromtime to time , I consulted frequently with theintelligent and expert members of the craft , untilI became thoroughly familiar with the business

PRE FACE 5

in all its details and quite skillful in the actualworkshop practice of the art . Being ambitiousto become a master of the science , I took greatpride in working out difficult problems at thelathe and the bench , and by assiduous andpersistent application I soon acquired a sub

stantial reputation as a pattern maker.Not being engaged in active business lastwinter , I devoted my leisure time to the preparation o f this work , feeling assured that it wouldconfer a lasting benefit upon those of my fellowworkmen of the craft , who will study the e x p l anations and illustrations which it contains withthe same care and earnestness which I havedevoted to their elaboration . The subjectstreated relate mainly to patterns which came ,from time to time , to my bench or which fellunder my observation while I w as general foreman o f the wood working department in thefactory.

A wide and varied experience in the employof railroads and car shops generally , has conv inced me that even the professional patternmaker is ignorant of many comparatively simpleproblems , while to many careful and close woodworkmen the simplest rules are unknown . As

6 PRE FACE

evidence corroborating this statement , I will citean instance of the ignorance of a professionalpattern maker whom I once knew . This workm an cut up about six dollars ’ worth of lumberand spent two days ’ time making a large corebox. Later on this core box needed some alteratio ns , and another pattern maker , who hadbeen employed subsequently , was called Upon tomake the changes . He looked the box over andseemed much amused . Then he picked upsome large scraps and four strips of wood ofthe desired length , and in about thirty minuteshe made a skeleton box , at a cost of about thirtyor forty cents , which answered all purposes ,thereby demonstrating the fact that knowledgeis power , and that the serving of a given timein a pattern shOp does not always develop profi ciency to its highest plane of usefulness .

Should this work be the means of im m o ving

the condition or advancing the wages of any ofmy fellow laborers , I shall be pleased to hearfrom them , and their letters will be carefullyfiled away as the tokens of some fe l l o w m en

’

s

burdens which have been made a little lighterthrough m y efforts .

THE AUTHOR.

PATTE RN MAK I N G AN D

FO UN DRY PRACTI C E

PRELIMINARY REMARK S

While the catalogues of publishing houses ,dealing in scientific works , abound with handbooks published in the interest of the progressivewood worker who desires to learn all he canabout the possibilities of wood construction , andwhile we may find books devoted to the u se ofthe steel square , building construction , superintendence , different rules and methods for estimating and contracting , forms of specificationsand contracts , rules for laying out arches instraight and circular walls , different systems ofhand railing and stair building , rules andformulas for determining the strength of materials and estimating the natural strains to whichsuch materials are subject , hOpper bevels , hipand valley roof framing , groined ceilings , rakemouldings , roof and bridge trusses and their

8 PATTE RN MAKING

joints and strength , yet it seems that the particu l ar branch of the art of wood working , whichpertains to the making of wood patterns for themoulder ’s u se in making cast metal forms of thevarious kinds , shapes and dimensions requiredby the numerous and everincreasing demands ofmodern construction , has not been given muchattention , as very little literature on this subjectexists , and that which does is not read to anyextent by the craft , the bulk of information onall technical points being , as it were , carried bytradition from foreman to apprentice . In viewof this fact , it occurred to me that an exhaustiveand comprehensive work on this subject , givingthe results of years of practical experience , e l ucidated by clear and concise instructions and illustrated by drawings , cannot fail to supply anurgent want in the ever- growing complexity o f

this masterful era of mechanical progress .

This work is destined not only to aid the welltrained and skillful artisan by simplifying manydifficult and seemingly impossible tasks , but itwill become an indispensable source of educatio nal advantage to the inexperienced mechanicand apprentice .There is absolutely nothingknown as to the

AND FOUNDRY PRACTICE 9

origin of the process of casting metal forms fromwood patterns . Among the relics of prehistoricman there are weapons , implements and vesselsof bronze which , by inevitable inference , wemust concede were cast in moulds made byembedding either a pattern of wood or othermaterial in sand or earth . The very discoveryof metal , in al l probability , owes its origin tothe accidental fusing of some kind of ore , andthe form of the cavity in the earth in which ithas cooled suggested to the mind of primitiveman the wonderful process of moulding , whichhas been so great a factor in the marvelousdevelopment of the human race . Patientscientific research has revealed incontrovertibleevidence that the art of moulding in earth is oneof high antiquity , and this justifies the deduction that pattern making also as a craft , thoughno doubt struggling through long periods of timein a state of primitive crudity , is of almostequally remote origin , as the conception andnecessity of a pattern to construct the mouldwould most naturally follow the discovery of thefusion of ores into the various forms given tothe cooled metal by the accidents of its positionin earth or sand .

1 0 PATTE RN MAKING

In the early history of pattern making the artw as not separated from ordinary wood working .

It w as a branch of the millwright or wheelw righttrade , and answered al l the purposes and wantsof that period ; but the demands of modernmanufacture are so multitudinous and exactingthat the highest order of skill has becom e animperative necessity in ev ery

~departm ent of thewood worker ’s trade .The wonderful improvement in machineryduring the past century has created a demandfor forms in casting , s o numerous in their endless variety , that the vocation of the modernpattern maker has become a sp ecialized art requiring scientific knowledge highl y developed , andcoupled with the abil ity to apply this knowledgepractically to the requirements of modern mechanical discovery and invention .

It is therefore of the utmost importance thatevery mechanic who selects for his vocation inlife that of the pattern maker , should thoroughl ymaster all the technical knowledge of the art ,not only for his own temporal interests , but forthat stil l higher motive which actuates all zealousworkers in every department of human endeavorand who reap as their reward , in addition ‘to

that they hav e c o ntributed the ir share to the

tio n , and tho n gh i:t m ay be daim ed by m arry

1 2 PATTE RN MAKING

labor on the machine . These two instances,

however , of rapid success and utter failure,rep

resent the extremes of good and bad fortunerather than the average medium of success whichalways attends assiduous application and persistent endeavor in the aggregate .The principal aim of the pattern maker should

be to make himself so absolute a master of hiswork that the solution of all problems with whichhe may be confronted can be quickly obtainedand with the least possible expense . The modern pattern maker should be thoroughly familiarwith all the rules for draft shrinkage , etc . , andready to appl y them at a moment ’s notice .Under the old regim e , the millwright hewed

the timber , framed his building and made thepatterns for boxing , gear whe‘els , etc . He thenset up the machinery , officiating practically as

millwright , machinist , pattern maker and carpenter ; in fact , he was a veritable mechanicalfactotum ; and yet , although the millwright iscredited with the ability to figure out the speedof gears , pulleys , etc . , and to set up machinery ,he may be totally ignorant of the simplest rulesfor shrinkage , draft , etc . Hence the importanceo f specialized lab o r ’

in the vast number of de

AND FOUNDRY PRACTICE 1 3

partm ents which have been created by the necessities of the gigantic industrial world of moderntimes , as better results are obtained and timeand money saved . Living as we do in this ageof high pressure and quick results , it is in cumbent upon every worker to do his part with as

little expenditure of time , energy and money aspossible , or the procession will pass him by andhe will be consigned to the rear in the ranks ofthat great army of those who are unfit to continue the fierce struggle of existence under modern industrial conditions .

The old time buggy maker , who w as blacksmith and wheelwright , body maker , trimmerand painter , w as wont to build a few vehiclesl ike the famed o n e hoss shay , but they wereso expensive that only a very few people , e x ceptio nal ly fortunate could afford to own them . I n

these days half a dozen smiths make as manydifferent parts of the gear , while the man whowelds the tires could not in al l probability forgethe simplest part of the gear , and the curtainmaker may never se e the tOp of the buggy .

The gear may be made in G rand Rapids , theshafts in Indianapolis , the body wherever theleast money will buy the large st box , and the

1 4 PATTE RN MAKING

parts assembled in Chicago . Then the finishedproduct is put on the market at a price solow that the barefooted boy in the country cantake his grist to mill in a buggy . In fact , buggies have become so cheap that , driv ing alongalmost any country road , one will often pass abuggy wreck piled up in a fence corner or in aside ditch . These wrecked vehicles are notentirely worn out , but the price of a new buggyis so low that it is cheaper to buy one than toincur the expense of repairs upon the old one .A thorough division of labor , while it forces amechanic to become , as it were , a cog in thewheel of some great machine , which grinds thesame round from day to day and month tomonth , also cheapens the product of every mechanic

’

s labor , so that now people of small meansare not denied the products of mill , loom andfactory , which half a century ago were onlyobtainable by the very rich . With the everincreasing demand for cheaper production , pattern making is destined to become more andmore a trade to be desired . The destruction ofthe forests and the presence of the iron mountain in Missouri are two fixed facts , indicatingwhere we will be forced in the near future to


seek our raw material which heretofore the greatforests have supplied . With the disappearance ofthe timber , iron is slowly and almost imperc eptibl y but surely taking its place. I haveheard old men bewail the condition of the country when the supply o f rail timber becomes exhausted , and yet what farmer would split therails now if he were given free of cost the timber? The wooden fence post is rapidly makingway for cast iron or a block of concrete with arolled sheet iron standard . The wooden railroadbridge has almost disappeared , and even countryroad bridges are now nearly all built of iron .

Woo den buildings now only exist because theforests have not entirely disappeared , and woodin its first cost is yet cheaper than other andbetter material for construction . The railroadcross tie is yet a perplexing problem ; nevertheless ,when the timber for its manufacture is entirelyexhausted , necessity will give birth to someingenious device or substitute in iron , glass , concrete or paper , which will supersede the presentwooden cross tie

,and will in all probability prove

so far superior to it that those of a generation orso to come will con template with amusement theprimitive methods em ployed by their fathers in

1 6 PATTE RN MAKING

the construction of roadbed , just as we of thisgeneration look with jocose good nature upon theo l d wooden plow of our ancestors .

I t should not be inferred that any arbitrary setof rules can be devised go verning the making ofevery description of pattern which the workmanm ay be called upon to produce . The nearestapproach to an unerring guide , covering thewidest range of the subject , is the classificationof certain forms of patterns with drawings illustrating each class , with concise and lucid e x pl a

nations by which the wel l- informed and intelligentm echanic can work out problems in whateverclass they may appear. This is what the authorhas done in this work , and in a manner to insurethe certain accomplishment of his purpose , andyet the h0 pe is nowhere excited throughout thiswork , either by direct statement or implication ,that any self- educational facilities afforded by thestudy of this work will supply the deficiency ofnatural mechanical talent which must primarilybe possessed by any person who may hope toexcel in any department of mechanical science .In a factory which employed over one hun

dred carpenters and cabinetmakers , I do n o t

think there were more than three or four who

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

1 8 PATTE RN MAKING

to solve . There is no precedent for m anyjobs— no beaten path to follow . Often after ajob is completed a better way has been disc o vered , by which the j ob could have been done togreater advantage . There have been instancesof capable pattern makers widely differing intheir views of how certain patterns should bemade ; each one maintaining vehemently that hismethod w as the only right and proper one .

FOUNDRY PRACTICE

Before entering into the details Of patternmaking , let u s first consider the customary wayof making castings ; for if we are ignorant of themanner in which the moulder Obtains the propercavity in the sand by the u se of the wood pattern , it would be impossible to make the patternto the best advantage . I say this advisedly , andI believe that a first- class moulder can takenearly any object for a pattern and get it out ofthe sand , leaving the mould perfect , and make asuccessful casting . It has been authenticallyrelated of a certain moulder that he could mouldthe pronged horns of an antlered buck from thenatural pattern as it grew on the animal ’s head .

I remember an instance of a farmer who broughtto a small foundry the fire bowl of a heatingstove , which was broken in seven pieces . A newbowl w as moulded from the pieces , a feat ofmoulding which suggests a strong argument tothe pattern maker and which should convincehim that a knowledge of foundry practice is a

1 9

20 PATTE RN MAKING

most powerful auxiliary to his trade , enablinghim always to make his patterns .

Castings are usually made in a flask . This iscomposed of two or more rough boxes , so constructed , by the use of dowels or other devices ,as to retain their relative positions at all timeswhen in use . This is absolutely necessary , as

otherwise the casting would be one - sided orwould show a jog at the joint or parting .

When more than two boxes are used , this flaskis called a compound flask . Usually only twoboxes are used , and this arrangement is called atwo- part flask . The upper box is called thecope , and the lower box the drag . The heav iestportions of a casting are usually left in the drag ,which naturally retains its shape , thereby minim izing the risk of agitating the sand , whereasthe cope has to be lifted and moved around ,which has a great tendency to disturb the sandin it and break and destroy the mould . To

overcome this danger , it is customary to put rodsor wooden bars , or both , across the cope ,through the sand , wherever they can be placedwithout interfering with the pattern . Then barsand rods hold the sand in shape s o that they canbe lifted to rem ove the pattern and replaced to


make the finished mould . Where it is possibleto do so , it is best to make a parting in thewooden pattern at the point where the sand inthe cope and drag divide on a straight line .This done , that part of the pattern which is tobe left in the drag is placed on a flat board orbench , with the parting down . The drag isplaced in an inverted position on the same boardor bench and rammed up that is to say ,filled and tamped solidly with moulding sand .

