Past Year 2nd Year (2)

7/25/2019 Past Year 2nd Year (2)

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TAHUN DUA

GTA SUBJECTS

GTA 203/3: ADVANCES AUDIOLOGY TECHNIQUE

FINAL EXAM 2010/2011

1. What is overmasking

2. Draw the graph of speech audiometry

Bahagian B

6 esei pendek10 marks each

jwb sumua

1. overmasking. definewith diagram describe an e!amp"e of overmasking

2. define speech recogniton thresho"ddraw a speech audiogram showing moderate conductive hearing "oss.describe the graph.

#. recruitment. define and an e!amp"e of test to detect recruitment.

$. draw acoustic ref"e! pathway

predict ref"e! that might be found in peop"e with profound %&'( moderate)'( and retrococh"ear "oss.

*. short description about meniere+s disease and B,,-.

6. advantage and disadvantage of posturography.

Bahagian )

/W/B 2 #20 marks each

. given audiogram ref"e! thresho"d tympanogram. interpret data anddescribe another test to confirm interpretation hah ngn yakinnya. nonorganic hearing "oss stenger test3

4. procedures to perform ca"oric test

5. describe two audio"ogic test to check for retrococh"ear "oss.

1. Define

a.3 inimum masking "eve"

b.3 a!imum masking "eve"

c.3 )entra" masking

d.3 7nder masking

e.3 8ver masking

2. Describe over masking

#. 9ive :/ for headphone insert earphone and bone vibrator

$. a3 ; 200 da,a what is the comp"iance measure< Why3

a3 :nterpret the audiogram given

b3 Diagnosed the patho"ogy

c3 ?!p"ain the pathophysio"ogy

#. # y o boy %&'(

a3 (ist history taking

b3 Describe the causes of this case

c3 Describe the suit rehabi"itation for this chi"d

$. 20 y o right facia" nerve pa"sy

a3 ?!p"ain the possib"e causes for the pt

b3 9ive the c"inica" features of the patience

c3 9ive two /?, test for facia" nerve diagnosis

Fi!" E#!$ %0./0'

?!p"ain about1. 8tosc"erosis2. Barotruma 8titis media

GTA 20

1. What is /Boa. e!p"ain and give e!amp"e. name the disease that causes by the proto>oan. eg answerH ,neumocystis carinii found in "ungs3C ,neumoniae3

6. 9ive two e!amp"es of each he"minths according to their c"assess andhabitat in human.a3 nematodecestode and trematode in the "iver interstineb"ood musc"eand "ungs. 10 marks3b3 diferrentiate the characteristics between nematode cestode andtrematode. * marks3c3 describe the "ife cyc"e of the brugia ma"ayi a nematode3

. a3 give three important components in preCana"ytica" diagnosis to

ensure the good =ua"ity of resu"t "aboratory diagnosis. 1*marks3 b3 describe brief"y the mechanism invo"ved in the antibiotic resistance.1* marks3

Fi!" +#!$ %200./0'

1. Describe * mechanisms of antimicrobia" action and give e!amp"e ofeach mechanism.

2. ?!p"ain the factors that determine the effectiveness of antimicrobia"

#. Draw and e!p"ain the bacteria" growth curve

$. Describe the factors that inf"uence bacteria" growth

*. )a"cu"ate generation time and generation number

GTB 204/3 TENI BIOLOGI MOLEUL


1. Brief"y e!p"ain the properties of "ambda I3 vector in c"oning

e!periment...*min

2. ?!p"ain the properties and advantages of the eukaryotic

e!pression vector *min3

#. (ist the differences btween genomic and cD&/ c"one..*min3

$. app"ication pcr in c"oning

*. mechanism of pu"" down *min

6. Describe the properties of :,@9 and JC9a"K brief"y e!p"ained of

their use in c"oning e!periment. *min3

. difference southern and western b"otting

4. e!p"ain the princip"e and ro"e of dia"ysis in protein purification

5. a3 how we get the sp"een from "ife mouseed by using method E and compared withreference method J. ean of method E is 1* mgd" whi"e mean of

method J is 1$2 mgd". %tandard error of the difference between meanva"ue is 4.#.

iC Determine tva"ue.

iiC What is tcritica" va"ue at ,G .0*5 65 $+! 6 ;-!)$!,5*i+7i,@ Di, 7-+ ed

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Aactors inf"uence absorptionH13 "ipid so"ubi"ity23 nature of the drug acidicbasic3#3 mo"ecu"ar si>e of the drug$3 disintegration S disso"ution of the drug*3 ioni>ation of the drug63 p' of the media3 surface area43 gastrointestina" moti"ity53 b"ood supp"y103 presence of food S other medication

3= E#i

%;;B' 58 >)=

/nswerH

BBB M B"ood Brain Barrier

@he brain re=uires a protected environment in which to function

norma""y.

/ specia"i>ed structura" barrier the b"ood brain barrier p"ays a key

ro"e in this protection and maintaining this environment.

@his is a tight junction to prevent easy entry of drugs into brain

@here is no fenestrations or s"it in between the endothe"ia" ce""s of

capi""aries here norma""y in other areas there are s"its or gapsthrough which W% drugs can pass3

(ayer of astrocyte foot processes makes this more impermeab"e 8n"y "ipid so"ub"e substances can cross the "ipid membrane

,"asma ,rotein BindingC When the drugs appear in the circu"ation a fraction of drug mo"ecu"esbind with p"asma protein S another fraction remain free

:n genera" binding is reversib"e and obeys the "aw of mass action

@here is a"ways an e=ui"ibrium between bound S free drug

concentration

Aree drugD3P/3 drugCa"bumin comp"e! D/3

C Dia>epamH 54V bound 2V freeC orphineH #*V bound 6*V freeC @his e=ui"ibrium wi"" a"ways be maintained whatever might be the amountof the drug in circu"ation at any timeC Drugs usua""y bind with /"buminC %ome drugs a"so bind with a"pha1Cacid g"ycoprotein S "ipoproteinC 9enera""y acidic drugs bind with /"bumin. @wo particu"ar sites of thea"bumin mo"ecu"e bind acidic drugs with high affinity strong"y3C Basic drugs bind with a"pha1Cacid g"ycoprotein S (,

