Passive Optical LAN Design - BICSI · Passive Optical LAN Design Matt Miller Principal Systems...
Transcript of Passive Optical LAN Design - BICSI · Passive Optical LAN Design Matt Miller Principal Systems...
Passive Optical LAN Design
Matt MillerPrincipal Systems Engineer, LeidosPhone: 443.994.6456 | Email: [email protected]
After successfully completing this course, you should be able to:• Describe the basic architecture and design of a Passive Optical LAN (POL)• Identify the benefits of a Passive Optical LAN (POL)• Identify key market verticals for the application of POL• Identify the applications of POL and those scenarios that are not an appropriate fit for the
technology• Identify the various types of optical splitters and their principles of operation• Identify the various types of optical connector types and connector housings• Understand and calculate optical loss budgets
Objectives
Agenda
• Background
• Passive Optical LAN (POL)– Overview– PON and POL
Connectivity– Cost Reviews– Benefits
• PON Communication
• POL Components
• POL Implementations
• Optical Budgets
• POL Design
• POL Testing
• Questions and Discussion
Background
Background: Legacy Infrastructureis Reaching Its Limits
Overall Challenges• Incremental evolution• Will become obsolete in
5 to 10 years• Increasing cost of cabling
and electronics• Difficult to plan for the
“next” technology• High power, space, and
cooling costs• Unrealized ROI
Background: Passive Optical Networking (PON)
PON grew out of a need by telecom carriers for:• More bandwidth
• Higher subscriber density
• Replace aging copper infrastructures
• Reduce power requirements and O&M costs
Proven Technology:• First standards developed in 1995• ITU and IEEE standards-based• Billions of dollars invested in perfecting
PON technology• Fiber optic broadband subscribers
surpass cable subscribers• Global GPON revenue increased 33%
from 2011 to reach $3.2 billion*• Over 126 million fiber optic broadband
subscribers worldwide**• Fiber optic broadband subscribers are
expected to reach 265 million by 2019**
* Source: Broadband Trends, February 2013** Source: ABI Research, May 2014
Passive Optical LAN (POL)
Overview
Passive Optical LAN (POL): Overview
Globally standardized transport solution for PON technology• Enhanced data security and near-zero
TEMPEST emanations
• Highly flexible and scalable
• Centralized and secure administration
Converges voice, data, and video on to a single fiber• Improved reliability
• Reduced installation time and costs
• Reduced overall lifecycle operating costs
• Greatly enhanced network performance
No electronics between the data center and end user for many miles• Eliminates workgroup switches in the riser closets• As future technology evolves only the endpoints need upgrading• Maximizes return on investment (ROI)
POL is GREEN IT• Reduces and efficiently disperses power• Reduces specialized cooling requirements• Reduces space requirements
Application of the underlying technology…
Passive Optical LAN (POL)
PON and POL Connectivity
Passive Optical LAN (POL): Connectivity with PON
Passive Optical LAN (POL): Connectivity
Passive Optical LAN (POL)
Cost Review
Passive Optical LAN (POL): Cost Review
Franklin Center• Active Ethernet vs. POL:
Project Summary and Cost Analysis
• 7-story office building• Approximately 200,000
square feet• Approximately 105 IP
endpoints per floor
Active Ethernet Cost:Per Floor (2 per floor)
Equipment Cost
Fiber backbone and patch panel $850
CAT 5e UTP (Qty 360) avg. 50m $54,000
Two 48 port and one 24 port Cisco 3750G switch $25,000
3 meter patch cables (qty. 360) and cable management hardware
$1,850
3000 VA UPS $1,300
HVAC $8,000
Closet construction (100 sq. ft. @ $150 per sq. ft.)
