Pathology of the Male Reproductive System Testis and Epididymis.
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Transcript of Pathology of the Male Reproductive System Testis and Epididymis.
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Pathology of the Male Pathology of the Male Reproductive SystemReproductive System
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Testis and EpididymisTestis and Epididymis
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Failure of Testis to DescendFailure of Testis to Descend
Testis are not always in scrotum at Testis are not always in scrotum at birth.birth.
Testes from in abdomen with kidneysTestes from in abdomen with kidneys Migrate to scrotumMigrate to scrotum
May get stuck in the inguinal canalMay get stuck in the inguinal canal Complications of not repairingComplications of not repairing
SterileSterile Increased risk of testicular tumors later.Increased risk of testicular tumors later. Inguinal herniaInguinal hernia
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InflammationInflammation
BugBug Ascending infection in most cases.Ascending infection in most cases. GCGC MumpsMumps TB TB SyphilisSyphilis
AutoimmuneAutoimmune
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EpididmitisEpididmitis
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Vascular RelatedVascular Related
TorsionTorsion Venous Venous
compressioncompression Hemorrhagic Hemorrhagic
infarctinfarct Young menYoung men At nightAt night Very painfulVery painful Can be Can be
reducedreduced
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Scrotal MassesScrotal Masses
TesticularTesticular Tumors (solid)Tumors (solid)
EpididymalEpididymal Inflammatory (rubor, dolor, Inflammatory (rubor, dolor,
calor…)calor…) PeritesticularPeritesticular
HerniaHernia Hydrocele (cystic, transilluminates)Hydrocele (cystic, transilluminates) Vascular in natureVascular in nature
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Testicular TumorsTesticular Tumors
Most are malignantMost are malignant Excellent results with treatment.Excellent results with treatment. Must look for ‘markers’ before removalMust look for ‘markers’ before removal
Germ line (actual reproductive cells)Germ line (actual reproductive cells) SeminomaSeminoma EmbryonalEmbryonal ChoriocarcinomaChoriocarcinoma Mixed patternMixed pattern
Non-germ lineNon-germ line Specialized supportive cellsSpecialized supportive cells
Leydig, may be hormonally activeLeydig, may be hormonally active
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Tumor MarkersTumor Markers
Some tumors produce agents Some tumors produce agents measurable in the blood.measurable in the blood. Embryonic tissue markersEmbryonic tissue markers Beta-HCGBeta-HCG
Placental markerPlacental marker We measure this in pregnancy testsWe measure this in pregnancy tests
Alpha-feto proteinAlpha-feto protein Marker associated with embryonic gutMarker associated with embryonic gut
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SeminomaSeminoma
Most common typeMost common type Yong menYong men CurableCurable Arises from sperm Arises from sperm
producing cellsproducing cells Several histologic Several histologic
types.types. LymphocytesLymphocytes No markersNo markers
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SeminomaSeminoma
Little fried egg looking cells.Little fried egg looking cells. LymphocytesLymphocytes No production of Bet-HCG or Alpha-No production of Bet-HCG or Alpha-
fetoproteinfetoprotein
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Embryonal CarcinomaEmbryonal Carcinoma
Aggressive tumorAggressive tumor 20-30 years20-30 years Areas of Areas of
hemorrhage and hemorrhage and necrosisnecrosis
Two histologically Two histologically distinct cell types.distinct cell types.
Markers +/-Markers +/- Lance ArmstrongLance Armstrong
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Embryonal CaEmbryonal Ca
Two tissue typesTwo tissue types StromaStroma GlandsGlands
Metastasizes Metastasizes widelywidely
Markers +/-Markers +/-
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ChoriocarcinoChoriocarcinomama
Placental elementsPlacental elements SynciotrophoblastsSynciotrophoblasts Make Beta-HCGMake Beta-HCG
Typically part of a Typically part of a ‘mixed lineage’ ‘mixed lineage’ tumor.tumor.
Highly aggressiveHighly aggressive This element This element
spreads early.spreads early.
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TeratomaTeratoma
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TeratomaTeratoma
Aggressively Aggressively malignantmalignant
Three germ lines Three germ lines EctodermEctoderm EndodermEndoderm MesodermMesoderm
Makers +/-Makers +/-
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Leydig Cell TumorLeydig Cell Tumor
One of several so-called One of several so-called ‘specialized stromal tumors.‘specialized stromal tumors. Non-germ lineNon-germ line
Benign generallyBenign generally Hormonally activeHormonally active
AndrogensAndrogens EstrogensEstrogens
GynecomastiaGynecomastia Sometimes even corticosteroidsSometimes even corticosteroids
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HydroceleHydrocele
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HydrocelHydrocelee
Fluid filled scrotal Fluid filled scrotal cyst.cyst.
