PATHWAYS OF EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMALL TWO-WHEELERS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE N.V.Iyer,...
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Transcript of PATHWAYS OF EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMALL TWO-WHEELERS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE N.V.Iyer,...
PATHWAYS OF EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES
FOR SMALL TWO-WHEELERS: PAST,
PRESENT AND FUTUREN.V.Iyer,
Adviser (Technical) Bajaj Auto Ltd, Pune, India
Better Air Quality 2006 WorkshopYogyakarta, Indonesia,December 13 – 15, 2006
2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Numbers of vehicles, millions
CHINA (1999)
INIDA (2003
INDONESIA (1998)
CHINA TAIWAN (1999)
THAILAND (1996)
MALAYSIA (1999)
PAKISTAN(1999)
PHILIPPINES (1998)
SRILANKA (2005
2-wheelers
Other vehicles
Proportion of Two-wheelers in Vehicle Population of Major Asian Countries
Small two-wheelers constitute significant proportions of total vehicle fleets in many countries in Asia and come to be considered as major sources of air pollution.
3
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
PM
PE
RC
EN
T O
F
TO
TA
L T
RA
NP
OR
T
PERCENT OF TOTAL TRANSPORT PM CONTRIBUTION IN INDIAN CITIES
Cars+Taxis 6.3 5.8
2-Wheelers 25.1 18.3
3-Wheelers 27.7 18.3
Trucks 29.8 28.5
Buses 11.0 29.1
KANPUR PUNE
(Sources: PUNE:Environmental Status Report, 2001-02, Pune Municipal Corporation KANPUR: ‘Report of the Expert Committee on Auto Fuel Policy’, Government India, August 2002)
CONTRIBUTION OF TWO-WHEELERS TO TOTAL TRANSPORT EMISSIONS IN INDIAN
CITIES
4
CONTRIBUTION OF TWO-WHEELERS TO TOTAL RAOD TRANSPORT EMISSIONS IN
EUROPEAN UNION, (EU 15)
Source: L. Ntziachristos et al, “Emission Control Options for Power Two Wheelers in Europe”, Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006), 4547 - 4561
0
5
10
15
20
Perc
en
t C
on
trib
uti
on
Contribution of 2-Wheelers to Total Road Transport Emissions in EU15
CO 7.5 8
HC 18 20
NOx 0.4 0.75
PM 1.6 0.9
CO2 1 0.7
2004 2012
With largereductions in emissions of four-wheeled vehicles, the relative contribution of two-wheelers has increased significantly forcing the adoption of stringent mass emission standards.
5
WORLDWIDE TWO-WHEELER WORLDWIDE TWO-WHEELER EMISSION REGULATIONSEMISSION REGULATIONS
III Stage (2008)HC+NOx:1.0~1.25CO: 1.0~1.25
ChinaII Stage (2004)ECE40HC: 1.2NOx:0.3CO: 5.510,000 km
EuropeEU II (2003)ECE40Cold StartHC: 1.0NOx:0.3CO: 3.0
EU III (2006)ECE 40+EUDC/WMTCHC: 0.8NOx:0.15CO: 2.030,000 km
Japan(2006/2007)ECE40Cold StartHC: 0.3/0.5NOx:0.15CO: 2.012,000/24,000 kmTaiwanIV Stage (2004)ECE40Cold StartHC+NOx:2.0CO: 7.015,000 km
II Stage (2005)IDC Cold StartHC+NOx:1.5CO: 1.530,000 km
IndiaIndiaII Stage (2005)IDCHC+NOx: 1.5CO: 1.530,000 km
IIIStage (2008/2010)IDCHC+NOx: 1.0CO: 1.030,000 km
US Federal(2006)<170cc and170 to 279ccHC: 1.0CO: 12.0>280ccHC+NOx: 1.4CO: 12.0
(2010)>280ccHC+NOx: 0.8CO: 12.0(6,000 -18,000km)
61996 2000 2005 2010
FURTHER IMPROVED SCAVENGING, OXIDATION CATALYTIC CONVERTERAND/OR SECONDARY AIR INJECTION
FURTHER IMPROVED CARBURETTOR,IMPROVED OXIDATION CATALYTIC CONVERTERAND/OR SECONDARY AIR INJECTION
AIR ASSISTED DIRECT INJECTIONOXIDATION CATALYTIC CONVERTERELECTRONIC ENGINE MANAGEMENT
IMPROVED CARBURETTOR,IMPROVED PORTING & SCAVENGING,OPTIMIZATION OFAIR-FUEL RATIO& IGNITION TIMING
TECHNOLOGY PROGRESSION OF 2-STROKE ENGINES FOR 2-WHEELERS