The drag is then placed right side up on thefoundry floor and the upper part Of the patternis put on . A parting is then made with fine dryparting sand and the cope is secured in placeand rammed up . Holes are then made downthrough the cope to the pattern , for the purposeof pouring the metal into the mould and also toallow the air to escape . The flask is then takenapart and the wooden pattern removed , leavingthe two halves of the mould , which are thenplaced in their proper positions , making a comp l e te and finished mould . In ordinary work aboard , which is the size of the flask and is calleda follow board ,

” is used for parting . For somespecial work , a special follow board is used , asin cases when the parting would describe a

PATTE RN MAKING

curve . In other cases a follow board is madefor a single piece pattern , like the hand wheelfor a car break , by bedding the pattern one -halfits depth in pl aster Of Paris , thus bringing theparting to the center of the pattern without anyparting in the wooden pattern and without theuse of the trowel . Al l these things are done forconvenience to the moulder , s o that he can maketime in getting out his work .

The first thing to be considered in looking ata pattern is how it wil l best draw out of thesand . E very complicated form of casting presents a partially new problem to the patternmaker. If a piece will readily draw out of thesand except one or more small projections , theycan sometimes be left on a dovetail sl ide , whichwill allow the pattern to be drawn , leaving apart in the sand to be removed later on ; or if itbe a cavity , it must be cored out .In preparing this work

.

I have begun with thesimplest forms and kinds of patterns , progressinggradually through the more difficult features ofthe work , and for illustrations I have used principal l y patterns which may be found in duplicatein the pattern loft of the Hicks Locomotive andCarWorks , near Chicago . These patterns have


been made by different pattern makers and havebeen selected with a View to properly illustrateideas and demonstrate such peculiarities of constructio ns as are treated in this work .

The very simplest form of pattern is repre

sented by the cast iron washer , Fig . 1 . Thispattern , being straight on one side , lies entirelybelow the parting and is consequently entirely inthe drag . When a great many pieces of anyarticle of this class are required , it is customaryto make whatis called agated pattern , which

S e c h an thro ugh 2 egg Wa she rmconsists of a

number of patterns made exactly alike andfastened together with small strips let into thestraight side , level with its face . Then smallstrips lying

.

on the follow board leave littlegrooves in the sand which allow the molten metalto pass freely into all the moulds , which areeasily broken apart when the metal cools . Thismanner Of moulding this kind of pattern issimilar to that previously described , except thatthe cope is S l m ply placed on the drag and filledwith sand , as there is no part of the pattern

24 PATTE RN MAKING

projecting up into it . A better understanding ofthis may be derived by a study of A- l , Fig 2 ,

which shows a cross - section through the drag,

the pattern , the follow board and the sandrammed up . Fig . 2 shows the cross - section ofthe entire box and its contents ready to be inverted and placed on the foundry floor , when thefollow board is removed and the cope secured in

C ro s’

s’

s e c t i o n {h ang}: p u ffe r?! i n {he S a n d

place and filled up as previously described . SeeFig . 3 , which shows a cross - section through themould finished and ready to receive the moultenmetal . 1The next form to be considered is of a classwhich , while being all in one piece , is of such a

1 I t is de em e d m o re e x p e dien t to m ake m o st o f the

il lustratio n s in this w o rk in cro ss se ctio n ,as a c learer

understan din g o f the subje ct is gen erally derived fro mthat character o f de sign .

26 PATTE RN MAKING

pattern , whichcup shape (see

cupor hollowd ownward .

Over thisshould beplaced that

part o f the flask which‘

is to be used for thecope , and it should then be rammed up in the

Cro ss sectio n thro zggh c u p

settle s to the b o tto m o f the m o u ld and sho w s a p erfe ctlysm o o th surface ,

While the im p erfe ctio n s flo at to the to p

o r in side o f the she e t . In sm al l sho ps w here repair w o rkis do n e

,the in genuity o f the flask m aker is o ften tax ed

to de vise m ean s fo r m akin g flasks p erfo rm w o rk fo r w hichthe y w ere n o t in ten de d

,fo r the reaso n that in case s w here

o n ly o n e pie c e o f castin g is re quire d ,the c o st o f m akin g

a sp e cial flask w o u l d b e m o re than the value o f the cast

ing. In facto rie s su ch as sto ve w o rks , e tc .,w here a great

num b er o f sim ilar pie ce s are re quired,m an y flasks are

m ade fo r particu lar pie ce s , su ch fo r in stan ce as o v en

do o rs,fi re—backs

,e tc . I n the se case s the flasks are spe

cial l y de sign ed w ith a View to perfo rm in g the w o rk w iththe least p o ssib le am o un t o f lab o r by the m o ul der. Thereare a great m an y de vic e s fo r ho l din g the flasks in p o si

tio n , and so m e v ery in gen io us paten ted hin ge s , c lam ps ,e tc . ; bu t m o st m o u lders u se a square -jaw ed do go r c lam p ,

w hich is a frac tio n lo n ger than the height o f the flask

is assumed to beFig . should be

placed onthe followboard withthe


usual manner , after which the proper vents toreceive the moulten metal should be m ade . 1

7 77 0 1 1 26

The cope should then be turned over , the followboard rem oved and the drag pl ac ed in positionand rammed up . Then the flask (COpe and

(c o pe and drag) . This c lam p is slipped o n the flask and

then cro w ded in to a slightly diago nal p o sitio n w ith a

sho rt bar o r chise l , u sed as a pry ,and w hich h o lds the

b o x e s firm ly to ge ther. Fo r sm al l w o rk the flask is

hinge d to ge ther o n o n e side w ith an iro n hin ge so de sign e das to b e readily slipped apart .

1 The ven ts o r ho les do w n thro ugh the c o pe fo r p o ur

ing the m e tal , are cal le d gate s , and are m ade b y p lacin gtapered pin s o r w edge s o f pro per siz e in the c o pe and

to u chin g the w o o d pattern . The se,be in g w ithdraw n ,

leave the de sired gate s o r w ays fo r the m o lten m e tal topass in to the m o u ld in the san d .

28 PATTE RN MAKING

drag) should again be turned over , taken apartand the wood pattern removed , leaving the finished mould as shown in cross - section , Fig . 5 .

In many instances it is customary to part thesand entirely by the u se of the moulder ’s trowel ,especially where the pattern is of some simpleform , or where only a few pieces are required ,as , for example , the small connecting rod shownin Fig . 6 . In this case a flask is filled with sandand smoothed off , after which the pattern or

patterns are pushed down into the sand abouthalf of their depth , or to such a point as willmost readily permit their withdrawal from eitherway . The moulder then smoothes the sanddown and packs it thoroughly around the pattern with his trowel . Then a parting is madewith dry sand and the cope is placed in positionand rammed up as previously described . SeeFig . 7 , which shows a cross - section through thesame pattern in the sand . Many other forms of


castings are parted in this manner where theparting

,instead of being on a plane with the

parting in the flask , is curved or has suddencrooks and o flsets . In such cases the sand ispacked in the drag to conform as nearly as p o ssible to the crooks in the parting . The patternis then placed in position and bedded firmly inthe sand . The moulder then packs and trowelsdown the sand around the patte rn until a perfect

Vv ’e f s an d c o r e

P v

’

g 7

S ectio n ? ! w e w 2] m o u ldL‘L” Fig gS

'

Imwnrg p uffe r?! in S a nd—v

parting is made , sometimes cutting deep cavitiesaround portions which otherw ise would tearout the sand in drawing the pattern . In thismanner an expert moulder will get out formswhich at first glance look to be impossible . Bu t

primarily it is the duty of the pattern maker so toc o nstruct his patterns as to reduce to a minimumof intricacy all of these difficult problems withwhich the moulder m ay be confronted . As aninstance of the value of a correctly -made pattern

30 PATTE RN MAKING

as an initial desideratum , see Fig . 7a , whichillustrates a small fire extinguisher top andwhich , at a cursory glance , appears very ditficult , but which in reality is readily drawn out ofthe sand . This is a cup - shaped brass castingwith round , projecting handles serving to screwand unscrew it . A cross—section of this is shownin the sand in Fig . 7a . The heavy lines show

6 7 0 5 : s e c tio n thro ugh [i f e x ti ngu ishe r M p m o u l d

the parting in the flask and the dotted lines showthe parting in the sand .

It is of the greatest importance that a patternshould have draft ; that is to say, it must be ofsuch a shape that it will begin to loosen fromthe sand the moment a move is made to draw itout . To facilitate a ready loosening and suc

c e ssfu l withdrawal from the sand , all patternwork should be slightly out of square or slightly


beveled ; i.e . , it should be a trifle smaller at theportions which are embedded the deepest in thesand . Then again , the moulder often raps somepatterns very heavily to get them out . That isto say , a pointed iron , which is driven into thewood pattern for the purpose , is smartly struckin all directions , causing the mould to becomelarger than the pattern . Some patterns areso shaped that they cannot be drawn outof the sand , as they may be hollow and ofirregular form , or contain cavities or projectingparts which would tear out or loosen the sand .

In all such cases it becomes necessary to u se

cores , to prepare which boxes or moulds aremade of the proper shape . Into these boxes ormoulds a preparation of sand with flour andmolasses is packed , and the forms or cores so

made are baked in an oven . After beingthoroughly baked , these cores become firmenough to stand handling and will support theirown w eight across a considerable space . Forcertain purposes cores are sometimes madeby substituting linseed oil . rosin , etc . , forflour and molasses , and these are consideredsuperior , as they make a smoother and strongercasting .

32 PATTE RN MAK ING

In some instances the required cavity in thecasting w ill be of such a form , or may be complicated in such a manner , as to render it verydifficult to mould the desired core in a singlebox , and therefore in many instances two ormore cores are made and glued together . The

cores for some of the parts of improved pneumatic tools in u se in modern boiler shops havebeen made up of from twenty to thirty pieceswhere the desired cavity w as so complicated as

to be impossible of construction in a single corebox . It is also frequently des irable to use coreson work which could be drawn in the ordinarymanner , and this is when the casting is hollowand thin enough to spring easily . In all caseswhere cores are used , the pattern , instead ofbeing the shape of the desired casting alone ,should have certain projections , termed coreprints , added to it . These core prints leavetheir impression in the sand , thus forming acavity to hold the projecting ends of the c o re .

In such cases it is necessary that the patternmaker should construct his core boxes in such amanner as to produce a core of the exact shaperequired by the cavity in the casting , togetherwith such projecting parts as will exactly fill the

34 PATTE RN MAKING

the moulder can tell at a glance the moment hetakes up the pattern just how to make the casting . Recently , through the carelessness or ign o rance of a pattern maker , over two hundredpounds of cast fittings in the Frisco R . R . shopsat Cape G irardeau , Mo . , were cast solid instead ofhollow , because of the entire piece having beenpainted black , when the core print should have

been left light . In moulding patterns of the classshown in 9 and 1 0 , the process is much thesame as has already been described . The lugs“a” “

a”

, F ig . 1 0 , are made removable , andwhen removed the pattern , Fig . 9 , is laid flat onthe follow board . The drag is then placed inposition and rammed up ; then it is turned overand the lugs “

a” and “

a” inserted , the cope se

cured in its proper position , the parting made


and the cope rammed up , as heretofore described .

The flask is then separated and the wood pattern , Fig . 9 , is removed and in its place the coreis laid , making the complete mould , as shownin Fig . 1 0 .

Small patte rns are often gated together , as

previously mentioned , or a flask is leveled o ff anda quantity of them stuck around here and there ,

S ea m -n u ? w

'

e w ff 8 at 9 S iro w rgg pat/er! a go

while in other cases the pattern will be almosttoo large to be put in a flask at all . In suchcases it is customary to dig a pit in the floor ofthe foundry to answer for the drag , and in thecase of large castings , such as flywheels , enginebeds , etc . , the pattern itself is so heavy that itcan be handled only by the use of a power hoistO I

' crane .

PATTERN SHOP PRACTICE

It is customary in pattern shops to furnish thepattern maker with a mechanical drawing or blueprint of the part to be made . This is very important , in fact almost an indispensable part ofthe work , and yet often this drawing falls farshort as a reliable guide to the pattern maker ;for while it may indicate clearly enough the styleo f casting desired , it may contain no directionsor suggestions which will govern or assist thepattern maker in the construction of the pattern .