:mportance of ,,B of the drugs

Bound drugs are inactive Bound drugs cant cross the membranes

Bound drugs are not metabo"i>ed or e!creted

Bound drugs remain as reservoir

C When free drug concentration is decreased then bound drugs becomefree and maintains the e=ui"ibriumC 8n"y free drugs are active metabo"i>ed S e!creted

4= Di, )i+8"6 7-+ $+,-!i$ 58 !,7i5 58 >)=

/nswerH

@here are many mechanisms by which a drug act in the body/3 &onCspecific mechanism of drug actionB3 %pecific mechanism of drug action

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&onCspecific mechanismC Drugs do not bind with any specific substance in the bodyC @hey produce effect due to their physicoCchemica" property

C ?!amp"eH

/ntacids re"ief pain

@hey are a"ka"ine in chemica" nature

@hey reacts with gastric ')" and neutra"i>es acid

/cid P /"ka"i G %a"t P Water

%pecific mechanism of actionC Drugs bind with specific substance within the body S thus produce effectC By interaction with these target proteins drugs e!ert their effectsC Broad"y divided intoH

eceptors :on channe"s

?n>ymes

)arrier mo"ecu"es

8thers

$ types of receptorH

@ype 1H )hanne"C"inked receptor

@ype 2H 9CproteinCcoup"ed receptor

@ype #H TinaseC"inked receptor

@ype $H eceptor that regu"ate gene transcriptionC (ipid so"ub"e drug M a"ter ce"" function by impairing en>ymes activity

?n>ymesHC 7sua""y resemb"e en>ymess natura" substrate

@hus may compete for binding

8r)an bind irreversib"y to en>yme

e.g.H Janthine o!idase /""opurino"3

@ransport proteinC %ome drugs are insufficient"y "ipid so"ub"eC @hus need carrier to transport a"ong membranee.g.H &oradrena"ine%tructura" ,roteinC Drug bind to this wi"" "ead to changes in conformation of the proteinse.g.H )o"chicine bind to tubu"inC Binding of the drug wi"" inhibit tubu"in po"ymerisationC :n turns interferes with the immune system

(= D+,)i+ 7-+ ) E#,)+7i5 7-)5- *i>+6=

/nswerH

C :t is the e"imination of drug from the bodyC (ast phase of ,harmacokineticsC ain"y drug e!cretion occurs after biotransformation of the drugC %ome drugs are e!creted in unchanged form that is without anybiotransformation

ena" e!cretionC Drugs come to rena" tubu"es fi"tration and e!creted with urineC ain route of drug e!cretion

C /"most a"" drugs are e!creted by this routeC @he two kidneys constitute "ess than 1V of the tota" body weight butreceive about 2*V of the cardiac output.C /fferent arterio"es from the rena" artery supp"y b"ood to the g"omeru"us atarteria" pressure.C /bout 20V of this is converted to g"omeru"ar u"trafi"trate.

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C Aurther absorption and reabsorption takes p"ace at various points a"ongthe nephron.C @he fina" product urine3 is on"y about 1V of the vo"ume of the origina"g"omeru"ar fi"trate.

echanisms invo"ved in rena" e!cretion

9"omeru"ar fi"tration 9A3

/ctive tubu"ar secretion /)%3

,assive tubu"ar reabsorption ,@3

C 9A H Drugs come to tubu"e by fi"tration through g"omeru"usC /@% H Drugs come to pro!ima" convo"uted tubu"e from peritubu"arcircu"ationC ,@ H Drugs are reabsorbed from tubu"es to circu"ationC %o &et ena" )"earance G 9A P /@% C ,@

9"omeru"ar Ai"trationC @he pore si>e of g"omeru"ar capi""aries is about $0 .C @he g"omeru"ar u"trafi"trate wi"" therefore contain so"ub"e drugs and othermo"ecu"esC 7p to W *0000Da can be fi"tratedC /"bumin W 650003 is not fi"teredC Drugs bund to "arge p"asma proteins e.g. a"bumin3 wi"" not be fi"teredand so the fi"tration rate of a drug wi"" be direct"y proportiona" to its freeconcentration in p"asma.

/ctive @ubu"ar %ecretionC :n the pro!ima" convo"uted tubu"e there is an active secretion of ioni>eddrugs into the "umen.C @his is a carrier mediated transport systemC @his ensures that drugs which are proteinCbound are e!creted.

C /ctive tubu"ar secretion can be saturated and drugs can compete forsecretion.C @ypes of transport system

@wo types of transport systems are presentH8ne transports acidic substances and another transports basicsubstances.

/cidic transport system carries on"y acidic drugs S other endogenousacidic substancesBasic transport system carries on"y basic drugs S other endogenousbasic substances

,assive @ubu"ar eabsorptionC @his is a passive processC Despite g"omeru"ar fi"tration and active secretion the rena" c"earance ofmany drugs is s"ow because they are substantia""y reabsorbed from thedista" portion of the nephron.

C /bout 55V of the water fi"tered through the g"omeru"us is reabsorbed inthe kidney tubu"e.C @his resu"ts in a considerab"e concentrating effect which makes asignificant concentration gradientC %o drugs passive"y moves from tubu"es to circu"ationC ,@ depends onH

:oni>ation of the drug

)oncentration gradient between tubu"es S b"ood.

p' of the urine

&ature of the drug acidic or basic3

C /cidic drugs are better e!creted in a"ka"ine urine S Basic drugs arebetter e!creted in acidic urine opposite to drug absorption3C Weak bases are e!creted more efficient"y by carnivores acid urine3 andweak acids are e!creted more efficient"y by herbivores basic urine3.