19953.3
0.61
4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
CO HC NOx*10 PM*10
2000
2.2 2.13
0.7 0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
CO HC NOx*10 PM*10
2005
1.4 1.320.8
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
CO HC NOx*10 PM*10
2010
10.7 0.8
0.4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
CO HC NOx*10 PM*10
71996 2000 2005 2010
IMPROVED CARBURETTOR,OPTIMIZATION OFAIR-FUEL RATIO& IGNITION TIMING,IMPROVED COMPRESSION RATIO
FURTHER IMPROVED CARBURETTORSIMPLE OXIDATION CATALYTIC CONVERTERAND/OR SECONDARY AIR INJECTION
PORT FUEL INJECTION, THREE-WAY CATALYTIC CONVERTER WITH OR WITHOUT SECONDARY AIR INJECTION
REGULAR OXIDATION CATALYTIC CONVERTERS (ASUSED IN CARS)AND/OR SECONDARY AIR INJECTION
TECHNOLOGY PROGRESSION OF 4-STROKE ENGINES FOR 2-WHEELERS
19952.6
0.7
0.30.06
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
CO HC NOx PM
20002.2
0.7
0.30.05
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
CO HC NOx PM
2005
1.4
0.7
0.30.05
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
CO HC NOx PM
2010
0.42 0.560.2 0.05
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
CO HC NOx PM
8
40 50 60 70
4S, CARB
4S, PFI
4S, DI
40 50 60 70
2S,CARB
2S, AFI
SCOOTERETTE
SCOOTER
MOTORCYCLE
SCOOTERETTE
ESTIMATED FUEL EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF
2-STROKE AND 4-STROKE 2-WHEELERS USING FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS
SOURCE: LEIGHTON S., AHERN S., SAE PAPER NO 2003-26-0019,
Fuel Efficiency, km/l
Fuel Efficiency, km/l
MOTORCYCLE
DirectInjection
Port FuelInjection
Carburettor
Carburettor
Air AssistedFuelInjection
9
2005 2010
EU
JAPAN
INDIA
World Motorcycle Test Cycle (WMTC)Correlation of limit values Particulate emissions from CI and SI enginesDurability and in-use compliance;On Board DiagnosticsEvaporation emissions Measure CO2 emissions in type approval
Implement Stage III standards latest by 2010Strengthen in-use complianceParticipate in the development of WMTC
General tightening of emission regulationsEvaporative emissionsDurabilityOff cycle emissionsNon-regulated emissionsFuels and Lubricants
EVOLUTION OF NEW REGULATORY MEASURES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
10
Source: L.Ntziachristos et al, “Emission Control Options for Power Two Wheelers in Europe”, Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006), 4547 - 4561
ESTIMATED EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS PROPOSED MEASURES TO REDUCE HC EMISSIONS
INEUROPEAN UNION, (EU 15)
EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS MEASURES IN EU15
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
EU3MOPED RW EVAP OBD DURAB IUC
RE
DU
CTIO
N IN
HC, t
onne
s EU3MOPED: Euro 3 Emission Standards for MopedsRW: Road WorthinessEVAP: Evaporative Emission ControlOBD: On Board Diagnostics for all 4-Stroke bikesDURAB: Durability requirementsIUC: In Use Vehicle Compliance
11
Effectiveness of various measures in EU15,PM reduction, tonnes
450
78
1111
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
EU3MOPED SYNTH OIL REPL 2S/ 4S
EU3MOPED: Euro 3 Emission Standards for MopedsSYNTH OIL: Use synthetic lubricating oilREPL 2S/4S: Replace two-stroke engines with four-stroke engines
EXPECTED EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS PROPOSED MEASURES TO REDUCE PM
EMISSIONS IN EUROPEAN UNION, (EU 15)
