Password War Games Webinar
-
Upload
ncircle-a-tripwire-company -
Category
Business
-
view
559 -
download
1
description
Transcript of Password War Games Webinar
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Password War Games
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Password Basics – How Passwords are Stored
One way Encryption
Algorithm
PASSWORD: ENCRYPTED
PASSWORD:
bone33 6d19f07b3849a96156fe5b18733c07bb
md5
NT Hash
SHA-1
SHA-256
Blowfish
SHA-512
SHA-crypt
bcrypt
scrypt
jalex:$1$R4mDH$aOcFaA9.Dq6Ww2u3XmCfK/:
14641:0:99999:7:::
Algorithm used (1=md5 in this case)
Salt (“R4mDH”) Account
encrypted password
Example:
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Basic Password Math Character Complexity and Length
• Numbers only = 10n
• Lower case only = 26n
• Mixed case = (26+26)n
• Mixed case + numbers = (26+26+10)n
• Mixed case + num + special = (26+26+10+30)n
• All ASCII = (256)n
c = number of characters in the character set, e.g. numbers = 10
n = the length of the password
Special characters include the “space” character
Number of password
combinations = cn
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Basic Password Math Examples:
141 = 103 = 1000
cat = 263 = 17,576
Cat = (26+26)3 = 140,608
C2t = (26+26+10)3 = 238,828
#2t = (26+26+10+20)3 = 551,368
…..
thecatjumpedoutofthecup = 2623 =
3,500,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
Character complexity is important but Length is King!!
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Password Games Hackers Play
Password cracking techniques:
– Guessing
• Lists of common passwords,
personal information, default passwords
– Dictionary
• One or more dictionaries to include foreign dictionaries
– Hybrid
• One or more dictionaries (plus word lists, personal information, and rules)
– Brute Force
• Random passwords
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Quiz Question #1
What is the correct ordering of password
cracking techniques from most powerful to
least?
a. Hybrid, Brute-Force, Guessing, Dictionary
b. Dictionary, Brute-Force, Dictionary, Guessing
c. Brute-Force, Dictionary, Hybrid, Guessing
d. Brute-Force, Hybrid, Dictionary, Guessing
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Guessing Attacks
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Most Common Passwords
• These are some standard common
passwords. Common passwords are the
weakest of all password types. Avoid them
like the plague:
Common Passwords
password letmein sunshine
123456 trustno1 opensesame
12345678 dragon ashley
qwerty baseball passw0rd
abc123 111111 shadow
monkey iloveyou 123123
1234567 master 654321
Source: Splashdata annual list of worst Internet passwords
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
• Many networking devices come
preconfigured with “default” passwords
• Many users don’t change this default
password
• Example: 2Wire Router
– Default login user name: admin
– Default password: 2Wire
Default and Blank Passwords
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Background Checks
• Do Not Use Personal Information — Steer clear of personal information. If the attacker knows who you are, they will have an easier time figuring out your password if it includes information such as: – Names: Your name, Pet Names, Names
of family members and friends (e.g. Joshua)
– Numbers: Phone numbers, addresses, social security numbers, license plate numbers, zip codes
– Dates: Birth dates / anniversary dates
– Favorites: Hobbies, sports teams, movie
stars, colors, wine, books, cars, …
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
The Dictionary Attack
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Word Games
• Do Not Use Dictionary or Recognizable Words —
Words such as proper names, dictionary words,
or even terms from television shows or novels
– guest
– quartet
– hogwarts
– ds-9
– obiwan
– spiderman
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Foreign Language Words
• Do Not Use Words in Foreign Languages — Password cracking programs often check against word lists that encompass dictionaries of many languages. Relying on foreign languages for secure passwords is not a good practice. This includes Klingon ;-)
– betenoir
– bienvenido
– gutenmorgen
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Word Lists
• Dictionary attacks can be augmented
by pre-built and custom word lists:
– Slang
– Jargon
– Dirty words
– Klingon, Romulan, Elvish word lists, …
– Custom lists: SF 49-ers, Star Trek, Jane Austen,
Marilyn Monroe word lists, rock climbing terms…
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Double Jeopardy
• Don’t combine two words:
– cathycathy
– springale
– realginger
– elegantpresentation
– scissorsauto
– brokenmouse
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Hybrid Attacks (Augmenting the dictionary with rules)
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Prefixes and Postfixes
• Do Not add numbers or special characters to