CA !7,- B %2003/04'

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1= ?-!7 !)+ 7-+ ,)i7+)i! 58 >)@ D+,)i+ 7-+ )57+ 58

!>$ii7)!7i5 58 >)

/nswerH

)riteria of drug13 )hemica" natureHC genera""y weak"y acidic or weak"y basic substance23 %i>eHC genera""y "ow mo"ecu"ar weight 100C1000 Da3C some are of high WLinsu"in 6000#3 %hapeHC usua""y comp"imentary to the shape of the receptor so that can easi"ybind.

outes of administration of drugs

/3 ?ntera"@hrough 9:@

8ra"

%ub"ingua"

ecta"

B3 ,arentera"8ther than 9:@

:njections M :-:%)

:nha"ations

@opica"

8ra" routeHost drugs are administered ora""y

/dvantages

-ery convenient

?asy to take the drug

&o need of assistance

,atient himse"fherse"f can take it

&o need of steri"i>ation

,reparations are usua""y cheap

DisadvantagesH

&ot possib"e for semiconscious or unconscious patients

&ot possib"e if vomiting

:rritant or unpa"atab"e drugs not possib"e

%ome drugs are destroyed by gastric ')"Le.g. Ben>y" penici""in

%ome are destroyed by en>ymes eg :nsu"in

%ome are not absorbed from 9:@ e.g. %treptomycin

%ome drugs undergo e!tensive 1st pass hepatic metabo"ism .eg

9@& &itrog"ycerine3

%ub"ingua" route/dvantages

-ery vascu"ar under tongue

Direct"y goes to systemic circu"ation

&ot destroyed by 9:@ acid en>ymes etc

/void 1st pass hepatic metabo"ism

9@& &itrog"ycerine is given3

ecta"/dvantages

%uppositories are given

:rritant drugs can be given

/bsorption rapid

&o 1st pass hepatic metabo"ism

%uitab"e for chi"dren

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,aracetamo" suppository

:ntravenous :-3/dvantages

Direct"y goes to circu"ation

&o need of absorption Bioavai"abi"ity is 100V

(arge amount of drug can be givenLeg b"ood sa"ine etc.

:mmediate effect

?mergency route

Disadvantages

%e"f administration not possib"e

&eeds e!pert assistance

&eeds steri"i>ation

)hance of spreading infection )hance of air embo"ism

)hance of hypersensitivity reaction

:ntramuscu"ar :3C Direct"y given into musc"esC Arom musc"es drugs go to circu"ationC /bsorption is goodC 9enera""y antibiotics ana"gesics are givenC Water so"ub"e drugs can be given

C DisadvantageH

&eeds assistance

%teri"i>ation needed

)hance of spreading infection

%ubcutenous %)3C 9iven under the skinC %"ow absorptionC (ong acting effectC eg :nsu"in in DC %ome vaccines are givenC 'ere a"so need e!pert assistance S steri"i>ation

:nha"ationC Direct"y goes into bronchus"ungsC apid effectC (arge amount reaches at the site of actionC eg Bronchodi"ators in Bronchia" /sthma 9enera" anesthetics during surgery

@opica"C e=uired amount can be given at the site

C ?asy to administerC apid effectC eg %kin

?ye?ar infection

2= ?-!7 >5 65 $+! 6 ;-!)$!,5>6!$i,@ Di, 7-+ !$+ 58

>) !>!7!+ 58 i INN

/nswerH

,harmacodynamicsWhat the drug does to the body

/"" effects of drug

echanism of action

/ drug is known by many names.

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/3 )hemica" name C very difficu"t to remember

B3 9eneric name 8fficia" name

r:&& ecommended :nternationa" &onC,roprietary name3

%ame throughout the wor"d

)3 Brand name ,roprietary name

@rade name

Different by pharmaceutica" companies

?!amp"eH )hemica" nameH 2Caceto!yben>oic acid

9eneric nameH /spirin

Brand nameH Disprin ?mpirin etc.

/dvantage of using 9eneric name :&&3 ?asier to remember

%ame throughout the wor"d

(ess chance of confusion

?asi"y understood by a"" hea"th professiona"s

3= D+8i+ >) $+7!5"i$= E#ed reactions.

@he main objective is to deto!ify the drug S to enhance drug e"iminationH

1. :nactivation of drug2. )hange of so"ubi"ity of drug#. /ctive to another active$. :nactive to active*. /ctive to to!ic metabo"ite

%ite of drug metabo"ismC -irtua""y every tissue has some abi"ity to carry out drug biotransformationreactionsC 'owever the most important organ for drug metabo"ism is (:-?C @he major site of drug metabo"ism within hepatocyte and other ce""s isthe membranes of smooth endop"asmic reticu"um

,hases of metabo"ic reactions2 phases

/3 ,hase : reactions &onCsynthetic reactions3

8!idations

eductions

'ydro"ysis

B3 ,hase :: reactions %ynthetic reactions3

)onjugation reactions

Drug,hase : reaction ,hase :: reaction (% S inactive ?!cretion

Aate of ,hase : reactionsC @his reaction introduces or unmasks a functiona" group hydro!y" amine

su"fhydry" group3C akes the drug more po"ar and suitab"e for phase :: reactionC Drugs "osses some activityC %ometimes become to!ic metabo"iteC @his reaction a"so known as nonCsynthetic reaction

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8!idationC ost common S important reactionC ?n>ymes A8 mi!ed function o!idases3 C )ytochrome p$*0 S &/D,'C)ytochrome p$*0 reductaseC ?n>ymes are present in the ? membraneC ?!amp"es of 8!idation C ,henobarbitone phenytoin morphineacetaminophen amphetamine etc

eductionC ?!amp"eH )h"oramphenico" ha"operido" etc.