Although the office drawing may be a perfectrepresentation of the casting itself, the patternmaker ’s drawing should show not only thecasting , but also the cores , core prints , etc . ,etc . , and where practicable the pattern maker ’sdrawing should be full size , in order that thedimensions may be taken directly from the drawing with the dividers . Some shops may onlyemploy a rough sketch with figured dimensions ,and this is especially true of large repair shops ,the foremen of which will send a man fifty or a

37

38 PATTE RN MAKING

hundred m iles down the road to repair enginesor cars which have become temporarily disabled .

This man will frequently find a cracked or wornout casting or a burned out set of grate bars , inwhich event the number and date of the enginewill be noted and every effort will be made tosecure a correct description of the broken part ino rder that the blue prints of the engine may beconsulted and the part located exactly . It oftenoccurs , however , that the “ blue prints of adamaged engine have been mislaid ; consequentlythe pattern maker is instructed to make , say , agate bar for the engine and have it ready for theengine immediately upon its arrival at the shop .

Having failed to find the blue prints of theengine , the foreman , as a last resource , carriesto the pattern shop a memorandum sketch takenfrom the notebook of the mechanic who had beensent to repair the engine , and from this crudedrawing (see Fig . 00) the pattern maker is re

quired , at very short notice , to make a patternwhich will give satisfactory results . Any oldemploye of a railroad shop will recognize thischaracter of drawing (Fig . It is apparent ,therefore , that the pattern maker should understand mechanical drawing , at least to an ex tent


sufficient to enable him to make full size workingdrawings of any piece of pattern work which hecontemplates producing.

Drawing is the art of representing objects on aplain surface by the use of lines and shadows .

Mechanical drawings are further illustrated ande xplained by the use of dotted lines , figures , letters , etc . For certain purposes mechanical drawings are sometimes made in perspective ; but forpattern shop uses perspective effect is neveremployed . Tw o or more views of any object

FI G . 00

treated should be given in a mechanical drawing .

The art of drawing in a very high state of practical usefulness is now taught by several correspondence schools , and it may be readilyacquired by any ambitious person .

Ordinary drawings for most patterns may bem ade w ith a l ead pencil , a pair of d ividers with

40 PATTE RN MAKING

a pencil point , a pair of beam compasses ortrammel points and a steel square . Many oldpattern makers u se no other tools and maketheir drawings on the surface of a smooth plank ,

which only needs planing off to be re ady for thenext job . A much better way , however , for animportant job is to make the draw m g on heavymanila paper , which can be filed away for futurereference . Where paper draw in o s are to be used

it will be found very convenient to have a fewregular drawing instruments . The drawingboard should be of any convenient size andmade of well- seasoned , clear , soft pine , perfectlystraight and square , with hardwood cleatsdriven snugly into dovetail gains or groovesacross the back of the board , as shown in Fig .

1 1 . The T- square is used for drawing parallell ines , either way , acro ss the board , and is m ade

42 PATTE RN MAK ING

set squares o r angles are used to draw parallell ines

,at right angles to the bl ade of the

T- square ; or to draw such angles as appear inthe corner of the se t squares (se e Fig. The

first of these set squares contains an angle of 45°in two corners and an angl e of 90° or a rightangle in the other . This is used to lay out octagons , o r to bisect the right angle , producing a

m iter j oint . The second one contains angles of60° and This square is employed to

lay o ff the hexagon , or bisect the angles of thehexagon in order to obtain the hexagon miter .The third one contains angles of 6 7 and

and is used to bisect the angles of theoctagon , obtaining the octagon miter (see a b c ,Fig. Some few extra large wooden set

AND FOUN DRY PRACTICE 43

squares are yet in use for certain purposes ; butfor general use the modern celluloid or amberoidinstruments are so far superior , on account oftheir transparency , that the wooden ones havefallen into disuse .

A set of mathematical instruments may bebought for from to or more , according to the fancy of the purchaser. The very

cheap ones are not desirable , and in buyinginstruments or tools it is always advisable toprovide the very best that one ’s means will permit . An indifferent mechanic can never do goodwork with inferior tools and a good one will notuse them when he can possibly avoid it . The

set shown in Fig. 1 5 has fairly good points and

44 PATTE RN MAKING

will answer very well for persons of limitedmeans . A set of this kind retails for about

and will answer every purpose for the classof drawings required in the pattern shop .

In making up the working drawings for shopuse it is preferable to trace the outlines faintlywith a sharp , hard l ead pencil . After this hasbeen done the drawing can be brought out withink or a soft , black lead pencil . When the drawing has been plainly brought out , some draftsmen give the cores or core prints a yellow tintand darken the parts which are to be metal .This n o t only improves the appearance of thedrawing , but has additional advantages , especial ly if some workman other than the draftsmanis to work from the drawing , in which event thecoloring of the drawing obviates the risk of anymisconception of what the finished pattern is tobe , thereby preventing what might otherwiseresult in awkward mistakes . Mechanical drawing

,being a scientific subject in itself and o n e

which for an elaborate elucidation would involvea voluminous treatise , can only be cursorily re

ferred to in a book of this nature , and it musttherefore be assumed that the reader is suffi

cie ntly familiar with the principles and practice

AN D FOUNDRY PRACTICE 45

of mechanical drawing to readily unde rstand theinstructions pertaining to the subject-matter ofthis work .

The pattern shOp should always contain suffi

cient space to provide for the free and comfortable execution of its greatest volume of productionand should be arranged with a view to afl’o rd

ample room for the advantageous distribution andlocation of machinery , benches , trestles , clamps ,tools , etc . The light should be as nearly perfectas it is possible to obtain and preferably derivedthrough skylights which direct the rays verticallyupon the work , thereby escaping the shadowsthrown upon it by light which strikes it horizontallyfrom the side . The room should be so arrangedthat a proper temperature can be maintained inwinter to insure the successful gluing of work , ascold destroys the adhesive quality of glue and isdetrimental to good work in many ways . The

work bench is usually made of three- inch plank ,

in order to keep the top true . The vise shouldbe of modern construction , capable o f beingused either as a high or low vise , and should beequipped with an adjustable jaw for taperedwork , and so arranged as to hold the workfirmly without bruising it . The Shep should be

46 PATTE RN MAKING

equipped with a band saw or at least a j ig’ saw ,

a pattern lathe and suitable clamps for gluingup material . In large shops a rip saw and woodworker will be found very useful . The highestgrade of glued work , such as piano and organcases , sleeping car bunks and fine furn ituregenerally , is made by using hot glue app l ied tow ood which has been heated to receive it ; thework being done in a room heated for the purpose . Work glued up in this manner is verystrong and better for many purposes than solidtimber ; but unless special arrangements havebeen made for this work , ordinary glue is liableto become chilled and lose its strength . Thereare several preparations of liquid glue which arevaluable substitutes in many classes of workwhere conditions are not favorable to the use ofhot glue. These liquid glues , being very slow toset , allow plenty of time to work over a piecewhere the assembling . o f the parts is ted ious ,and the result is far better than that which isobtained by clamping hot glue betw een two coldsurfaces , the efl’e ct of which is to convert the glueinto a jel l y , with little or no adhesive qualities.

The workman , however, will have to decide forhimself which kind of glue is best suited to the


specific conditions of the shop in which he isemployed . In shops where the general conditionsfor gluing are bad , liquid glue promises the bestresults , when nails , screws or wood dowel pinsare used to add such strength to the parts as thenature of the work may demand .

50 PATTE RN MAKING

sea , hurling them plunging through the greensurges of the sea . Most pattern makers carry avery complete assortment of cabinet maker ’stools , including their lathe tools or turningchisels , gouges , etc . , and also a set of longstraight gouges , called pattern maker ’s gouges ,with a se t of carving tools for Some classes ofwork . The special tools for pattern making ,independent of those in general use , are shownfrom Fig . 1 6 to Fig . 22 .

Fig . 1 6 represents the pattern maker ’s gouge ,which is made in al l sizes from ~l - to 2 inches .

This tool is used for making core boxes and forparing out all kinds of convex surfaces . It isindispensable to the pattern maker. Fig . 1 7

represents the turning gouge , abou t three sizesof which are usually considered sufficient for allpractical purposes . This tool is used for roughing out work in the lathe , and for turning andfinishing the concave po rtions of the work .

Fig . 1 8 represents a paring tool , of which notmore than two s izes are usually needed . Thistool is used to finish the work in the lathe afterit has been roughly formed by the gouge. The

flat chisel , Fig . 1 9 , is used for turn ing beads ,o vals , etc . , and for sizing particular work as


indicated by the calipers . In such cases it isused much in the same manner as a scraper.

= z

p at {te r n m a ke r s o

The parting tool , Fig . 20 , is used for cuttingdeep grooves and for cutting o ff work in thelathe . The diamond point , Fig . 2 1 , and the

52 PATTE RN MAKING

bull - nosed chisel , Fig . 22 , are used for turningboth the outside and inside surfaces of hollowpatterns , such as the piece shown in cross - sectionin Fig. 23 .

Figs . 1 5 , 1 6 and 1 7 can be procured at hard

ware stores generally. The rest can be had fromlarge supply houses , or from dealers in toolSpecialties , or they can be made by a first- classsmith . In addition to the tool s heretofore mentio n ed , the pattern maker will sometimes find it


convenient to have special tools of a peculiardesign for some special work .

The shrinkage rule is a measure designedespecially for pattern making , and is intended tomake the proper allowance for the contractionof metal in cooling. However , it is not possibleto accurately figure the contraction or shrinkageof metal , as a thick casting will shrink morethan a thin one . Some shapes shrink more thanothers or more in some parts of the same piecethan in other parts . A large cylinder , if cast onend , will shrink more at the bottom than at thetop . Castings are calculated to shrink from onetenth to one - eighth of an inch to the foot ; but ,as nearly all machine castings are either turnedor planed to an accurate size , the determination of the exact amount of shrinkage is ina great measure immaterial . Then again ,in cases where the moulder raps the pattern heavily, in order to withdraw it fromthe sand , the casting will show but little ifany shrinkage .The lathe is perhaps the most important of allthe pattern maker ’s tools . A lathe suitable forordinary pattern work should have a swing of atleast twelve inches over the bed and it should be

54 PATTE RN MAK IN G

so arranged as to allow a face plate for work oflarge size to be swung o ff over the end of thebed , as shown in cross - section in Fig . 23 . A

heavy cast iron tripod of sufficient weight to re

main steady when in use , is employed to holdthe rest for this lathe .The art of wood turning has by traditionalways been and is at the present time classifi edas a trade to itself , properl y appertaining to thecabinet shop and planing mill ; for the art , whenapplied to pattern making, differs so materiallyfrom that of ordinary cabinet and planing millwork , that it cannot be considered in the samecategory.

The wood turner , working by gauges or markson the lathe rest representing his measurements ,depends almost entirely upon the accuracy of hiseye and skill of his hand to obtain the requiredform and size of the piece ; as the compensationfor such work is often determined by a fixed rateper thousand pieces , the operator soon acquiresa peculiar sleight for getting out a great quantityof material in a given length of time , which , ifdisplayed in regular rows , presents an appearance sufficiently uniform to answer all the purposes for which the finished work is intended ,


although it could not stand the test of rule andcalipers .

The pattern maker , on the contrary , worksfrom a drawing of some part of a machine orother device , showing the figured dimensions ofall its parts . E very figure bears an importantrelation to the finished work and each part isrequired to correspond with mathematical precisio n to some other part already completed orin process of completion in another departmentof the same factory , or mayhap in some distantcity . The loss of only the s ixteenth of an inchof material in any part may mean the loss of theentire piece . Hence the paramount necessitythat the maker should exercise the most scrupulous care during the process of work , steppingfrequently as he proceeds to test his accuracywith rule or calipers or both , for only painstakingvigilance will assure to even the most adroitmechanic a perfect duplicate in its minutest detail o f the part represented in the drawing .

Manifestly , then , the art of the wood turner consists in turning out great quan tities of pieceswhich bear to one another sufficient resemblanceto answer the purposes for which they are designed , whil st the science o f lathe turning , for

56 PATTE RN MAK ING

pattern making , lies wholly l n the accuracy andperfection , and not in the volume of work performed .

In operating the pattern lathe to turn out hollow forms it is customary to fasten discs of woodto the iron face plates of the lathe with heavywooden screws . The work to be turned is thensecured to the face of these discs with otherwooden screws passing through the woodendiscs into the back of the piece to be turned .

See Fig . 23 . When a pattern is to be screw edon the face plate , these wooden discs are markedwith the point of the turning tool at the outsideor inside of the piece , and it can then be turnedover and fastened true to center.To formulate any set of rules which willapply to the production of al l kinds of patternsor to the solution of every problem in patternmaking which may arise would involve adegree of knowledge and a gift of prOphe ticvision which cannot be expected to fall to thelot of any observer , however patient may havebeen his research or broad his experience ;therefore , in the treatment of this work , I haveavailed myself only of such forms of patterns ashave been successfully made under my own

MAK ING THE PATTE RN

Many patterns are of the simplest form andrequire only a single piece of stuff. turned orcarved into a proper shape , finished with shellacand having pre per draft and shrinkage . Thesesimple patterns are usually given to the appren

tice boys to make ; for instance , the pattern of acast washer , such as is represented by Fig. 1 .