$15,000
Installation labor $21,150
Annual power consumption @ $0.125 per KWhr
$3,066 (per year)
$127,150 (per floor)
x 7
$890,050
POL Cost: Data Center
Equipment Cost
48 Volt DC Rectifier $2,500
48 PON OLT with 16 Gbps Uplinks $91,292
Fusion spliced fiber riser frame $12,408
Fiber cable jumpers $1,045
3000 VA Uninterruptible Power Supply
$1,300
Installation labor $5,300
$113,845
Equipment Cost
$399,770
x 7
$57,110 (per floor)
Per Floor POL Cost
Ribbon riser cable $860
Fiber distribution hubs $13,985
Reduced bend fiber drops $6,840
3m fiber jumpers $2,194
Optical network terminals $21,681
Installation labor $11,550
Installation Cost Summary: Active vs. Passive
Active Ethernet POL
Per floor $127,150 $57,110
Data center – $113,845
Entire 7-story building $890,050 $513,615
42%SAVINGS
Passive Optical LAN (POL)
Benefits
Benefits: Removing the Active Distribution Layer
• Reduces installation and O&M costs
• Eliminates riser closets
• Eliminates dedicated cooling
• Reduces and efficiently disperses power
• Eases movement of users within the environment
• Eliminates a troubleshooting and maintenance component
• Eliminates cross-connects
• Reduces the cost of dispatching techs
Benefits: Secure Architecture
• 128 bit AES encryption• Minimal TEMPEST concerns• Standards driven interfaces• Out-of-band management• Remote software upgrades• No administration ports on ONTs
PON Communication: Supported Voice
Supported voice systems• Native analog capabilities (POTS)
using SIP
• Supports FAX and modem requirements
• Remote troubleshooting tools
• Integration with Class 5 or Enterprise switch via SIP or H.248
• Enterprise VoIP with 802.3at Power over Ethernet (PoE)
Passive Optical LAN (POL)
Components – Hardware and Optics
Components: Optical Line Terminals (OLT)
Scalable integrated platforms• 800 Gbps to 8.6 Tbps backplane• 2.5 Gbps or 10 Gbps PON ports• Hot swappable card slots• Pluggable optics (SFP, SFP+, XFP)• Available as a fully redundant configuration• Carrier-class reliability (99.999% uptime)• Scalable integrated platforms
Unmatched density• Up to 64 GPON or GEPON Ports per OLT
– 192 PONs per 7’ rack (3 OLTs)– Serves 6,144 ONTs per 7’ rack
• Up to 16, 10Gbps GEPON PONs per OLT– 48 10G PONs per 7’ rack (3 OLTs)– Serves 1,536 10G ONTs per 7’ rack
Robust Network Management• VLAN and 802.1x support• Multi-level queuing QoS support• IPv6 compatible
Components – Large OLT Models
• Chassis-Based• Fully Redundant• Up to 112 PON Ports• Thousands of ONTs• DC Powered
Components – Small OLT Models
• AC and DC Power• Small Chassis and
Standalone• Small Office/Field Office• 4 to 16 PON Ports• Hundreds of ONTs
Components – OLT Uplinks
•Standard Ethernet uplinks to core•Uplinks typically 1G or 10G pluggable optics•VLANs trunked into uplink ports•Class C+ optics featureup to 32dB
Components – OLT PON Ports
•From 4 to 112 PON ports per OLT•Each PON port typically serves 32 ONTs
= Thousands of ONTs per OLT!•Typically SFP based•Class C+ optics feature 32dB loss budget
Components – OLT Redundancy
Typically Redundant•Power•Backplane•Management•Switch fabric•Uplinks
Sometimes Redundant• PON Ports• PON Cards• Entire OLT
Break – 15 Minutes
Passive Optical LAN Design
Components: Fiber Zone Box (Replaces Workgroup Switches and Riser Closets)
• All passive; rapid install• No electronics (no switches, UPS, Access Control
Systems)• Installs in 2x2 foot ceiling grid or wall mount• 96 ONTs per zone box• Lockable cabinet• Houses optical splitters• “Set and forget”• Completely connectorized• Lower facilities costs
– No power or cooling required– Less space– Riser closets can be eliminated
Components: Optical Network Terminal (ONT)Variety of interface options• 2 POTS ports (SIP to Analog Conversion)• 1 to 24 10/100/1000 BASE-T Ethernet ports
Full remote management features• Per-port service activation and diagnostics• Hardware, software, and service inventory• Bandwidth provisioning in 64 Kbps increments
Power over Ethernet (PoE) Injection ONT• 4 PoE or 16 ports to power VoIP phones, wireless access
points, and security cameras• 4, 8, 12, 16 or 24 10/100/1000 BASE-T Interfaces• Optional integrated UPS power supply provides up to two
hours of battery backup• Allows per-port administration of PoE wattage• Maximum 30 watts of PoE
Components – ONT Models
• Large variety of ONTs available
• AC and DC power options
• Desk-mount, In-wall, and Rack-mount
• Battery backup
• Match interfaces to user needs:
• Ethernet Ports with PoE• POTS Ports• Coaxial Television• Wi-Fi
Components – ONT Connections
What Can I Connect?