'ydro"ysisC Drugs are hydro"yse by esterases amides peptidases etcC ?!amp"eH ,rocaine succiny"cho"ine etc

Aate of ,hase :: reactionC )oup"ing of the drug or drug metabo"ite with an endogenous substance

9"ucoronide su"fate g"utathione etc3C /"" drugs become inactiveC /"" drugs become W% po"ar3C ?!creted easi"yC /"so known as synthetic reaction

)onjugationC &eeds transferase en>ymesC ?!amp"eH

1. 9"ucoronidationH orphine2. /cety"ationH %u"phonamides

#. 9"utathione conjugationH ?thacrinic acid$. 9"ycine conjugationH %a"icy"ic acid*. ethy"ationH ?pinephrine Dopamine6. %u"fate conjugationH /cetaminophen

1= ?-!7 >5 65 $+! 6 Bi5!!i"!i"i76 58 >)@ D+,)i+ 7-+

8!,75) i8"+,i Bi5!!i"!i"i76 58 >)

/nswerH

DefinitionHC@he percentage of administered drug avai"ab"e in the systemic circu"ationC if 100 mg is administered S 60 mg reaches in systemic circu"ation thenbioavai"abi"ity is 60VC :n :- administration C bioavai"abi"ity is 100VC 8ra""y C bioavai"abi"ity "ess

Aactors inf"uencing bioavai"abi"ityH

Aactors inf"uencing absorption in 9:@

Destruction of drug in 9:@

1st pass hepatic metabo"ism

Aactors inf"uence absorption in 9:@H113 "ipid so"ubi"ity123 nature of the drug acidicbasic31#3 mo"ecu"ar si>e of the drug1$3 disintegration S disso"ution of the drug1*3 ioni>ation of the drug163 p' of the media13 surface area143 gastrointestina" moti"ity153 b"ood supp"y203 presence of food S other medication

Destruction of drug in 9:@C%ome drug are destroy in 9:@ by the gastric juice ')(3 or by thepresence of food1st pass hepatic metabo"ism

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9:@,orta" circu"ation (iver %ystemic circu"ation

C Before reaching systemic circu"ationC %ome drugs are metabo"i>ed when passes through the "iverC /"" drugs u"timate"y metabo"i>es in the "iver but this metabo"ism happensduring 1st pass through "iverC 7sua""y most drugs undergo some e!tent of 1st pass hepatic metabo"ismespecia""y when given ora""yC :f this 1st pass hepatic metabo"ism happens e!tensive"y for any drugC@hen the effect of that drug is not foundC ?!amp"eH &itrog"ycerine 9@&3

(= D+,)i+ 7-+ )+"!7i5-i< 58 !7)+ 58 >) %!,i>i, 5) !i,' i7-

7-+ ) +#,)+7i5=

/nswerH

ena" e!cretionC Drugs come to rena" tubu"es f i"tration and e!creted with urineC ain route of drug e!cretionC /"most a"" drugs are e!creted by this route

echanisms invo"ved in rena" e!cretion@he fo""owing mechanismsH

1. 9"omeru"ar fi"tration 9A3 C drugs come to tubu"e by fi"trationthrough g"omeru"us

2. /ctive tubu"ar secretion /)%3 C drugs come to pro!ima"

convo"uted tubu"e from peritubu"ar circu"ation#. ,assive tubu"ar reabsorption ,@3 C drugs are reabsorbed from

tubu"es to circu"ation

&et ena" )"earance G 9A P /@% C ,@

,rocess of e!cretion in kidney depends onH

%i>e of the drug

,"asma protein binding

:oni>ation of the drug

)oncentration gradient between tubu"es S b"ood.

p' of the urine

e"ationship of nature of the drug acidic or basic3 S p' of urine:f the drug more ioni>ed in urine

ore W%

(ess crossings of tubu"ar membrane

(ess ,@

ore e!cretion

@herefore an acidic drug in a"ka"ine urine

ore ioni>ed

(ess ,@

ore e!cretion

:f acidic drug in acidic urine

(ess ioni>ed

ore ,@

(ess e!cretion

Aor basic drug in acidic urine

ore ioni>ed

(ess ,@ ore e!cretion

:f basic drug in a"ka"ine urine

"ess ioni>ed

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more ,@

"ess e!cretion

@herefore acidic drugs are better e!creted in a"ka"ine urine S basic drugsare better e!creted in acidic urine opposite to drug absorption3

?!cretion of drug can be enhanced by a"tering the p' of urineC ?!cretion of acidic drugs aspirin3 can be enhanced by a"ka"i>ation ofurineC @his is known as Aorced /"ka"ine Diuresis A/D3C %imi"ar"y e!cretion of basic drugs /mphetamine3 can be enhanced byacidification of urineC 7rine acidifiers

/mmonium ch"oride

/scorbic acid

/cid phosphates

C 7rine a"ka"ini>ers %odium bicarbonate

,otassium citrate

%odium citrate

)itric acid

T5


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#. Ai"" in the b"ank tab"e be"owH

$.Describe inha"ation and topica" of drug administration.

*.Describe ?ntericCcoated preparations ?)3 and %ustainedCre"easepreparations%3.

6.Differentiate the so"id form of drug by fi"" in the b"ank the tab"e be"ow.

. Describe syrup S e"i!ir.

4. Define %uspension and ?mu"sion.

5. Describe the topica" preparation for drop cream S oi"ment.

etabo"ism of the Drug

1. 9ive * conse=uences of drug metabo"ism each with e!amp"e

2. Describe the sites en>yme invo"ved and phases of drugmetabo"ism.

#. Describe the phases of drug metabo"ism.

$. ?!p"ain the en>yme induction and en>yme inhibition.

*. ?!p"ain * factor inf"uencing metabo"ism.

/&% S &eurotransmitters

1. Draw the pictures of the &ervous %ystem Division.

2. Ai"" in the tab"e be"ow.

#. a3 Describe the /utonomic &ervous %ystem with picture.

b3 Ai"" in the tab"e be"ow.

$. %ynapsea3 Draw a simp"e picture of %ynapse.b3 Describe the picture brief"y.

*. &eurotransmittersa3 (ist down the criteria &eurotransmitter must have.b3 Describe the types of &eurotransmitter according toH i3 )"assica" &eurotransmitter.

ii3 @ype of effect

6. a3 9ive 2 major c"asses of &eurotransmitter receptor.b3 Aor each describe brief"y.

. a3 Ai" " in the tab"e be"ow.

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:ntravenous:-3 :ntramuscu"ar:3 %ubcutaneous%)3

Definition H

/dvantages H

Disadvantages


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b3 Draw the picture of endocrine signa"ing and synaptic signa"ing.4. ,&% is divided into 2 broad groups.

a3 Define H i3 )ho"inergic &eurotransmitter ii3 /drenergic &eurotransmitterb3 Describe cho"inergic and adrenergic neurotransmitter with

picture.