Assuming this washer to be for a l % - inch rod ,the diameter of the stock would be about 7inches and the thickness 1 % inches . To makethis pattern , a disc is cut out of wood 7i>< 1 %inches , one side is made tru e and straight and itis then secured in the center of the face plate .The pattern is then faced o ff with the diamondpoints and the center located with a pair of dividers as the piece runs in the lathe . N ext a line islaid off for the center hole , a line for the edge ofthe O . G . and a line for the outside . Now theoperator cuts straight into the face plate on theoutside l ine and with a very small gouge , turnedsideways , roughs out the O . G . , taking care thatit does not jump back and tear up the work.

59

6 0 PATTE RN MAKI NG

When the operator is not sufficiently expert withthe gouge to turn the O . G . it can be scraped toshape with the bull - nosed chisel . Next the holeis cut out with a small , stifl’, flat chisel , leavingplenty of draft . When the pattern is turned itmust be sandpapered to a polish , taking extracare that the hole is left smooth . Next shellacof any desired color is applied , and when itbegins to se t it is polished , while still revolving ,with an old cloth and a few drops of linseed oil .Fig . 6 represents the piece sawed out as near

to shape as possible and then carved or whittledand finished with sandpaper and shellac .Passing on to another class of patterns , the

stake pocket affo rds an apt illustration . Thispiece is easily cast from a form as shown inFig . 3 . It has sometimes occurred that an oldstake pocket has been picked up in the yard ,smoothed o ff a little , the sand holes puttied upand the piece shellacked and used for a patternfor other pockets . This method , however , wasonl y resorted to when it w as necessary to get carsready for service on very short notice . The

usual custom and the proper method is to castthis pattern with a core . The procedure for thisis as follows : First the working drawing (see


Fig . 24, a and b) should be made up full size bythe shrinkage rule . Next there should be laidout a pattern on a thin veneer of the cross sec

tion through the metal as it appears in the fullsize working drawing , and the pattern cut outwith a sharp knife . Then this pattern shouldbe plainly marked with a pencil on both ends of

62 PATTE RN MAKING

a plank of sufficient thickness and length , cuttingaway al l the surplus wood with ordinary hollow sand rounds , and this will leave a moulding of theexact dimensions of a cross - section through themetal forming the pocket . Now a block shouldbe made of the exact dimensions shown in theworking drawing and marked Core (se e Fig .

24 , a and b) , and the prepared moulding shouldbe gl ued to this block as shown in Fig . 24 . A

square joint at the corner is proper for thiswork . When dry , the corners should besmoothed up , making all parts of the mould meetand match . Next four holes should be bored atc c c c , Fig . 24 b , making the tenons just largeenough to fit snugly into the holes . Then theentire work should be smoothed and polishedmaking the parts which are to be iron jet black ,and leaving the core prints in the natural wood .

Follow ing this a core box is to be made ,which should be exactly of the dimensions andshape inside as shown by the working drawing .

Such a box is shown in Fig . 25 and may be Opentop and bottom . In order to make a core in thisbox , the core maker puts the box together beforehim on the table . He then fills it with preparedsand and smoothes it o ff level with the top .


Core boxes are finished and polished on theinside only.

The next example is a casting which w as madefor a pump of some description . It is a cyl in

der which had a flange at one end and a pipethread at the other (se e Fig . As in theprevious example , the first thing required is the

Ja t'

u t

working drawing , which , as has already beenstated , must show the casting , the core and thecore prints . Fig . 27 shows a cross - sectionthrough the casting and core ; this being the onlydrawing needed for making the pattern . Thispattern was made by glu ing together pieces ofmaterial of ordinary size , as a solid block suffi

6 4 PATTE RN MAKING

cientl y large was not obtainable , and it was amatter of no little difficulty to secure a piece ofmaterial of sufficient diameter to turn up the

flange. It w as also desirable that the patternshould be divided in the middle without rippingit through after turn ing it up . To accomplish

F 1 ? 2 7

this the stock was prepared as shown in Fig. 28,

and in cross - section in Fig . 29. The piecesa (L were first doweled together and shorttenons , d d , made across the ends of the piece

6 6 PATTE RN MAKI NG

apart when c ompleted . Then the parts wereput together again , grooves of proper s ize werethen cut in the blocks 0 c to engage the shorttenons d d and the blocks glued on to the endsof the work , as shown in Fig . 28. When thoroughly dry , the ends of the prepared stock werecentered , the stock then put into the lathe andthe pattern turned up , leaving the projectingends , as shown in Fig . 27 , for core prints ,which come apart easily for the convenience ofthe moulder .This pattern only requires hal f a core box , alongitudinal section of w hich is shown in Fig .

27 ; the cross- section describing a semicircle .Tw o pieces are used to make the core . Manymoulders use ordinary flour paste to glue orcement their cores together. Al l such patternsshould be painted in the parting just as shownin the working drawing , in order that themoulder may se e at —a glance just which part isto be metal and which core . 1Fig . 30 shows a cast pipe fitting which w as

IAl l pattern s sho u ld b e pain ted so as to dis tin gu ishm etal fro m c o re . Pattern s fo r iro n sho u ld b e dark w ithlight c o re s

,and just the re v erse fo r brass . Al l pattern s

are fin ish ed in she l lac,rubb ed to a p o lish .


used for steam heating . This fitting has beenselected on account of its peculiar shape , whichadmits of making the entire pattern and part ofthe core box on the lathe .Fig . 3 1 shows the working drawing , the first

thing to be made in all case s before proceedingto make the

pattern . By

reference to

this workingdrawing it willbe seen thatthe straightparts a and bcan be madeby exactly thesame processas describedfor makingFig . 27 with the exception that no flangeis required . The circular portion 0 is turnedout of a disc of proper size secured to theface plate and turned to a true semicirclein cross - section , as shown in Fig . 3 1 -53 which ,be ing cut across through the line of its

diameter and placed face to face , forms the

PATTE RN MAKING

half circular portion of the pattern 0 , Fig . 3 1 .

The only difficulty to be met with in makingthis pattern is the miter joint d,

which is

found by the intersection of parallel lines of equald istance from each other on the straight side ,with similar circular lines struck from the center

of the circular portion of the work . This is thecommon rule for mitering straight and curvedmouldings . Or the joint can be coped together ,the circular part of the core box can be turnedinto the face of a plank of suitable size , which ,when cut across the line of its diameter , formsthe c ircular part of the core box . The re


m ainder will have to be carv ed out with gougesand the finished core box made as shown in Fig .

33 . It will be observed that in this pattern afull core box is required , that is to say , two halfcore boxes ,made right andleft , and dowcled together.The nextpattern treatedis that of adouble flangedwheel , for u se

on an overheadtraveling crane .Reference toFig. 34 , a andb , which shows an elevation and cross - section ,will afford a clear idea of this wheel .There are so many ways to cast this wheelthat it makes a nice illustration . The first thingto be considered is how to get it out of the sand ,

which problem we think is best solved in themanner shown in the working drawing , Fig . 35 ,

A and B . By this method almost the en tirewheel is cored out ; but it is by no means an

PATTE RN MAKING

intricate task and is clearly illustrated in Fig . 36 ,

which contains a sectional view of the finishedpattern .

To make this pattern , cut out the discs a a ,

Fig . 36 , of proper size for turning up . To these

M a n e ? o {Lzr {71—9c o r e b o x f o r

discs glue the band b in sections , and to one discthe core print 0 . Next attach the prepared discsto the lathe and turn up , as shown in cro ss o se

tion , Fig . 36 . Turn up two core prints , d d ,

and dowel the two halves together , making thefinished pattern .


Three core boxes are required for this pattern:a plain half core for the center hole through thewheel

,which has already been explained ; a core

box representing all the cavity between the spokesof the wheel , Fig. 38, represented by the six

0 71 6 71 37} o f c o re bo x fo r

cores marked b b , Fig . 35 , B , and a circu l arcore box turned into the face of a plank (se eFig . 39 , a and b) , which will mould half of thecore d shown in Fig . 35 , B .

A pattern for this wheel can be made withoutcoring out the flanges , by contriving the pattern

72 PATTE RN MAKING

to part near one side or at any p l ace w hich willpermit the successful withdrawal of the half pattern . For a wheel cast after this pattern a threepart flask or a flask made of three boxes with aparting made between each box is employed .

(See a a, Fig . It is possible to cast this

pattern in a two - part flask without any corewhatever , and although this method is not re c o mmended because o f its greater cost and inferiorityto other ‘

w ays of doing the work , it is well thatthe pattern maker should be familiar with theprocess . To make this pattern the wheel shouldbe made as shown in Fig . 0 34 , with spokes and

74 PATTE RN MAKI NG

sand is then filled in to g- h and a second partingis made at 0 -

9 n -f. Now the drag is put in place

and rammed up . The flask is then inverted andthe vents made , when the pattern will appear asin Fig . 0 34 . The cope , which shou ld part along

S h o w/ing71 0 ml Fig3 9 m a y Ze m o zfld ec? n : a 1 w o

1.

the line 0 d i e f, is now removed , as is also thepattern from the line a b upwards . The flaskshould then be pu t together and turned over ,


removing the drag, which should part along theline 0 g h 7, after which the flange is rem oved .

The flask is now put together again and turnedover

,which completes the work , and it is ready

to receive the moulten metal . If the pattern isexactly right and the moulder is both expert andamiable , the casting can be made in this way,

but this method is given more as an illustrationof what can be done than as a sample of goodpattern shop practice .Many difficult or otherwise impossible formscan be cast by using a three - part flask . The

double - flanged gear wheel , Fig . 40, a and b, is anillustration of work usually cast in a three - partflask . It can also be moulded in a two- part

PATTE RN MAKING

flask by making a double parting in the sand , asshown in Fig . 37 . Or the gear can be coredinto the wheel .The next problem treated is that of an ordinary brake wheel or hand wheel

, such as is usedon freight cars , and which will serve more toillustrate wheel making in general than any

peculiarity in the construction of this particularpiece . In this pattern , Fig. 4 1 , nothing is re

quired but a plain wooden wheel . The squarehole in the center , being tapered , makes its owncore .


When a great number of wheels are wantedthe pattern is bedded half its depth in plaster of

Gran n e t-io n thm un n o zfld shawl'

gw o o ? pa fl e r rr'in 1 71 : s

Paris and the plaster cast so obtained is used fora follow board . This arrangement brings the

parting to the center of the pattern without theuse of ' the trowel .

PATTE RN MAKING

To make this pattern it is best to lay out on aplain board the design or outline , as shown inFig . 4 1 , dividing the rim into any number ofequal parts . In this case there are six equalparts . One of these parts is a suitable patternfrom which to saw out the rim , allowing a little

ex tra woodo n both sides

taking carethat the parts of the rim are so fittedtogether that they will describe in the rough asnearly as possible a perfect circle . Then gluethe second layer on to the first , breaking jointswith the sections , so as to form a rough ring , asshow n in Fig . 42 . Next secure this preparedring to the face plate in proper position so that

for turningl l p . Having roughlysawed outthe parts ofthe rim , fitthe jointstogether , onthe drawingor o utline ,


the tool will cut as nearly even all around as possible and turn up the ring so that it will be incross - section , as shown in Fig . 43 , using a thinwood or metal pattern to secure the desiredshape . (Se e Fig . Now , with the turningchisel , mark the face plate lightly as a guide , in

“

rig 4 2

order that the ring may be turned over and yetbe secured to the face plate in its exact formerposition . Another way to maintain the ring inits proper position when turning it over is to tackfour little blocks or brackets to the face plate sothat they will just touch the work to be turnedover on either the inside or outside of the circle.

so PATTE RN MAKING

These blocks or brackets always bring the w orkto its exact position in rev ersm g. Now proceedin like manner with the reverse side of the pieceand the result will be a round ring , which will

be round alsoin cross - section .

to receive theends of thespokes , and se

T y 4 3 cure both huband rim in their

proper relative positions to the plank , usingthe working draw m g as a guide to put theparts together. Provide spokes of the desired form and fit them neatly into the gains .Al l the parts should be snug and tight enough in

Then get outthe hub ofproper dim en

sions , mortise atapered squarehole in the center for the brakestaff, cut six

gains in the huband in the rim

82 PATTE RN MAKING

possess a reasonable knowledge of the principlesand practical operation of the machinery in common u se for which he may be at any time calledupon to produce patterns.