BenignBenign Often with inguinal Often with inguinal
herniahernia TransilluminatesTransilluminates Fluid will recollect if Fluid will recollect if
aspirated.aspirated. Can be largeCan be large
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Prostatic DiseaseProstatic Disease
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ProstatitisProstatitis
Acute bacterialAcute bacterial AscendingAscending E. coliE. coli
Chronic bacterialChronic bacterial Low back painLow back pain DysuriaDysuria Suprapubic painSuprapubic pain Common bugsCommon bugs
‘‘Abacterial’Abacterial’ ChlamydiaChlamydia
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Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaBenign Prostatic Hyperplasia Very commonVery common Androgen mediated growth (DHT).Androgen mediated growth (DHT). Central zone proliferatesCentral zone proliferates
Stroma &Stroma & GlandsGlands
Minimal if any increased cancer riskMinimal if any increased cancer risk
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Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaBenign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Nodular growth patternNodular growth pattern Some chronic inflammationSome chronic inflammation Glands always have a double layer of Glands always have a double layer of
epitheliumepithelium Columnar &Columnar & Reserve layerReserve layer
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Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaBenign Prostatic Hyperplasia
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Prostate CancerProstate Cancer
Very commonVery common Blacks &Blacks & WhitesWhites Rare in AsiansRare in Asians
Incidence Incidence increases with increases with age.age.
Peripheral zonePeripheral zone PSAPSA Family historyFamily history
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Prostate CancerProstate Cancer
AdenocarcinomaAdenocarcinoma Single layer of Single layer of
epitheliumepithelium Gland-within-Gland-within-
glandgland LN and Bone metsLN and Bone mets
Osteoblastic &Osteoblastic & OsteolyticOsteolytic
TreatmentTreatment Surgery &Surgery & Hormone Hormone
manipulationmanipulation
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Prostate CancerProstate Cancer
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Staging Prostate CancerStaging Prostate Cancer
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Bone MetastasesBone Metastases
Spinal mets ->Spinal mets -> PainfulPainful May cause lots of May cause lots of
reactive bone reactive bone growth at the site growth at the site of the metof the met OsteoblasticOsteoblastic
May cause bone May cause bone destructiondestruction OsteolyticOsteolytic
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Pathology of the PenisPathology of the Penis
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Congenital AbnormalitiesCongenital Abnormalities
HypospadiusHypospadius Urethral opening on ventral surface of Urethral opening on ventral surface of
penis.penis. EpispadiusEpispadius
Urethral opening on dorsal surface of Urethral opening on dorsal surface of penis.penis.
Both associated with undescended Both associated with undescended testistestis
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Circumcision, Yes or NoCircumcision, Yes or No
Maybe helpful in a small number.Maybe helpful in a small number. In previous years it did make a In previous years it did make a
difference.difference. PhimosisPhimosis
Orifice of the prepuce is too small.Orifice of the prepuce is too small. Paraphimosis, inflammation and Paraphimosis, inflammation and
cosntriction leads to urinary problems.cosntriction leads to urinary problems. ? Risk of cancer? Risk of cancer
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Penile TumorsPenile Tumors
PapillomasPapillomas HPV HPV
Some are Some are dangerous dangerous serotypes.serotypes.
Cause unregulated Cause unregulated epithelial growthepithelial growth
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PapillomaPapilloma
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Squamous Squamous CarcinomaCarcinoma
In situIn situ InvasiveInvasive UlcerativeUlcerative HPVHPV
1616 1818
Regional lymph Regional lymph nodes.nodes.
Metatasizes widely.Metatasizes widely.
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Squamous CarcinomaSquamous Carcinoma
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Sexually Transmitted DiseasesSexually Transmitted Diseases
HPVHPV Hepatitis BHepatitis B SyphilisSyphilis GonorrheaGonorrhea HIVHIV ChlamydiaChlamydia
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GonorrheaGonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrheaNeisseria gonorrhea Gram negativeGram negative DiplococcusDiplococcus
MucosaMucosa Acute inflammation!Acute inflammation! Scarring Scarring SterilitySterility EpididymitisEpididymitis
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Neisseria gonorrheaNeisseria gonorrhea
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SyphilisSyphilis SpirocheteSpirochete
Treponema Treponema pallidumpallidum
Arteriole is targetArteriole is target VasculitisVasculitis Three stagesThree stages
Primary: chancrePrimary: chancre Secondary: rashSecondary: rash Tertiary: Tertiary:
systemicsystemic CNSCNS AortaAorta
CongenitalCongenital
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Treponema pallidumTreponema pallidum
SpirocheteSpirochete Infects arteriolesInfects arterioles
Destroys themDestroys them RashRash Vasovasorum of Vasovasorum of
aortaaorta Can’t cultureCan’t culture SerologySerology
VDRLVDRL Specific antibodiesSpecific antibodies
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Secondary SyphilisSecondary Syphilis
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Tertiary SyphilisTertiary Syphilis
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Congenital SyphilisCongenital Syphilis
Infected during Infected during pregnancypregnancy Third trimesterThird trimester
Virtually all Virtually all systems involvedsystems involved
Periosteal Periosteal involvement leads involvement leads to many skeletal to many skeletal deformitiesdeformities
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AIDSAIDS Human immunodeficiency virusHuman immunodeficiency virus
Several strainsSeveral strains T-cells infectedT-cells infected
Antibody regulationAntibody regulation Tumor and cell mediated responseTumor and cell mediated response
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HIVHIV
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HIVHIV
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