GTB 21( BASIC ;ATHOLOGY

BAHAGIAN A%40 MCQ'

BAHAGIAN B%;ILIH . DARI;ADA & MEQ'

1.%hort noteH

a3 free radica"

b3 caseous necrosis

c3 apoptosis

2. a3 Differentiate acute and chronic inf"ammation

b3 e!p"ain each steps in phagocytosis

c3 function of )#a )#b and )*a as the comp"ement derived chemica"mediators in inf"ammation.

*. %hort noteH

a3 Aibroadenoma

b3 ?ctopic pregnancy

c3 ?ndometria" hyperp"asia

6.a3 Barrett oesophagus

b3 name tumors on stomach

c3 /cute appendicitis

.a3 a>otemia

b3 define nephotic syndrome

c3 describe pathogenesis and morpho"ogy of kidney in post streptococca"g"omeru"onephritis

4.a3 causative factors for "ung cancer

b3 name two subtypes of "ung cancer that re"ated with smoking

c3 pathogenesis of mycobacterium tubercu"osis

5.a3 test for diagnosis of thyroid disease

b3 causes of hyperthyroidism

c3 mu"tinodu"ar goiter

)/ :: 20020#3

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1. a3 What are the ro"es of the chemica" mediator in acuteinf"ammation


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$. /ntiCrejection therapy.

*. ,ercepitation of curve.

6. %ecretory :g/ in mucosa" immunity.

. Ai"" the tab"eH comparison of @ and B ce"" activation.

(ymphocytes /ntigenreceptor

/ntigenreceptor

comp"e!edwith

)oCreceptor )oCstimu"ator

B ce"" B) )D# >eta )D$ )D4 )D24)@(/C$3

@ce"" @) :gN :gO )2P)D15)D413 B

4. %(? e!p"ain "aboratory diagnosis3

5. /""ergicCinduced asthma diagram and e!p"ain3

10. ,recaution to face future symptom in a""ergicCinduced asthma.

1. a3 ;)i,i


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4. /ctinomyces vs &ocardia

B/'/9:/& /G#0 )F

B/'/9:/& BG?F ,:(:' $ D/:,/D/ 63

each =uestionC#0 markah3

1. Write a short noteH

b3 'aemophi"us inf"uen>ae

c3 (ectospirosis

d3 &onCtubecu"ous mycobacterium

e3 Bratone""a

#. ycobacterium comp"e!

$. a3 e!p"ain how to differentiate staphy"ococcus and streptococcus

b3 e!p"ain how to differentiatebetween staphi"ococcus aureus andcata"aseCnegative streptococcus

c3 e!p"ain princip"e and propose of each testH

iC cata"ase

iiC bacitacin

iiiC %J@

ivC )amp test

vC bi"eCescu"in

*. a3 genera" morpho"ogica" co"onies characteristic biochemica" testH

iC&.gonorrhea

iiC&.menigitidis

iiiC.cartaha"is

b3 proper specimen co""ection and test invo"ve in their iso"ationH

iC&.gonorrhea

iiC&.menigitidis

iiiC.cartaha"is

6. iC). tetani

iiC ). perfringens

FINAL 200(/0.

Aina" e!am essay =uestion tota" ten answer any si!

1. a3 Describe "aboratory diagnosis method in identify superficia"funga". *V

b3 What staining used in funga" identification *Vi>!


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2. Describe funga" infection ina3 adherence *V

b3 :nvasion *Vc3 @issue injury *V

#.a3 what "ab diagnostic method to identify )rpytococcus neoformansat makanan bo"eh diakibatkan o"eh/. 9angguan fungsiB. ,enurunan uti"isasi). 9angguan angkutan

D. Teper"uan menurun?. ,engurangan ekskresi

. protein/. @erbina daripaa 20 jenis asid aminoB. ,ada rambut mengandungi fosforus

). 9"obu" bo"eh membentuk ko"oidD. %erabut terdiri daripada g"uten dan ko"agen?. Bo"eh bersifat bes saja.

4. berkenaan protein/. %truktur primernya tidak berubah dengan tindak ba"as dengan besB. 'aiwan bo"eh mensintesis protein dari sumber ertentu). embentuk 16C20V struktur tubuh mnusiaD. Teper"uannya sama untuk setiap individu?. ,enambahan renin merubah bentuk sekundernya.

5. mengenai gu"a/. Bentuk pa"ing ringkas dikena"i sebagai monosakaridaB. %ukrosa merupakan sejenis gu"a penurun). afinosa mmberikan kesan ketidakse"esaan kepada system

penghadamanD. Tebanyakannya berbentuk hab"ur?. Aruktosa memberkan darjah kemanisan re"ative yang sangat tinggi

10. mengenai bahan berkanji/. @erbina daripada unit gu"a ringkasB. Bo"eh dihidro"isis o"eh g"ukoami"ase

). %ai> granu"nya bergantung kepada kandungan ami"osaD. 9e"atinisasi merupakan proses pembentukan granu"?. (arut da"am air sejuk

11. mengenai a"coho"/. Bo"eh dihasi"kan daripada proses fermentasi buahCbuahan

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B. enghasi"kan k)a"gram tenaga). Bo"eh membantu proses penghsdaman makananD. ,emanjangan proses fermentasi akan menukrkannya kepada keju?. Bo"eh menyebabkan penyakit arteri koronari

12. mengenai gu"a a"koho"

/. enghasi"kan k)a"gram tenagaB. Biasanya digunakan sebagai pemanis pengganti da"am makanan). emberi kesan pencernaan apabi"a diami" ber"ebihanD. @idak karsinogen kepada manusia

1#. mengenai metabo"isme a"coho"/. ,er"u mema"ui proses penghsdaman yang komp"eksB. Tesemua a"coho" diserap di usus keci"). Banyak dijmpai di da"am darah berbnding di tu"angD. ,rosesnya bermu"a di hepar?. Ditukarkan kepada "emak apabi"a diambi" ber"ebihan

GTD 20./2 NUTRITION AND METABOLISM

Fi!" +#!$ %200./0'

Section A

1. :ndispensab"e amino acida3 Describe indispensab"e amino acid and give a e!amp"e

23

b3 'ow carbon ske"eton amino acid can get< ?!p"ain the function ofcarbon ske"eton

$3c3 &ame one inborn error metabo"ism of amino acid and why it cause

de"eterious effect $3

2. -itamin Da3 Describe the physio"ogica" and bio"ogica" function of vitamin D $3b3 Describe the metabo"ism of vitamin D $3c3 &ame 2 disease of deficiency of vitamin D 23

Section B

#. ?!p"ain how the fiber can prevent co"on cancer203

$. &ame severa" metabo"ic pathways during starvation and pro"ong fasting.