G ears are either straight or beveled . Straightgears are square on the face and transmit powerfrom one shaft to another one running parallel

to it . Beveled gears havetheir faces at an angle withthe line of the axis on whichthey revolve , and transmit

3 power from one shaft to an

other running at an angle ,usually at a right angle , toitself. The pitch line of agear wheel is an imaginaryline running around the wheelthrough the cogs at a point

which is governed by the number and sizeof the teeth . The pitch diameter would bethe diameter of the wheel at this imaginaryline . This pitch line is located at the pointwhere the wheels would touch each other if ,instead of being toothed or cogged , they wereplain friction wheels . The circular pitch ofa gear wheel is the distance from center to


center of the cogs on the pitch line , and is foundby dividing the pitch line into as many spaces asthere are cogs in the wheel . Al l calculations inreference to gear wheels are made from the pitchline . Cogs are alw ays .7 of the circular pitch inlength , of which .4 lies inside and .3 outside ofthe pitch line . The thickness of any cog isalways 1

408—5 of the circular pitch . (See Fig .

Le t it be assumed of a gear wheel of any conv enient size , that it is 2 1 inches in diameter atthe pitch line , with any convenient number ofteeth , say 44 . For al l practical purpo ses anaccurate measurement of the circumference ofthis wheel would be accepted as 6 6 inches 1 at thepitch line , and the pitch inches .

1 The de cim al is

84 PATTE RN MAKING

The root of the tooth— that part inside of thepitch line— being .4 of the circular pitch , wouldgive X of an inch inside of the pitchline as the base of the tooth . Now , as it is cus

to m ary to make a gear wheel plain and then gluethe cogs to the face of the rim , it follows thatthe radius of the wheel would be the radius ofthe pitch line , minus the root of the tooth , or .6

of an inch , making the wheel at the base of thetooth of an inch less in diameterthan 2 1 inches , or inches . Then the totallength of a cog , being .7 of the circular pitch

,

equals inches , which is the lengthof this particular tooth . I ts thickness being .48

of the circular pitch gives inchesas the thickness of the tooth on the pitch line .Hence the solution of the problem calls for awheel inches in diameter , to the outsidesurface of which , at regular intervals , determinedby accurate measurement , there should be gluedcogs or teeth which are inches in length and.72 inches thick at the pitch line .Al l wheels are more or less alike ; therefore itwould be superfluous to treat the minor problemsof wheel patterns in this work , as every workmanwho understands the general principles involved


wi l l use his own judgment and discretion in suchcases , especial ly as the nature of the work , thesize of the wheel , the strength of parts , etc . , willalways be the controlling factor in the construe

Assum ing that there has been constructed awheel which has been turned to exactlyinches diameter by the shrinkage rule and theface of which has sufficient draft , the sur

face is divided into 44 equal parts by scribingsquare across the face of the work , with a pointedinstrument or penknife , and marking the scribeson the sides of the rim . The teeth are gottenout to approximately the proper shape and size .Then into a piece of thin hardwood a hole ismade exactly the shape of the desired tooth .

The teeth should then be carefully finished withhand tools so that they will j ust pass throughthis hole , allowing a very little draft in each toothand marking the tooth in such manner as toeasily distinguish the allowance made when thework is being glued together , in order that thedraft may all be the right way . An exact centermark should be made on each end of the cog ,matching exactly the marks on the rim of theWheel . Next the cogs should be glued to place ,

86 PATTE RN MAKING

using care that the center of each cog is exactlywith the dividing marks on the wheel . Smallbrads are used to hold the parts in place un tilthe glue dries , and when thoroughly dry the workshould be dressed up with sandpaper and asmall fillet of beeswax run along both sides ofthe base of the tooth , pressing it in place with anire d rod which has been warmed over a spiritlamp To finish , shellac varnish , as beforedescribed , is used .

Patterns of this class are usually parted by themoulder ’s trowel along the center of the spokeand at one edge of the rim .

Fig . 47 represents a pair of miter gear wheelsin mesh . Beveled gear work may be either amitered gear wheel as shown (in which case thepitch line is at an angle of 45° from the shaft , sucha gear transmitting power from one shaft to another at equal speed) ; or , in cases where a differentspeed is required , one wheel will be larger thanthe other (in which case it , the pitch line , willbe any angle which the nature of the casemay require) . The making of a miter orbeveled gear pattern , while not necessarily avery difficult piece of work , requires persistentcare and skill . The pitch o f a beveled gear is


an imaginary line , a a , Fig . 47 , which line represents the surface of cones working as plain friction wheels . Any variation in the relative sizeso f these two cones would also change the angle

of the pitch from the axis of the wheels . To

change the angle of the axis from a right anglewould also determine the angle of the pitch line .To more fully illustrate the manner of laying outFig . 47 se e Fig . 4753 Here a b and a c repre

88 PATTE RN MAKING

sent the axis on which the gear revolves and a a

the pitch line . Assuming , for convenience ofcalculation , that the pitch diameter d- e and d-fare 7 inches in length and the number of teeth22, the circumference at the pitch diameter

will be 22 inches ! and the circular pitch at thispoint 1 inch . Hence by measuring in .4 of aninch at a right angle from the pitch line a—a,

and a-

fat the pitch diameter , the profile of a coneis obtained to which the teeth . or cogs may be

! The e x act de cim al is

90 PATTE RN MAKING

possible to turn that part . Reverse the patternand finish the outside , as shown by the shadedportion in Fig . 50 , and attach square core prints

for the handles and finial . Make suitable coreboxes for these prints , which core boxes should

be constructed so that the bottom of the box isthe center of the core . In this case the cores gotogether just the reverse of the ord inary way.


Next turn out the handles and finial of the desired form , rip them apart and fasten the halvesinto the bottom of the core boxes as in Fig . 52.

A core moulded in one of these boxes will havean impression of half of this turned piece in theface , and when the two halves are pasted together

5 ?

Gran s ecn o n sho w/zit?m etal er c o re s

a proper cavity is left to mould the desired form ,

which can then be put into the cavities in thesand left by the core prints on the pattern , andwhich will then appear as in Fig . 5 1 . In thispattern it will be necessary to make special prov is 1 0 ns for supporting the sand in the cope , otherwise it will have a tendency to fall o ff in han

PATTE RN MAKING

dl ing. Iron kettles with flaring legs and roundears are cast in this manner . Others have theleg straight on one side so it will draw readily ,and the ear is made in two pieces , which areloose from the pattern and remain in the sanduntil the pattern is withdrawn . It is well toremember that any projecting part of a castingwhich is of such a shape that it can of itself bedrawn out of the sand , may often be left loose

Cro ss se c tio n ”tw ig?! co re bo m sfo r 31

when on account of some angle it is preventedfrom being drawn with the pattern , in whichcase it remains in the sand until the pattern isdrawn , after which it is

‘easily taken out .

There are many patterns which from somepeculiar formation are much easier to mould if aspecial follow board is made for them , and onaccount of a delicate form of construction aremuch easier to make by first making a foll owboard of the des ired shape and then building


the pattern Up piece by piece upon this form ;for instance , the curved grates in stoves , the castbasket racks in passenger cars , etc . , etc . E special ly is this true of small , curved Open workcastings , where it would be tedious , not to sayimpossible , for the moulder to make a nice parting in the sand with the trowel . By the use ofa follow board , which exactly fi ts the plain side

of the casting , the parting is made without anytrouble . As an example of a pattern of thiskind the aisle end for a car seat has beenselected . This pattern was arranged in such amanner as to be div ided in the middle , so thatthe upper portion is cast separate from the legand used for the wall end of the seat . (See Fig .

53 , a and b.)

94 PATTE RN MAKING

The first step in this case w as to make upthe follow board (Fig . on which the aisle

end was laid out full size , taking dimensionson a straightedge and carrying them over

S kaw s jtin

'

I

'

SM p afi e rn i n p lac e o n bo ard

to the curved surface . In cases where the finished pattern had to project bel ow the face o f


this follow board , as shown by the core printsa- a and the sockets for the seat rails b b in Fig .

55 , the wood w as mortised out to the desireddepth . After this the pattern w as gotten outpiece by piece , fitted to the board in its properplace and secured with small sprigs until theglue joints hardened , care being taken not toglue the pattern pre per to the follow board . Inthis case it w as necessary to allow the arm ,

which carried the back cushion from side to sidein reversing the seat , to pass behind the socketb b , Fig . 55 , thus making it necessary to coreout a sl ot between the socket for the seat railand the aisle end , which w as done as shownby the cores a a , Fig . 55 . These are samples ofbalanced cores , which will be explained further on .

This pattern has a joint at 000 , Fig . 53 , sothat it may be cast without the leg being madefast against the wall of the car.

98 PATTERN MAKING

and smoothed o ff. The cope was made with astraight edge .A very simple and useful “kink was employed

re cently in the case of a large piece of machinerywhich w as damaged in shipping . It had a largecircular gear about 8 feet across without spokeso r hub which was broken in two or three pieces .This was an old , out- o f—date machine and it was

F ig 5 6

not possible to procure a gear from the originalpattern and it w as considered too expensive tomake a new one , as only one casting was re

quired . In this emergency the services of anexpert pattern makerwere enlisted . This workman prepared a pattern of one- sixth of the gear

,

which he fixed to two wooden bars,so arranged

as to swing around a center pin in the top of astake , which w as driven firmly into the floor ofthe foundry. (See Fig .


To make the mould from this partial pattern ,level off the foundry floor w ith a straightedge .The center stake is then driven and left standingup above the floor the thickness of the casting .

The partial pattern is next put on the center pinand rammed up , leaving both ends open . After

this it is lifted and moved , taking care that thelast cog on the pattern exactly fits the impressionin the sand . Ram this up again and move thepattern as before . Continue this until the compl ete circle is made , which will be an impressionof the complete gear . Since seeing this I have

1 00 PATTE RN MAKING

used the same plan for making mud rings forboilers with perfect success , thereby saving muchvaluab l e time and material . This method is notrecommended in general practice ; but where asingle casting is all that wil l ever be needed , the

making of an entire pattern can and in somecases ‘

should be avoided .

Another problem of a similar nature is foundin making a large pulley or flywheel where thecost of m aking the pattern is not justified by thenumber of whee ls requirl ed . To make the mouldfor such a pu l l ey , fi rst c o nstruct the form of theradius desired fe r the rim of the wheel (se e Fig .


of the rim less than the radius o f the form . G e t

out the rib , a- a , Fig . 59 , and glue it in place .Turn up a hub one- half its length , cut it in six

parts and glue two of the pieces into the apex ofthe core box

,as in c , Fig. 59 , leaving a slot or

mortise for w ithdrawing the spoke . Make onespoke and secure the joint with '

a dowel pin atb , Fig . 59 . This will be better understood by a

d r o s s s e c t io n 1 71 730 397: c o r e b o x / o r

study of Fig . 6 0 . A round core is also requiredfor the center hole . The center stake should beturned up of proper size so that when drawn outor driven down it will leave a print for the centercore .To make a mould from this set of patterns ,

first make six cores in the core box (se e Fig . 59

and Fig . and one round core for the center.Level o ff the floor of the foundry and drive the


center stake down leve l . Then put in a smalliron center pin and se t the form (Fig . 58) on it .Bank the sand solidly against the outside of the

S’7zo w

'

zx

'

ny 7 7 70 71 707 w iffi c o r e-5 1 71 p kx

‘e

pattern , level with the top , moving the form andcontinuing the operation until a complete circularpit is formed of the depth of the pattern . Re

move the form and the center stake , leaving asmuch of the hole made by removing the stake as


is required for a core print for the center hole .Place the six prepared cores in position , takingcare that the proper thickness of the rim ismainta ined clear around the wheel . Place thecenter core in position , pushing it down until itis level with the face of the wheel . The finishedmould is shown in Fig. 6 1 .


It will be seen that this pair of sweeps are soarranged as to form a rabbet in the sand , w hichinsures the cope being centrally located .

To m ake a mould for Fig . 6 3 with this se t ofsweeps , the floor of the foundry is first leveledoff and a stake driven down , leaving enough

“

6 3

above ground to operate the sweep . The firstsweep is then put on , the sand packed about thestake and a hill is formed representing the out


side of the casting . When complete , a parting ismade and the cope placed in position andrammed up . G ates are then made and the coperemoved . The second sweep is now substitutedfor the first and the sweeping continued until aperfect form is produced of the inside of thecasting . N o w the sweep is removed , the copeplaced in position and the mould is complete .

A much more difficult operation is one where thecasting is of such a form that it is impossible tolift the cope from the outside . (Se e Fig.

In this instance a hole is swept into the drag— o r

foundry floor , as the case may b e— having theform of the inside of the casting . (See Fig .

The cope is then placed in position , rammed upand removed . The second sweep is then placedon the stake and the sweeping continued until a


perfect form of the outside of the casting isobtained . (See Fig . The stake and sweepsbeing removed and the cope placed in position ,the mould is complete . The difficulty in thiscase is in handling the cope , for which special

.A p a t t o fardiuat y s w e e p s

arrangements should be made for supporting thesand .