a simple words
– superman7
– nevada999
– 34phonebook
– desayuno!@
– %%stockmarket
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Inversion/Reversal
• Do Not Invert or Reverse Words — Good
password checkers check for reversed
words, so inverting/reversing a bad
password does not make it any more secure:
– etamitigel
– ardnassac
– nauj
– 9-SD
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
• Don’t use simple keyboard patterns:
– 123
– 123123
– 1234567890
– qwerty
– qwertyuiop
– asdfghj
– zaqwsx
– !@#$%^&*()
Keyboard Patterns (sequences)
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Character Substitutions & Leetspeak (elite speak = l33tspeak = leetspeak)
Common Character Substitutions:
$=S, @=A, 4=A, 1=L, 1=I, !=I, 3=E, 0=O, #=H
• Examples: – PASWORD = P@$$w0rd
– livefish = l!v3f1S#
– ELITE = ELEET = 3L33T
– n00b = newbie
– Iamsurprised:-o
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Leetspeak Table (source: Wikipedia)
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Don’t Make it Up
• Good password cracking programs can check many made up words using something called frequency tables.
• Idea is that certain letters follow others more frequently than others in a given language
• There are frequency tables for each language
• Examples: – markap
– yunk
– quirp
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Quiz Question #2
What is the problem with the following
password: minulauck?
a. Susceptible to a dictionary cracking
b. Susceptible to hybrid cracking (two words)
c. Susceptible to hybrid cracking (made up word)
d. Susceptible to guessing (a common word)
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Quiz Question #3
Which of these two passwords is weaker?
a. superman56
b. Y&f2*e
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Brute-Force Attack
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Brute Force Attacks
• When all else fails the cracking software will try every possible combination
• Brute-force is intelligent in its search it will go in a certain order (that can be configured)
• Example:
– Single character, 2 character passwords, 3 character passwords, 4 digit numbers, 4 character lowercase, 4 character all character, ….
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Letters or Numbers Only
• Do NOT use only letters or numbers:
– 8675309
– miwhdd
– prwlkj
Length is key, but character complexity
is also important in defending against
Brute force attacks
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Loose Lips Sink Ships Password Best Practices
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Hide & Seek
• Do Not Write Down Your Password — Never
store your password on paper. Come up with
a good memory scheme.
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
The Golden Password
• Do Not Use the Same Password For All
Machines — i.e. This is called a gold or
golden password. Crackers love them. It is
important that you make separate
passwords for each account. This way if one
system is compromised, all of your
machines/accounts/data will not be
immediately at risk.
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Password Length
• Make the Password At Least Eight
Characters Long
• The longer the password, the better
• Most firms have a minimal acceptable
length that they consider strong
• Use longer passwords for more sensitive
data
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Alphanumerics
• Mix Letters and Numbers — Adding numbers
to passwords, especially when added to the
middle (not just at the beginning or the end),
can enhance password strength.
Where n = length of password
Lower case alphabet = 26n combinations
Alphabet + numbers = (26+10)n combinations
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Mixed Case
• Mix Upper and Lower Case Letters — By
mixing cases, you will enhance the strength
of the password.
Where n = length of password
26n versus (26+26)n
26 combinations of lowercase , 52 combinations of mixed case
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Special Sauce
• Including Special characters such as &, $, #,
>, … can greatly improve the strength of a
password
Where n = length of password
Lower case only = 26n
Mixed case = (26+26)n
Mixed case + numbers = (26+26+10)n
Mixed case + numbers + special char = (26+26+10+20)n
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Password Pragmatism
• Pick a Password You Can Remember — The
best password in the world does you little
good if you cannot remember it or feel you
have to write it down.
• Use acronyms or other mnemonic
devices to aid in memorizing
passwords or use a “Password
Manager” program
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
• Most password strength checkers will not
discover certain types of bad passwords.
• Organizations should use password cracking
software as part of their audit procedures
• Most password are not as sophisticated as
actual password cracking programs.