'ow these metabo"isms are very crucia" during that timeing effect on fish te!ture b. Doneness test for pou"try. a.two best way to prepare vegetab"e

b. step of preparing vegetab"e by simmering method

GTN20 BIOIMIA ;EMAANAN

%Fi!" E#!$ 200&/2010'

,art BH/nswer a"" the =uestions

1. Describe on how the metabo"ism in which the bodys adaptation of

macronutrient metabo"ism in order to maintain endogenous storesof fue"s during shortCterm starvation. 10 marks3

2. ?!p"ain the functions of hydroch"oric acid present in gastric juicefor digestion for the digestion of foods in stomach. 10 marks3

#. Describe

a3 Definition of dietary fiber

b3 'ea"th benefits or disease condition that cou"d prevent fromincreased of dietary fiber.

,art )/nswer 2 out of #

$. etabo"ism of carbon ske"eton of amino acid cou"d yie"d who"erange of important bio"ogica" compounds in the body

a3 'ow the carbon ske"eton can be formed

b3 ?!p"ain the formation of other compounds fro m the carbonske"eton

*. Describe

a3 'ow essentia" fatty acids can be obtained

b3 etabo"ic and bio"ogica" pathway of essentia" fatty acids thatprevent the coronary heart disease

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6. @he micronutrient deficiency cou"d "ead to morbidity anddeve"opment of disease and death

a3 Describe the se=uentia" of micronutrient deficiency that "eadmorbidity deve"opment of disease and death

b3 With the specific micronutrient describe the se=uence ofmicronutrient deficiency

GTN 210 :N7)i7i5 85) H+!"7- !> Fi7+


?ssay Fuestion

1. ro"e of )'8 protein and fat with energy system in "omCmoderateand

high intensity e!ercise..2. what is hypertension< why it is dangerous to your hea"th< D:%)7%% *behavourmodification to prevent hypertension.#. give # advantages and # disadvantages of dieting and e!ercise inweight contro" program respective"y.

GTN 211: F55> A!"6i


B!-!i! B %10 $!)* +!,- !+) ( 57 58 '4. /ccording to the data given ca"cu"ate

d3 Ftestand see whether need to reject the "argest va"ue or not

e3 @o determine whether there is subject bias or not.

5. Disti""ation for Tje"dah" method.

a3 2 indicators used in disti""ation. Q2 markR

b3 Aunctions of Q4 markR

i3 Boric acid

ii3 %e"enium

iii3 /cid 'ydroch"oric

iv3 ,rotein factor

10. Describe the process of e!traction of "ipid in fried potato usingbatch e!traction and he!ane as the so"vent.

11. %amp"e preparation and ana"ysis of dietary fiber.

12. / bread company deve"oped a new brand of hea"thy bread high inantio!idant and fiber.

a3 %tate the sensory eva"uation that is suitab"e to use if thecompany want to test the bread among consumer. 9ive yourreasons. Q2 markR

b3 %tate the attributes that are suitab"e to be tested. Q# markR

c3 Draw an eva"uation form for pane". Q* markR

1#. Write a short note on practica" consideration in determination ofmoisture content.

1$. Write a short note onH

a3 &orma" phase of ',()

b3 everse phase of ',()

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GTN 212 ;ENILAIAN TARAF ;EMAANAN

Fi!" E#!$ %200&/2010'

Bahagian / H )F

Bahagian B H1. %i"a nyatakan cara Bodpod berfungsi.2. &yatakan 10 kekuatan antropometri.

Bahagian ) H%oa"an tentang situasi seorang pak cik dan senarai makanan yangdiambi"nya dari pagi hingga ma"am.

a3 /na"isis makanan yang te"ah dinyatakan sptH tenaga )'8 fatprotein )a g &a etc [guna buku komposisi makanan\

GTN 20 ;RINCI;LE OF NUTRITION

A:&/( ?J/ 201020113

13 a3 i3 (ist the types of Dietary eference :ntake %tandards. * m3

ii3 9ive the definition for each type of Dietary eference :ntake%tandards *m3

b3 Describe the difference in the usage of the term of D/ and&:. $m3 c3 Why there is a difference between chi"dren and 60 years o"dadu"t with #0 years o"d

adu"t in energy re=uirement. 6m323 a3 9ive the c"assification of carbohydrate. 4m3

b3 Describe the digestion and absorption process of carbohydrate.4m3

c3 %tate the importance of carbohydrate with respect to a"aysiafood guide pyramid.