It is possible, for certain special work , to sweepboth cope and drag ; but it is seldom done .There are various reasons for using sweep

1 1 0 PATTE RN MAKING

pieces are required , it is often better to usesweeps , as they save the cost of making a pattern . The cost of moulding from sweeps , how

ever , is more than from a pattern , and in veryheavy work the saving of the extra cost wouldpay for the pattern . It is possible to sweep a

pattern which will not draw in the ordinarymanner , also circular castings having projectionsof various kinds may be swept by having wood

AND FOUNDRY PRACTICE 1 1 1

patterns of the projecting parts . To illustratethis is cited an instance of a casting which w asmade at the Frisco R . R . shops last winter at CapeG irardeau , Mo . This casting was the door on

the front of an engine , usually termed the smokebox door. It w as required to cast hinges onthis door , together with some other minor pro je ctions not necessary to illustrate . The first thingdone w as to make , on apiece of heavy manila paper ,a regular working drawingin cross - section of the re

quired casting . (See Fig .

Then the perpendicular line a b forthe center of the sweep was drawn . The

sweeps can be laid out by pricking throughthe drawing . The upper line gives the shapeof sweep No . 1 and the lower one sweep


No . Q. A face view of this casting is givenfor the purpose of locating the hinges , etc .(See Fig . Next wood patterns of the

hinges were made , leaving the pivot holes tobe drilled after the casting w as compl eted .

Then into a suitable drag box or the foundryfloor a stake w as driven to such a point

as to allow No . 1

to turn freelywith the outerend at the parting in the box

T i? 6 9 or floor. Thenthe sand w as

packed and the sweeps moved until the formw as perfectly true and complete . Next aparting with dry sand w as made in the usualway and the wood patterns were set in position ,


Then turn the drawing that side up . The upperline of the draw m g IS sweep No . 1 and the lowerline is sweep No . 2 , which also has the line ofNo . I laid out on it and the shape of the metalpainted black . It is also customary to add anangle to both sweeps , as shown at c in Fig . 6 5 .

This acts as a guide for gauging the thickness ofthe metal and insures proper locating of the cope .It is frequently a matter of great convenience

to be able to sweep up quickly a large core , suchas for the cylinder of a locomotive or other hollow work where nothing more than a plain

,

straight core is required . This can easily bedone by the use of two halfcircles of plank ofthe des ired radius , secured in position with threestrips of wood , as shown in Fig . 6 6 . The core ispacked in this frame and swept o ff with a straightedge . Or it may be required to sweep up astraight , round core of different diameters , having offsets , etc . To do this, get out a plankwhich is of the shape and size of a longitudinalsection through the center of the core , as at b inFig . 6 7a , allowing for the thickness of the halfcircles ff. Fasten the half circ l e s f f in place ,and if possible secure them from warping withgood heavy angle irons let in flush with the


wood , as at c c , Fig . 6 7a . Now get out asweep , a , Fig . 6 7a , which exactly fi ts the side ofthis pl ank or bottom board . Hang the sweepby the two arms 0 c to the center pins d d ; allof which will be easily understood by referring toFig . 6 7a and Fig . The sweep a should bebeveled on both side s towards the center on theworking edge , s o that it will press the sand in as

it passes back and forth over it . To make ahalf core on this device it is only necessary topack the sand on the bottom board and pass thesweep a backwards and forwards over it , fill ingin sand until the desire d form is obtained .

Fig . 6 8 is designed to illustrate the manner inwhich bolt holes , etc . , are moulded at rightangles to each other through a casting . By


referring to the drawing , Fig . 6 8, it W1 1 1 beobserved that the holes b b, if slightly tapered so

they can be drawn out of the sand , will leavetheir own core ; while the hole a , Fig . 68, willnot draw out of the sand with any core ye t described . For all such w ork a peculiar core andcore box , called a stop core , are used . For thispurpose a peculiarly shaped core print is put onthe pattern , as shown in Fig . 6 9. It thenbecomes necessary to make a core box which willmould a core as shown at a in Fig . 70 . At b ,

Fig . 70 , is shown a cross - section through thecasting , with the core in place .In many cases it is necessary to use cores

which , from some peculiarity of the design , willhave no support at one end and have a tendencyto fall down , or at least sag enough to make thecasting thin on one side . In such cases the coreand core print are made long enough for the coreto lie in the core print without tipping down .

These are called balance cores . (See Fig .

In other cases cores may be so long as to sag oftheir own weight . When this is liable to occur ,small iron pieces called bridges are put unde rthem . These fuse with the heat of the metaland become part of the casting . In some in


This pattern w as first made , or rather at

tempted , and some three or four whistles werecast from it . It w as so complicated a piece of

work that an ordinary moulder couldnot put it togetherand get a mouldfrom it ; in cou sequ en ce it had alwaysto be taken to thefoundry by the pattern maker The

foundry made alabor charge ofon this work , in

provement could bemade in this pattern ,it was sent to the

shop and remodeled and some slight improvements were made . However , it yet remained ave ry unsatisfactory piece of work . It was given

addition to the weightof the brass , for eachand every whistlecast Having decided that some im


to C . W. Sherwood , now of Racine , Wis . , whoproduced the pattern as here shown , which hasproven very satisfactoryin its operation .

A clear idea o f thiscasting may be derivedby reference to Figs .

73 , 74 and 75 .

shows

both of which are hol

Fig . 73

a cross - sectionthrough the bell of the

low and in three compartments . The first compartm e nt extends the full length of the bell ;

se c ti o n I Zu se

the next is shorter ,extending to c ,

Fig . 73 , and thethird still shorter ,extending to b,

Fig . 73 . In proce eding with awork of this kind ,the first requisiteis a working draw

ing of full size , and one which should be asnearly complete in every detail as it is


possible to make . Next make the pattern forthe bell , Fig . 76 , and the base , Fig . 77 .

Now make the core box as shown at a- b inFig . 78, two slides , c - c , Fig . 78, being made for

the openings at the upper end . One slidereaches almost across the opening and joins withthe partition slide d , Fig . 79. The other cutso ff even with the inside of the core box and isonly designed for closing up the slot when n o t


The top b is turned up , as shown , and the partitio ns d d d glued to it . The cores c - c , Fig . 80 ,

make the vent holes 0 c c , Fig . 75 , which let thesteam out into the bell of the whistle.

There is a variety of cast parts used in l o c o m o

tive and car work , such as draw bars , truck


pedestals , oil boxes , etc . These castings , whileapparently very common and rough to look at, callfor considerableskill in the making of the pattern .

As a sample , anordinary oil boxhas been selected .

(See Fig .

This will be moreP

'

8 0

fully understood {9

by studying the two sectional view s of thecastings , Figs . 82 and 83 . A complete working

O f? 30 x fi r fr o g ?” e ar

drawing is shown in Figs . 84 and 85 . To makethis pattern , first prepare the working drawingo n heavy paper and prick out the outlines com


pl e te and transfer them to a pl ank of proper size .With this plank as a pattern , cut enough mate

A X B L

[vhf-0 1271 2 6g

rial to build up a block of the entire thickness ofthe core, making the parting in the center .

Next get out two sidepieces of sufi cient thickness to complete the pattern . (See a b, Fig .85 . )

Now dowel the two center pieces together andglue up the remainderand this will form a block

£3. £2. rou hl re sem b l in the

C7 0 3 ) wro ng? o r] bo xg y g

“ m desired pattern . Thencarve this into the required form with theparing to ols , gouge s , etc . , and when finished


in this view of the pattern . Next make a compl ete core box , as shown by the working drawing .

Half of such a core box is shown in Fig . 87 .

Little strips of wood a, Fig . 87 , or blocks b ,Fig . 87 can be tacked into the c o re for any

b’a7ff/ ffm bhea

sl ides , projections , etc . , that may be required bythe nature of the work . A rather neat piece ofwork is a double-flanged elbow for a steam pipe ,as shown in Fig . 88. Assuming this to be for asmall pipe , say 4- inch , it becomes a simplepiece of lathe work Having made a proper


working drawing (Fig . 89) for determining the sizeof the parts to be made , prepare a piece of materialof suitab le dimensions from which to turn out aring, which should be a perfect semicircle in

h éflj'

of h z a z

o

n co re

cross - section , as show n in Fig. 90 . This ring isthen cut into quarters , two of which make theprincipal part of the patte rn . Next turn up twopieces (see Fig . 9 1 ) in two parts each . The se ,


when doweled to the quarter circles alreadymentioned , make the desired pattern , as shown

2 d o u b l e f l aggea m a m i n

o

p e e l b o w

in Fig . 92 , and it should be painted in the joint ,as shown in Fig . 993. To make a core box for

The Wo rking (E r m a/iris? fo r p in e 6 7W

this pattern , take a piece of stuff of properdimensions and into the face turn a semicircular


“

Fig 9 3

C o r e b o x fo r s m a l l s iz e d 6 1 bo wl


elbow is 4 feet in diameter, then wehave an entirely different proposition to consider , and instead of a piece of lathe work we

7 ’a ifc r n fin Ia rg e 7bo wf W o rk

‘

have a problem in construction which should besolved in the following manner : G e t out the twocircular flanges , a a, Fig . 94, which should each bein two halves anddoweled together.N ext , get out thepieces 6 and c ,

and let them into r ig 9 5.

a suitable gain ,fibril p a tte r n [35 l a rg e en o n /

.L .fi

s ha m/in g c r o s s s e c h o u a ! fl a n

ge

which is cut intothe straight side of these flanges . (See Fig .

Now get out the semicircular ribs for thebody of the pattern , and the ribs and ends


for the core prints . Secure these with largewood screws and glue to the pieces b and c ,

I N .

' Vo c

d are 30 : r l a rg e e n o w Do n ea h u es s‘haw r z b s .

—4'

as shown in Fig .

~

94 , taking care. that aproper allowance is made for the thicknessof the lagging. Then get out suitable lagging ,

the form of whichcan be obtainedfrom the crosssectional workingdrawing , Fig . 95 .

Cro ss s ec n'

o n th o ugh c o re b o xN OW cut thl s l ag

gingto such lengthsas the nature of the work may requ ire , andsecure it in place ‘with glue and screws orlong fin ish nails , driving all nail heads far

1 34 PATTE RN MAK ING

the pattern . Lastly , put a leatherfi l l e t

1 at d and finish with shellacin the ordinary manner . The

making of a core box for thiselbow is very similar to themaking of the pattern itse l f,except that the design is re

versed ; the operation be ingshown in Figs . 96 and 97 .

This core can be swept in askeleton box similar to the

skeleton core boxes already described , excepting that from thecurved form of the core it isnecessary to so design the corebox that the sweep may bemoved from end to end of thework instead of around it . Such

a device is clearly shown inFigs . 98, 99 and 1 00 .

Fig . 1 0 1 represents an ordinary fluted cast - iron fence post ,which has hollow projections fo rreceiving the ends of the top

1 Leather is n o w gen eral ly u sed fo r fi ll e ts and is supp lied in vario us siz es by the trade .


and bottom rail of the fence , which is itselfhollow.

Such a pattern would not draw if divided inthe ordinary manner ; but the work becomessimple enough when parted as shown in Figs . 1 02

and 1 03 . The projections for receiving the ends

of the rail are left loose from the pattern and aredrawn out of the sand after the pattern is lifted ,and these , being hol low, leave their own core inthe sand .

A suitab l e core b o x for Fig. 1 0 1 may be made


o f the form shown in Fig. 1 04, especially if anygrooves , moulds , etc ., are to be shown on the

core to correspond with the form of the outsideof the post . If a plain square core is all that isrequired , a core box of the des ired form may bemade , open at top and bottom , which is laid Upona flat surface filled with prepared sand , flour , etc . ,and struck o ff with a straight - edge , as describedfor the core box as shown in Fig . 25 . In this

mould such a core would lie with the corner upward .

Having endeavored to treat the subjects of thiswork in a manner both lucid and exhaustive, notonly by the d irections simply stated , but also bymany illustrations , I feel confident that the careful perusal and study of this volume will be agreat aid to the intelligent and ambitiousmechanic in his battle for succe ss in life in thisparticular fie ld o f usefulness. It was my inten

WOOD FO R MAK ING PATTE RNS

In a recent discussion of the different varietiesof wood adapted to the making of patterns , M .