• Example: Procr4$tin4te
i.e., a password checker might accept this password,
while a good cracking program will easily break this.
Password Checkers vs. Password Cracking
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Quiz Question #4
How many times should you reuse a
password?
a. Never
b. Twice
c. Everywhere but your financial accounts
d. Everywhere but your medical and financial accounts
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Password Subterfuge Snooping and Social Engineering
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
• Theft
• Search - Passwords written down: under
keyboard, on monitor, on wall, in desk
drawer, under leaf of plant, under plant pot
• Bribery
• Coercion/Extortion/Subversion/Blackmail
• Social Engineering (phishing,
impersonation,…)
Password Acquisition Methods (1 of 3)
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
• Insider (admin, users, someone has access
to password database)
• Sniffer (to include wiretapping, rogue
devices, wireless sniffing, could be insider
assisted.)
• Keylogger (hardware or software)
• Logon spoofing (to include ATM spoofing)
Password Acquisition Methods (2 of 3)
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
• Shoulder surfing (to include hidden
cameras)
• Keyboard “Audio” detection
• Dumpster diving
• Access to password databases (safe, admin
access,…)
Password Acquisition Methods (3 of 3)
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Quiz Question #5
What is the one of the most common methods
that hackers use to steal passwords?
a. phishing
b. dumpster diving
c. spamming
d. breaking into your house and looking for passwords
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Password Counter Intelligence
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
• Password Policies – Password Use Policies
• Don’t give your password to anyone
• Don’t use the same password on multiple accounts
• Password strength (length and character complexity)
• Required use of password manager software
– Logon, Aging, and Lockout Policies • Logon process should not indicate if you typed in a valid
username
• Delay of login response should be the same for correct and incorrect logins
• Lockout policies (time and tries)
• Password age
• Password history
Policies
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
• Password Checkers
– Password Policy Tester
– Password Defender
• Password Auditing
– Auditing for weak passwords using password crackers, e.g. ophcrack, John the Ripper, …
– Sniffing
– Physical security audits and Pen Testing
Checking and Auditing
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
• Multiple factor authentication:
– RSA tokens
– Knowledge based redundancy
– Smartcards
– Biometrics
– Location-based
• Graphical passwords
• Virtual keyboards
Multi-Factor and Non-text Input Methods
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
• Education
• Do not store or transmit passwords in the clear
• Logging (login failure attempts)
• Slower encryption methods (password hashing, e.g. SHA-crypt, bcrypt)
• Password salts – Response to use of rainbow tables (i.e. pre-computation attacks)
• Use of local parameterization
• Use of password stretching (configurable iteration counts)
Defenses
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Password Manager Example: KeePass • Easy to Use
• Drag-n-drop
• Hard to Get Into
• Composite Master Key
• Key Transformation (Stretching)
• Random password Generator
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Personal Identifiable Information Reference • Names: (first, last, middle, maiden, hyphenated, ranks, titles), Names of relatives, friends,
pets (to a lesser extent acquaintances), Nicknames
• Addresses (home, addresses of relatives and friends, offices, current, old addresses, numbers, street names, city names, state names, country names)
• License plate (all vehicles owned by victim to include previous vehicles)
• Drivers license number (to include numbers of acquaintances)
• Schools: Name of schools (elementary, middle, HS, college, fraternities, clubs)
• Telephone numbers (home, cell, work, relatives, friends, office, contacts)
• Social security number, account numbers, identification numbers, …
• Dates: Birthday (victim, relatives, friends, pets), anniversaries (wedding, engagement, special occasion, graduation), astrological signs
• Room numbers, office numbers
• Clubs and military: Unit names and designations
• Favorites: Colors, music groups, songs, actors/actresses, auto models, movies, books, food, wine, hobbies, sport teams,…
• Web: urls of favorite sites
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
• Enterprise-class security scanning
• State-of-the-art cloud delivery
• Easy to use
• No hardware or software to deploy
or manage
nCircle PureCloud
Twice the Security at Half the Cost
Cloud-based network security services platform designed
for small to medium enterprises
© 2012 nCircle. All Rights Reserved.
Questions?
http://connect.ncircle.com
Continue the conversation at