“Adoption of diesel PM regulatory procedure for two-wheelers certification and having a standard for PM can bring only a small additional benefit” , Rijkeboer quoted in reference Source: L.Ntziachristos et al, “Emission Control Options for Power Two Wheelers in
Europe”, Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006), 4547 - 4561
12
INTRODUCTION OF WORLD MOTORCYCLE TEST CYCLE (WMTC)
Euro III Driving Cycle to be used for Euro III standards
g/km VEHICLE CLASS CYCLE CO HC NOx
EXISTING <150cc UDC 2 0.8 0.15
>150cc UDC+EUDC 2 0.3 0.15
NEW FROM Vmax <130km/h WMTC 2.62 0.75 0.17
1-Jul-07 Vmax >130km/h WMTC 2.62 0.33 0.22
Source: EU Commission Directive 2006/72/EC, 18th August, 2006 Amendment to Directive 97/24/EC
WMTC Driving Cycle introduced as an alternative to Euro III
13
• Increased utilization of 2-stroke direct injection systems for small capacity machines
• Bigger, more sophisticated catalyst with more optimized precious metal formulation for quicker light off and longer durability
• Improved modulation of Secondary Air Injection to control exhaust Air-Fuel ratio.
• Increased sophistication of ECU control strategies for cold start and transient fuelling optimization.
• Should future legislation dictate the use of such systems– Possible development of ‘new’ systems such as EGR, and
de-NOx catalysts,– incorporation of OBD and – evaporative control systems
TECHNOLOGIES LIKELY TO BE EXPLORED IN THE SHORT TERM
Ref: “Motorcycle Unregulated Emissions Report”, Association des Constructeurs Europeens de Motocycles (ACEM), March 2002
14
Gaseous fuels like ‘Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)’ or ‘Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)’. Products in
Market
Products UnderDevelopment
Battery operated electric vehiclesHybrid electric
vehiclesHydrogen powered vehicles (as internalcombustion engine)
Products inMarket
Technology Being exploredFor 3-wheelersAs internal Combustion Engine
TECHNOLOGIES/FUELS LIKELY TO EMERGE IN NEAR FUTURE
15
TECHNOLOGYHydrogen Internal Combustion Engines
Battery operated vehicles and/or Hybrid electric vehicles
Fuel injection with oxidation or Three-way catalysts (Air assisted DI for 2-stroke, Port Fuel Injection or Direct injection for 4-stroke)
Improved engine with bigger and more sophisticated catalyst and optimized Secondary air injection
Improved carburetted engine with oxidation catalyst and/or Secondary air injection
201520202025
PATHWAY OF EVOLUTION OF ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES FOR
2-WHEELERS
20102005
INTRODUCTION OFTECHNOLOGY
WIDESPREADUSE OF
TECHNOLOGY
REDUCED USE OF
TECHNOLOGY
EV
OL
UT
ION
OF
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
16
CONCLUSIONS• Two-wheelers make significant contributions
to urban air pollution in most Asian cities• Following major reductions in 4-wheeler
emissions contributions of 2-wheelers to total HC and CO emissions in EU have now become significant
• From 1995 to 2005, technologies of both 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines have moved primarily from optimization of performance to use of sophisticated catalysts
• Post 2010, fuel injection, both in 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines, combined with catalytic converters are likely to be preferred
• Period from 2010 to 2020 is likely to see greater use of CNG/LPG as well as battery and hybrid electric vehicles
• Use of Hydrogen as an IC engine fuel in 2 and 3 wheelers is unlikely to start before 2025