J . G olden , Professor of Applied Mechanics atPurdue University, Lafayette, Ind . , brought outsome very important points to be considered bythe pattern maker, and as the subject is one inwhich a large class among our readers is intere sted, we take space to present the followingextractsA suitable wood for pattern making must be

cheap , of such a nature that it can be shaped orformed easily , have a fine grain and a fair degreeof strength . The requisite of cheapness throwsout of the list— except for special or restricteduse -some woods , such as cherry and mahogany ,from which excellent patterns may be made . A

study of the m icro sc 0 pic structure of the woodwill show why certain classes are not and cannotbe suitable for pattern making . For instance ,take oak and pine , which are very much alikein cost and the ease with which they may beshaped . Oak , however , is not at all suitable for

1 39


patterns , while pine , though weaker , is much tobe preferred , and is used more than all otherwoods . Some knowledge of the structure andgrowth of the two will help us to understandthis . Upon examination we find that the pinehas a texture that is smooth and even , while theoak has a very great variation in the wood whichis formed in the spring of the year , and thatwhich is formed in the summer. The springgrowth is open and has many holes that fol lowthe direction of the grain , while the summer woodis dense and hard . I n addition , in the oak wefind the hard , shell- like plates that form the silvergrain comparatively large and numerous ; whilein pine these plates are hardly distinguishableat all .One requisite of a good pattern wood is that

it must be of such a nature that the grain can befilled with shellac varnish or some correspondingmedium , to protect the pattern from the actionof moisture in the moul ding sand . It is evidentthat the wood of the oak will serve this purposebut poorly , and that pine would be much better .

The wood of the oak is made up practically oftwo different kinds of elements ; one kind is calledthe vesse l . This is shaped l ike a tube, which


not change its form during seasoning , it has considerabl e influence in causing the wood to warp .

This greater tendency to warp on the part of theoak is another point against it for the patternpurposes . During the growth of the tree thefood matter is taken up by the roots and iscarried up to the leaves through the vessels , andthere it is brought in contact with the air that ittakes in through openings in the surface of theleaves . The sap is then changed into foodmatter for the tree The principal portion of thefood matter comes from the air , and is carriedback with the sap from the leaves to the outerpart of the branches and trunk , where it is usedin building new wood and other tissue . The

medullary rays help to carry food matter to theinner growing parts of the tree .

Pine wood differs from oak in that it has onlyo ne kind o f element instead of two . In place ofthe vessels and fibers there is a kind of elementcalled tracheide that serves the purpose of both.

The walls of this tracheide have small Openingsthrough them from one to another so that thesap may be carried from the roots to the leavesand back again to the growing tissue . In spring ,when the flow of sap is greatest , the elements


that are formed by the growing part of the oakare very large and have thin walls , while duringthe summer the walls are thicker and strongerand the elements correspondingly smaller . The

summer wood of the oak is consequently harderand more fine in grain and thus better adaptedfor pattern making . The difference in thegrowth in pine at different seasons of the year ismuch less than in oak , and so , of course , thewood , as a whole , is much more even in grain .

When this , and the fact that there is only onekind of element in pine , are taken into consideration , it is evident that the pine is better suited forpattern work than the oak .

When the pattern maker comes to use thesetw o woods he finds the oak having clearly markedannual rings in which there are, side by side, woodtissue that is very hard and dense from thesummer wood , and tissue that is very light andopen from the spring growth , so that it ispractically impossible to get a surface that willresist the action of moisture in the mouldingsand , or even a surface sufficiently smooth toleave a good impression in the mould .

Then , too , the oak pattern would have aconstant tendency to warp because of moisture


taken in from the open vessels of the springwood .

The pine , on the contrary , has not muchdifference in the tissue that goes to make up itsspring and summer annual rings , “ these ringsbeing d istinguishable more on account of a slightchange in color in some parts than on account ofthe size of the elements . The elements in allparts of the pine are thin and light enough sothat the wood is easily shaped , and yet the elements are small enough to make protection ofthem by varnish an easy matter , on account ofthe fact that they are easily filled . These pe cu liaritie s of structure adapt the pine especially tothe needs of the pattern maker, its principal drawback being because o f the lightness of its tissueand the ease with which it is bruised .

In conclusion we will remark , that a patternmaker is supposed to be a paragon of order, athorough mechanic and a gentleman . His toolsare of the best quality and in perfect order forturning out the finest quality of work . E verytool is always in place and he knows just whereto lay his hands on the desired one . His patternsare all numbered and an accurate record kept ofthem . He is supposed to know what patterns

TABLE OF CONTE NTS

FO UN DRY PRACTI CE .

Cast iro n w asher— Cup- shap e d castin g— Co n

n e cting ro d— Fire e x tin gu isher cap— S take

p o cket casting . Page . 1 9—36

PATTE RN SH O P PRACTI CE .

Me chan ical draw ing— Draftin g to o ls— Lo catio n o f m achin ery— G luin g u p w o rk . Page . 37- 48

TO OLS .

Lath e to o ls , chise ls and go uge s— Shrinkagerul e— Pattern m aker’s lathe . Page 49—58

MAK I N G TH E PATTE RN .

S tak e p o cket pattern and c o re b o x — F langedcy lin der pattern and c o re b o x — Cast pipe

fi ttin g and c o re b o x - D o ub l e flan ged w he e lpattern and Co re b o x — Do ub l e flanged gearBrake w he e l pattern ~—Makin g a gear pattern—Laying o u t gear te e th— Mite r gear pattern—I ro n do m e pattern an d c o re b o x — Car seat

pattern . Page . 59—96

CASTI N G W ITH PART PATTE RN S,E TC .

Ribb ed p late— Cast gear— Large pu l l e y o r

97—1 04

SWE E P WORK .

Sw e ep fo r b o w l o r do m e— Sw e ep fo r sm o keb o x do o r— Sw e ep fo r l o c o m o tive c ylin derM o u ld fo r flu ted c o lum n . Page 1 05 1 1 7

CO M PLI CATE D PATTE RN S .

Lo c o m o tive chim e w histle— Car jo urnal b o x—D o ub le flange d e lb o w— Ske l e to n c o re fo r

large e lbo w— F lu te d c ast iro n fen c e p o st .

Page . 1 1 8 1 38

WO OD FO R PATTE RN MAK IN G .

Oak— Pin e . Page . 1 39—1 45

MAN UALo f u sefu l info rm atio n fo r p laters and o the rs w ho w ish to

b e c o m e ac q uainte d w ith the p rac tic al art o f the e le c tro -de p o sitio n

o f m e tals and the ir allo ys , inc luding E le c tro -d e p o sitio n o f M e tals , E le c trod e p o sitio n o f Allo ys , E le c tro p lating Dynam o s . E le c tro p lating S o lu tio ns ,E le c tro p lating Ap p aratus .

This b o o k has b e e n w ritte n

to m e e t the re q uire m e n ts o f

p late rs de siring a p rac tical andye t n o n - te chn ic al w o rk o n e le ctro p l ating. The info rm atio n

give n the re in h a s b e e n o h

tain e d fro m p late rs o f prac ticale x p e rie nc e , and the c o nstruc

tio n and O p e ratio n o f the diffe r

e nt devic e s u se d in the e le c trod e p o sitio n o f m e tals are fu llyde sc rib e d and illu strate d .

P o cke t siz e , 4 x 6 56 . O ver 200p age s and o ver 50 illustratio n s .

With num e ro us tab le s and u se

fu l fo rm u las , by I A M E s H .

W E S TO N , M . E .. illustrate d byL. E LLI OTT B RO O K E S .

1 6m o . P o pu lar E ditio n .

Fu l l c lo th .

P ric e n e t,

E ditio n de Lu x e . Fu llle athe r lim p .

P ric e n e t, $ 1 . 5 0

Sent Po stpaldto anyAddress In the Wo rld upo n Re ce ipt o f Price

FRE D E RI C K J . DRA K E 6 . C O .

P U B LI S H E R S

2 1 1 - 2 1 5 E . Madis o n S tre e t 0 0 Chic ago . I l l .

STEAM BO ILERS ,THEIR

CO N STRUCTIO N , CARE

AN D O PERATIO

B Y C . F . SW I N G LE , M . E .

A c o m p le te m o de rn treatise , fu l ly de scribing, w ith il lustratio ns , the steam bo ile r o f vario us type s . C o n struc tio n and

ru le s fo r asc e rtaining thestre ngth fo r fi nding safew o rking pre ssure . B o ilerse ttings and appurte nanc e sgrate surfac e insu latio n ,

c leaning t u b e 3 , safe tyvalve calcu latio n s, f e e dpum ps, c o m bustio n , e vapo ratio n te sts With ru le s,stre ngth o f bo ile rs , and

m e chanical sto ke rs . 200

page s , fu lly illustrated .

The late st and m o st

c o m p le te tre atise o n bo ile rspublished. 1 6 m o . Fu llleathe r lim p binding .

P R I C E N E T

S e nt Po stpaid te'

e nyAddre ss In the Wo rl d upo n Rece l pt o fPrice

FRE DE RICK J. DRAK E 8: CO .

P U B L I S H E R S

21 1 - 21 3 E . M adiso n Stre e t, Chicago , I l l .

MODE RN ELE CTRHQALw w w . CON § TRUCTIGN

By HO RSTM AN N and TO USLE Y

E H I S bo o k treats alm o st e n tire ly o f prac tical e le c tricalw o rk . I t use s the

‘‘Ru le s and R e qu irem e n ts o f the N a

tio nal B o ard o f Fire Unde rw rite rs”as a te x t, and e x

p lains by num e ro us c u ts and de tailed e x p lanatio n s just ho wthe be st c lass o f e le c tricalw o rk is instal led .

I t is a pe rfe c t gu ide fo rthe beginn ing e le c tric ianand give s h im al l th

Z/zeo ry n eeded in prac ticalw o rk in additio n t o fu l lprac tic al in s tru c tio n s Fo r

the jo urn e ym an e le c tric ianit is n o le ss valuable , b e

cause it e labo rate s and

e x p lains safe ty ru le s in

v o g u e thro ugho u t t h e

Un ited S tate s . I t is alsoo f e spe c ial value to e le ctrical in spe c to rs , a s it

po in ts o u t m any o f the

tricks prac tic e d by u n

sc rupu lo us p e rso ns in the

trade .

The bo o k also c o n tains anum be r o f table s giving dim e nsio ns and trade n um

be rs o f screw s , nails , insu l ato rs and o the r m ate rial

in ge ne ral use , w hich w il l b e fo und o f great value in prac tic e .

The re is also give n a m e tho d by w hich the diam e te r o f c o n

duit n e c e ssary fo r any num be r o f w ire s o f any siz e can b e at

o n c e de te rm in ed . The m o tto o f the au tho rs , “To o m it n o th

ing that 23 n eeded and in c lude no thing that is n o t n eeded,

that has m ade “Wiring diagram s and De scriptio n s" so suc

c e ssfu l , has be e n fo l lo w ed in this w o rk . N o bo o k o f greate rvalu e to the m an w ho do e s the w o rk has e ve r be e n published .

1 6m o , 250 page s , 1 00 diagram s . Fu l l leathe r, lim p .

S e nt p o stpaid to any addre ss in the w o rld upo n re ce ipt o f pric e

FRE D E R IC K d . DRAK E do 0 0 PUBLIS H E RS

2 1 1 - 2 1 3 E . MADIS O N S T. C H ICAG O , ILL.

A BOOK E VE RY E NG I N E E R AN D E LE CTR ICIANSHOULD HAVE IN H I S POCK E T. A COMPLE TEE LE CTR ICAL RE FE RE NCE LIBRARY IN ITS ELF

N E W E D IT I O N

6 36 8 Han dy Ve st- P o cke t

B Y WM . L. WE B E R , M .E .

ILLUS TRATE D

ON TAI N S upw ards o f w o rds.term s and phrase s em p lo yed in thee le ctrical pro fessio n , w ith Itheir

definitio n s given in the m o st c o n cise ,luc id and c o m prehen sive m anner.

The prac tical bu sin e ss advan tageand the edu catio nal b en efit d erivedfro m the ab ility to at o n c e und erstan d

the m ean in o f s o m e term invo lvingthe de scrip t o n , ac tio n o r fun c tio n s o f

a m achin e o r apparatus , o r the physical nature an d cau se o f c ertain pheh o m ena, cann o t b e o vere stim ated , an d

w ill n o t b e , b y the tho ughtfu l assiduo u s and am bitio u s e le ctrician , b e cau se

he kn o w s that a tho ro ugh un derst anding, o n the sp o t , and in the presen c eo f any hen o m e n a, e ffec ted by the aido f his 1 tt1 e ve st-p o cke t b o o k o f re fer

en c e , is far m o re valuab le and lastingin its im pre ssio n up o n the m ind , than

any m em o randum w hich he m ightm ake at the tim e , w ith a View to the

fu ture c o n su ltatio n o f so m e v o l um in

o u s standard te x tb o o k, and w hich ism e re frequen tlyneglec te d o r.fo rge tteuthan d o n e .

The b o o k is o f c o nven ien t siz e fo rcarrying in the ve s t p o cke t , b e o n ly2% inche s by in che s , and inchthick ; 224 p age s , ill ustrate d , and

b o und in tw o differen t sty le s :New E ditio n . Cl o th, Red Edge s , Inde x ed 25cNew E ditio n . Fu l l Leathe r, G o l d E dge s , Inde x ed, 500.S o ld by b o o kseil ers general ly o r

gen t p o stpaid to any address up o n receip t

0 pric e .