$m3#3 a3 %tate the rationa"e for niacin fo"ate and vitamin / to have unit of

measure as Ye=uiva"ent. 10m3

b3 %tate the types of anemia cause by vitamin and minera". 10m3$3 a3 i3 (ist out main sources of vitamin /

ii3 Aunction of vitamin /iii3 Deficiencies of vitamin / 10m3

b3 9ive reasons for vitamin T injection towards newborn babies.6m3 c3 (ist out the vitamin D deficiency. $m3

*3 a3 Write a short note about dietary minera" *m3

b3 %tate the factors that enhance and inhibit the bioavaibi"ity ofminera". 10m3

c3 Write about the re"ation between minera" and human bone. *m3

GT; SUBJECTS

GT; 201/2

FINAL EXAM 2011/2012Bahagian / awab semua soa"an3

1. (/%,H

/3 @erangkan mengenai (/%, *m3

B3 Bagaimana a"at ini digunakan sewaktu tiada ujian spesifik. *m3

)3 # /rgumen 9uendo>i da"am jurna"nya. 10m3

D3 Aaedah penggunaan (/%, kepada )ody dan @ay"or da"amjurna" kajian 9uendo>i 10m3

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2. %oa"an engenaiH

a3 )ontradiction paraphrase dan entai"ment semantic re"ations3123

b3 @hematic ro"e 103

c3 ,:% 43

#. /3 @erangkan mengenai ac /rthur Baits )D: *m3

B3 @erangkan mengenai data ana"isis yang dapat diekstrakdaripada %pontaneous (anguage %amp"es. *m3)3 @erangkan mengenai # faktor utama pi"ihan bahasa o"eh %(,dan parents da"am kajian yang dija"ankan o"eh /.a>ak et./".20053 20m3

Bahagian B ,i"ih satu sahaja3

$. @erangkan mengenaiHa3 ?uphemisme

b3 (aras

c3 ,idgin

%ecara ringkas dan berikan 2 contoh daripadanya.*. engenai aspek yang dapat digunakan untuk peni"aian bahasa

ames 155#3 @erangkan mengenai 2 aspek tersebut.

GT; 204/2

FINAL EXAM 2011/2012Bahagian BH

1. ?!p"ain about 7shers %yndrome

2. %iti 6 years o"d "anguage de"ay attend c"inic session and hadac=uired some words and manage to pronounce the wordscorrect"y. /t home she does not want to ta"k. 'ow to increase herta"king behaviour with correct pronunciation< )reate a behavioura"management p"an with at "east 2 behavioura" techni=ue thatinvo"ve %itis mother.

#. ?!p"ain how an 8@ dea"s with a pediatric patient who comes to thec"inic first time.

Bahagian )H1. ?!p"ain pa"ate deve"opment.

2. )"eft pa"ate prob"ems associated withH

a3 'earing

b3 Aeeding

c3 %peech and "anguage

#. # others deve"opment than gross deve"opment

$. 9ross motor deve"opment from age birth to 6 years o"d.

GT; 20(


1.'ow sounds trave" from source to "istener2. Difference between sound and "ight..#. difference of pitch high and "ow fre=uency3$. given diagramK standing wave node antinode. %tate type of harmonicopenCend3*. given "ength and speed of c"osed end first harmonic find fundamenta"fre=uency.

6 ,enanda akustik

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6. Be>a dan perkaitan informant dan formant

. Be>a dan perkaitan spektrograf dan spektrogram

4. Be>a ni"ai frekuensi formant

5. /na"isis spektrografik membantu penye"esaian masa"ah fono"ogi.

Bagaimanaa voka" dan konsonan berdasarkan ana"isis spektrografik.

11. Bagaimana bibir sebagai a"at artiku"asi membentuk bunyi "etupan.

12. Bagaimana ana"isis spektrografik membantu membe>akan bunyinasa" "etusan "etupan ge"uncuran dan p"osif.

GTS SUBJECTS

GTS 204 TEST AND MEASUREMENT.

1. brief"y describe about B:/ and Bod,od2. factors that affect re"iabi"ity

#. open and c"ose =uestionaire

13 * purposes of measurement and eva"uation

23 ethods for muscu"ar strength

#3 @est to measure -82 ma!

$3 Differences of "aboratory physica" fitness and fie"d physica" fitnesstest.

*3 @est use to measure body composition.

63 Describe what is mean by passiveactivesubjective and objectivein instrument of measurement.

GTS 20. TRAINING AND METHODOLOGY

2010/2011

13 Describe "eve" of participation with e!amp"e.

23 -arious of %port %c that can give benefit to coach. %tate major of%port %c.

#3 Aactors that can improve phsycho"ogica" training.

$3 8bjectives of mu"ti"atera" deve"opment.

*3 Describe annua" p"anning.

63 8bjectives of ta"ent identification.

3 8bjectives of physica" training.

GTS 20( S;ORT ;SYCHOLOGY

2010/2011

1. emotion response re"ated to contro""abi"ity and stabi"ity attribution topredict future performance2. "a>arus concept of stress

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#. cognitive and somatic an!iety$. team cohesion n feature of sport gp*. attentiona" focus6. type of aggression n interaction of it. 5 dimension of f"ow4. goa" setting weight"ifter n princip"es of it

::..5. inverted u hypo n 2 oth mode"10. $ e"ements of f"ow11.burnout mode"s12. physiopsycho"ogye"ements n the app"ication

13 Describe introspection and observation.

23 * ways to deve"op intrinsic motivation.

#3 @ypes of aggression.Describe..

$3 Describe Aa>eys and 'ardeys theory.

*3 $ e"ements of attentiona".

63 Describe Banduras theory of se"fCefficacy.

3 Describe mu"tidimensiona" nature an!iety.

43 a3 What is psychophysio"ogyarus concept of stress. 103 Design goa" setting of tenpin bow"ing. ,rincip"e to achieve effectivegoa". 113 ,rocess of team cohesion.

GTU SUBJECTS

GTU 201 ESIHATAN MASYARAAT

GTU 201: HEALTH AND SOCIETY %2010/2011'

%oa"an / awab %emua %oa"an31. Bencana a"am seperti tsunami yang me"anda pada Disember

200$ dan gempa bumi di ,akistan pada 8gos 2010 te"ahmenyebabkan ber"akunya penyakit. e"askan bagaimanakahpenyakit bo"eh terkesan dengan menggunakan %/@7 teoripenyebab penyakit beserta contoh. #0 min2*m3

2. asa"ah geja"a sosia" da"am ka"angan remaja sering dikaitkandengan pe"abe"an penyimpangan dan stigma.

a. @erangkan dengan ringkas kaitan antara pe"abe"anpenyimpangan dan stigma. 10m3

b. e"askan puncaCpunca ber"akunya penyimpangan dancaraCcara mengatasi penyimpangan dari aspek ke"uargadan masyarakat. 1*m3