FREDERICK J . DRAK E COMPANYP ub l ishers o f S e l f- E ducatio nal B o o ks fo r Masthead“

3 1 1 -2 1 3 E . MADIS ON ST. CHICAGO . U.S .A

The Lates t,B es t an d M o s t C o m p le te B o o k o n E ngin e e rin g an d E l e c tric ity

p u b l ished . Writte n b y p rac tical E n gin e e rs an d E le c tricians in a.waythat y o u can un d e rs tan d it. U P -TO -DA

’I‘E 1 904 E D I TI O N .

20thCe ntury Hand Bo o kF O R

E ngin e e rs and E l e ctric iansC O M P E N D I UMo f u sefu l kno w ledge appertain

ing to the care andm anagem en t o fS teamE ngin es, B o ile rs andDynam o s. Tho ro ughl y practical with fu l linstru c tio ns in regardto m aking e va ra

tio n te sts o n Do lers .

The adjustm ent o f the

s l id e valve , c o rlissvalve s, e tc . , ful ly de

scrib ed and il l u strated ,

to getherw ith the apphcatio n o f the indicato r and diagramanalysis . The sub jecto f hydrau lics fo r e n

g in e e r s is m ade a.

8 m l feature , and al l pro b lem s are so lved in p lain figure s , thus ena

b ing the m an o f lim ited edu catio n to c o m prehend their m eaning.

B y 0 . F . SW I N G LE,M . E .

Fo rm erly Chief E ngineer o f the P u llm an CarW o rks . Late Chief E nginee ro f the I llin o is Carand E quipm en t Co . , Chicago .

E LE C T R I C A L D I V I S I O NThe e le ctrical part o fthis valuab le vo lum e w as w ritten by a practical

engineer fo r engineers , and is a c lear and c o m prehen sive treatise o n thegn n cm l e s , c o n stru ctio n and o peratio n o f Dynam o s , M o to rs , Lam ps.to rage Batterie s , I ndicato rs and M easuring I nstrum en ts , as w e l l as an

e x p lanatio n o f the princip le s go vern ing the gen eratio n o falternatingcurren ts , and a descrip tio n o f alternating curren t instrum en ts and m achinery . N o b e tter o r m o re c o m p le te e le ctrical part o f a steam engin ee r

’s

b o o k w as e ver w ritten fo r the m an in the engine ro o m o f an e lectriclighting p lan t .

SWING LE '

S 20 th C E NTURY HAND B O O K

FO R. E N G IN E E RS AND E LE CTR IC IAN S

O ver300 il lustratio ns ; handso m e ly b o und in fu l l l eatherlpo cket $2 50b o o k style ; size 5 1 1 695, x 1 inch thick. P RICE N E l

S o ld by b o o kse llers generally o r sen t stpaid to anyaddre ss up o n receipt o f p ce .

FRE DE RICK J. DRAK E e COMPANYP ub lish ers o f S e lf-E ducatio nal B o o ks fo r M echanicsEast Madiso n S tre e t CHICAGO .

JUST THE BOOK FOR B E G I N N E RS AN D E LE CTRICALWORK E RSWHO S E O P P ORTUN ITI E S FOR G AI N I N G I N FORMATI ON ON

THE BRAN CH E S OF E LE CTRI CITY HAVE B E E N LIMITE D

This little w o rk is n o t in tended fo r the in stru ctio n o f ex perts , n o r as

aguid e fo r pro fe sso rs. The au tho r has e nde avo red thro ugho u t the b o o kt o b ring the m atter d o w n t o the leve l o f tho se w ho se o pp o rtunitie s fo r

gain ing in fo rm atio n o n the bran che s treated have b e en lim ited .

F o ur chapters are d evo ted to S tatic E le c tricity ; three each to Chem ical Batterie s an d Light and P o w er ; tw o each t o Terre strial Magne tism

and E lec tro -Magn e tism ; o n e each t o Atm o spheric E le c tric ity ; LightningR o d s ; E le c tro Chem istry ; App lied E le ctro Magn e tism ; F o rc e , W o rkand E n ergy ; P rac tical App licatio n o f O hm

’

s Law ; als o a chap ter up o nM e tho d s o f Deve lo ping E le c tricity , o ther than Chem ical .

The large n um b er o f e x am p le s that are given t o illustrate the practical app l icati o n o i e lem en tary prin c ip le s is gaining fo r it a repu tatio n as

a te x t b o o k fo r scho o ls an d c o llege s .

I n re view ing this b o o k an em inen t e le c trician says o f it“A l l that 999 m e n o u t o f 1 000 w an t t o kn o w can b e im parted in p l ain

l anguage and arithm e tic . I there fo re think that such a b o o k as yo ursis the kind that d o e s the greate st go o d to the greate st num b er.

”

F o r S ale by b o o kse llers generallyo r sen t p o stpaid to any

address up o n rece p t o f price ,

FRE DE RICK J.DRAK E G?CO " Pu b l ishe rs

2 1 1 -3 1 3 E . Madiso n S tre e t, CHICAG O . U.S .A.

B Y CLAR K CARY LHASK I N S

A BO O K DE VO ID O FTE CHN ICALITIE S

S IM PLE . PLAIN AN DUNDE RSTANDABLE

There are m any e lem en tary b o o ks ab o u te le c tricity u p o n the m arke t b u t this isthe first o n e pre sen ting the m atter insu ch shape that the laym an m ay understand it , and at the sam e tim e , n o t w ritten in a childish m ann er.

FOR E NG INEERS , DY NAMO MEN,FIREMEN, LINEMEN,

WIREMEN ANDLE ARN E RS . FO R S TUDY O RREFERENCE .

Fred T. Ho dgso n’

s New“

( 1 903 ) Bo o ks Fo r Buil d

S T E E L U A R .

A TREA 1 1 3 5: OF THE PRAQ FIGALUS E S ar

By FRE D . T. HODG J‘O N , A rc hite c t.

New and up-te-daie . Pub l ished May I st, 1 903. Do no t m l stake ihl s edlfo r the o ne pub l ished o ver 20 years ago .

This is the latest practical w o rkthe S te e l uare and its u ses

ished . I t is t o ro ugh , acc u rate , cand easfly und ersto o d . C o nfo nnterm s and phrase s have b ee n r

l o ne ly a v o i d e d w h e r e p o ssi

and e v erythin in the b o o k has tm ad e so p l ain t at a b o y tw e lve yo f age , p o ssessing o rdin ary in t

genc e , can understand it fro m b eh in

gto end .

t is an e x haustive w o rk in c lso m e ve ry inge n io us devic e s fo r 1 ao u t be ve ls fo r rafte rs , brac e s and 0 1

inc lin ed w o rk ; al s o chap te rs o n

are as a cal cu l atin m achin e , shho w to m easu re lids , S u rfDistan c e s—y e u sefu l to b u il

and e stim ato rs . C apters o n re p

and ho w to fo rm them by the 21 1

the Square . O ctago n , H e x ago n ,

o ther ro o fs are sho w n and

plain ed , and the m an n e r o f ge t

ho rafte rs and jacksgiven . Chapo n heavy tim b erfre m ing sho w in gthe Square is u sed fo r laying o u tt is e s Ten o ns , Sho u l ders , Inc lWo rk, Angle Co rn e rs an (1

.

su n

w o rk . The w o rk al so c o ntains a l ar e num b er o f diagram s , sho w mgthe Square

.

m ay be used in fi ndin ve l s , Angle s , S tair Treads and bcu ts fo r Hip , Val l ey , Jack and o t e r Rafte rs , b e sides m etho ds fo r l ao u t Stair S trin s , S tair Carrie e s and Tim b er S tru c ture s ge n eral ly .

c o ntain s 25 b e e n ifn l halfto n e il ustratio ns o f the p e rsp ec tive and. fl o o r po f 25 m edium p ric ed ho use s .

The w o rk ab o unds w ith hundreds o f fin e i l lustratio ns and e x p lto ry diagram s w hich w ill pro ve a p erfec t m in e o f instru ctio n fo r

m e chanic , y o un g o r o l d .

Tw o l arge vo lum e s , 560 pages , n earl 500 i l l ustratio ns , printed c

sup erio r quality o f pap er fro m n ew l arge yp e .

P rice . 2 VO l S o . C l Oth o . o o o o o o o o o S o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o sPrice . 2 Vo l s . , hal f- l eathe rS ingl e Vo l um e s . Part I ,

l . p 8fl | ,hal ffl l eather c o o . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o

part“. 0 1 0 th o o o o o o o o o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Part l i. o n e

SEND FOR CDMPLETE ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE FREE

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PUBLISHERS OFsm —snucnn oum Banks

3“E . MAD IS O N S TR E E T an an C H ICA

t u

P R A C T I C A L M A N U A L

P0RCARPENTERSANDW000WORKERSGENERALLY11‘a T. HO DG SO N , Architec t.E dito r o f the N atio nal Builde r, Prac tical

Carpe ntry , S tee l Square and I ts Use s , e tc ., e tc .

N E W, co m ple te guide , c o ntaining hundre ds o f quid :

m e tho ds fo r pe rfo rm ing w o rk in carpentry , jo ining and

e ral w o o d -w o rk. Like al l o f Mr. H o dgso n ’

s w o rks , it istte n in a sim ple , e ve ry- day style , and

s n o t bew ilde r the w o rking- m an

h lo ng m athem atical fo rm u las o r

trac t theo rie s . The il lustratio ns , o f

ich the re are m any, are e x planato ry,that any o n e w ho can re ad p lainglish w il l b e able to unde rstand themil y and to fo l lo w the w o rk in handho ut diffi cu lty .

he bo o k c o ntains m e tho ds o f l aying

is , rafte rs , stairs , fl o o rs , hOppe rs ,

e l s , jo ining m o u l dings , m ite ring,

ing, p l ain hand- rail ing, circu l ar

rk, splay ed w o rk, and m any o the rgs the carpe n te r w ants to kno w to he lpin his e ve ry day vo catio n . I t is the

st c o m p l e te and ve ry l ate st w o rk published,be ing tho ro ugh,

ctical and re l iab l e . O ne w hich n o carpe nte r can affo rd co

witho ut.The w o rk is prin ted fro m n ew , l arge typ e p late s o n a sup erio r qualmream w o ve pap er, durab ly b o und in E ngl ish c lo th.

Price

FREDERICK J . DRAK E 6: CO .

2 1 1 -21 3 E . Madiso n S t ., Chicago .

Fully illustrated withfabo ut 75 beautifu lw o o dcuts . A c o m pl ete instructo r

fo rthe o perato r o ramateur.

The bo o k first give s a sim p lede sc riptio n o f e ve ry part o f a

bo ile r and trac tio n o r sim p le sta

tio nary e ngin e, w ith de fi nitio ns

o f al l the te chnical te rm s c o m

m o u ly u sed . This is fo llo w ed byo ve r 80 te st qu e stio ns c o ve ringe ve ry p o in t that pre c e de s . The nc o m e sim ple and p lain dire c tio nsto the yo u ng e ngin e e r as to ho w

to se t up and o pe rate his e ngin eand bo ile r, fo l lo w e d by qu e stio n sand an sw e rs as to w hat sho u ld b ed o n e in e ve ry c o n c e ivable dith

cu lty that m ay arise , c o ve ringsuch subje c ts as scale in the b o ile r, e c o n o m ical fi ring, sparks,pre ssure , l o w w ate r and dange r o f e x p lo sio ns, lining and

ge aring the e ngin e,s e tting the valve s, o iling, w o rking inje c to r

and pum p ,lac ing and pu tting o n be lts, e tc . The re are tw o

chapte rs o n Farm E ngin e E c o n o m y, giving the the o ry o f the

steam e ngin e , e spe c ially in its prac tical app licatio ns to sc o ur

in g e c o n o m y o f o pe ratio n . Chapte r XI I , de sc ribe s“Diffe re n t

Type s o f E ngin e s ,"inc luding statio nary, c o m po und, Co rliss

and high spe e d e ngin e s , and al l the leading m ake s o f trac tio n

e ngin e s w ith an il lustratio n o f each . Also chapte r o n gaso linee ngin e s and ho w to run them and an o ther o n ho w to run a

thre shing m achin e . The bo o k c l o se s w ith a varie ty o f use fulre c ipe s and prac tical sugge stio n s and table s, and 1 75 qu e stio nsand answ e rs o fte n give n in e x am inatio n s fo r e ngin e e r’

s lic ense .

Be autifu lly il lustrated w ith p lans, e tc .

l ZMO CLOTH. PRICE

S en t prepaid to any addre ss upon re c e ip t o f pric e .

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