%oa"an B ,i"ih %/@7 soa"an sahaja3#. e"askan perkaitan antara sektor kesihatan dan kemiskinan 2*m3

$. easkan kebaikan reformasi kesihatan terhadap wanita 2*m3

*. @erdapat # jenis ke"uarga.

a. @erangkan peranan ke"uarga dan masa"ah kesihatan.10m3

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b. Bandingkan baik dan buruk tiga jenis ke"uarga apabi"amenghadapi situasi sa"ah seorang ah"i ke"uargamenghidap penyakit yang kronik dan dimasukkan kehospita". 2*m3

%oa"an ) ,i"ih %/@7 soa"an sahaja3

6. Aaktor sosia" penentu kesihatan

a. e"askan dengan ringkas kepentingan Aaktor %osia",enentu Tesihatan. 10m3

b. e"askan @:9/ factor socia" penentu kesihatan da"ammenye"esaikan masa"ah penyakit berjangkit. 2*m3

. ?n 'arun berumur 6* tahun dan seorang penoreh getah. Diamenghidap kencing manis dan darah tinggi. Dia per"umendapatkan rawatan susu"an tetapi sering tidak hadir ke k"inikuntuk mendapatkan rawatan. Bagaimanakah cara untuk

mengubah tingkah "aku ?n 'arun. 2*m3

4. ,n %a"mah ia"ah seorang ibu tungga" dan mempunyai $ oranganak. 2 orang anaknya menghidap penyakit menta". Dia tidakmempunyai sumber pendapatan yang tetap. %e"ain itu dia jugadipu"aukan. %ebagai seorang professiona" kesihatan apakahtindakan anda untuk mengatasi masa"ah ini. 2*m3

Fi!" E#!$ S+$+7+) 1 %200&/2010'

Bahagian /H W/:B jawab kesemua soa"an

1. ,i"ih D7/ faktor sosia" penentu kesihatan dan kemudian huraikan.#0minit2*m3

2. @erdapat hubungan di antara status kesihatan dan status kemiskinan.'uraikan keduaCdua hubungan ini dan je"askan. #0 minit2*m3

Bahagian BH %i"a ,:(:' %/@7 soa"an sahaja

#. '1&1se"sema babi3C terangkan satu teori penyebab penyakit yangbo"eh menje"askan penyakit ini. #0minit2*m3

$. ,i"ih %/@7 kumpu"an go"ongan yang tercicir dan huraikan.#0minit2*m3

*. engikut echanic terdapat pe"bagai variabe". @erangkan D7/ danhuraikan. #0 minit2*m3

Bahagian )H %i"a ,:(:' %/@7 sahaja

6. &yatakan @:9/ faktor yang bo"eh di"akukan o"eh sesebuah ke"uargabagi membantu ke"uarga yang menghidapi masa"ah kesihatan. #0minit2*m3

. Berikan hujah dan mendapat anda jika ada yang mencadangaknkepada kerajaan a"aysia untuk mengadakan institusi perkhidmatankesihatan berasaskanHi. bertunjangkan kebajikan dan percumaii. berasaskan bayaran

4. @erdapat satu teori yang dinamakan @eori mundur. 'uraikan#0minit2*m3

GTX SUBJECTS

GTX 213: B!i, ,i+,+ 58 ,"+!) $+>i,i+


1. Write an essay about betaC decay. 9ive appropriate e!amp"e.

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2. Why technetium 55m :s idea" as radionuc"ideation ofradiopharmaceutica"s.

$. ,roperties of an idea" diagnostictherapeuticsradiopharmaceutica"s.

*. Why iodine 1#1:s idea" as therapeutic radiopharmaceutica"s.

6. %teps of deve"opment of radiopharmaceutica"s.

. Write about mo"yCgenerator.

4. Write about the gas ioni>ation curves.

5. With appropriate diagram write about scinti""ation detectorcomponents.

10. Write about the "i=uid scinti""ation detector.

11. Write an essay for =ua"ity contro" of dose ca"ibrator.

GTX 214: !i, ,i+,+ i >i!57i, )!>i5"56


1. ,"ease write an essay about properties of radiation.

2. With the he"p of diagram write an essay about types ofrectification.

#. With the he"p of diagram write an essay about types of !Craygeneration.

$. Write an essay about the characteristics of emu"sion.

*. With appropriate graph write about the spectra" emissions ofscreenfi"m.

6. Write an essay about the structure of the fi"m.

. Write about the advantages and disadvantages of tabu"ar grains.

4. Write about the importance of rep"enishment.

5. Write about the composition of intensifying screen.

10. Aactors affecting screen speed and image detai"s.

TITAS

HTU 201

FINAL EXAM %2010/2011'

Bahagian /1. :s"amofobia da"am ka"angan masyarakat bukan :s"am dikaitkan

dengan masyarakat :s"am itu sendiri. e"askan :s"amofobia dan"angkahC"angkah menangani tuduhan tersebut.

2. e"askan kepentingan Dia"og antara @amadun.

Bahagian B#. e"askan prinsipCprinsip pandangan semesta @amadun :s"am

$. e"askan bagaimana untuk mengangkis tuduhan keganasanme"a"ui pendekatan :s"am 'adhari.

Bahagian )*. e"askan impak dan pencapaian @amadun e"ayu terhadap

sistem kepercayaan tamadun tersebut pada kurun keC1#.

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6. %e"epas kedatangan :s"am je"askan pencapaian yang dicapai o"eh@amadun e"ayu.

Bahagian D. e"askan pandangan Tonfucius da"am perana

a. :ndividu dan masyarakat

b. :nstitusi ke"uarga

c. asyarakat

4. e"askan ciriCciri bidang tersebut da"am @amadun )hina

a. Bidang seni "ukis

b. Bidang sains dan tekno"ogi

Bahagian ?

5. Zasa pernah jumpa mungkinkah pada ke"ahiran yang "epas

,etikan di atas menjadi kebiasaan da"am fi"em 'indi. e"askanperkaitan (:/ konsep da"am ajaran agama 'indu.

10. e"askan reformasi keagamaan 'indu pada kurun keC6.

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