• PCs• Thin Clients• VoIP Phones• POTS Phones• Wireless Access Points• Coaxial Cable TV• IPTV
• Access Control• Security Cameras• Building Management Systems• Biometric Sensors
• Anything with an Ethernet, POTS, or Coax Interface!
Components – ONT Compatibility
•EPON and GPON are not compatible•Different manufactures typically do not interoperate•Within the standards, some manufacturers have additional features – especially EPON
Components – ONT Security
•ONT security design to assume the ONT is in the hands of the adversary
•ONT does not function without OLT•Usually no management ports on ONT•ONT receives all programming from OLT
Power Considerations
•ONTs report a loss of power or loss of service•ONTs can be powered via AC or DC•Battery backups for high availability•PoE for devices that need it
Components - Video
•Laser Transmitter – Electrical to Optical 1550nm Conversion
•EDFA – Amplifies Optical Signal up to 18 – 21dBm
•WDM – Combines Wavelengths
Components - Video
•Laser Transmitter•EDFA•RF Nodes•RFoG/two-way
Components – DC Power
•Most OLTs use -48V DC Power
•Same power used in telco central offices
•Rectifiers required to convert AC to DC
•Properly ground your equipment!
Components – DC Power
•Redundant Inputs•Redundant Outputs•Redundant Rectifiers•Fuse or Circuit Breaker Protection
•Network Management•Basically an external power supply!
Centralized Management
Management Systems
•Systems included standard CLI and EMS•Application and Web/Mobile•GUI is more important in PON than legacy networksDensity is far greater!
•ONTs are an extension of the OLT
Profiles & Templates
•Create a standard profile or template for your services
•Apply that profile or template to many ONTs at once!
Management Systems
•Alarming and Notification•Bandwidth Monitoring•Central OLT & ONT Upgrades•MAC Searches•VLAN Member Reports
Bandwidth Management
•Bandwidth Management is Built-in!•Guarantee every user bandwidth
– Set a committed rate– Committed rates cannot exceed capacity of any
link in the system•Manage additional bandwidth as you desire
– Set a peak rate
Bandwidth ManagementCommitted rates cannot
exceed capacity of any link in the system
Managing All The Same Things
•VLANs•PoE•QoS•LLDP•Network Access Control
The same things you manage today…
Standards – IEEE vs. ITU
• ITU and IEEE have separate standards for PON•Both standards use the same passive infrastructure (fiber & splitters)
•The only difference is the electronics
Popular Standards Comparison
EPON GPON
Standard IEEE 802.3ah ITU G.984
Speed 1Gbps Symmetrical 2.4Gbps Down / 1.2 GbpsUp
Framing Ethernet (mostly native) GEMS Encapsulation
Wavelengths 1490nm/1310nm 1490nm/1310nm
DynamicBandwidth Optional Vendor Specific Built-in
Encryption Optional Vendor Specific AES-128 Downstream
Standards Timeline
2009 – 10G EPON Standard Approved (10G)
2012 – Extended EPON Task Force Formed
2004 – EPON Standard Approved (1G)
19951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
1995 – APON Standard Introduced (155M)
1999 – BPON Standard Approved (622M/155M)
2003 – GPON Standard Approved (2.4G/1.2G)
2010 – XGPON1 Standard Approved (10G/2.5G)
IEEE ITU
Converging Standards
• IEEE and ITU working to converge standards in future generations
•10G EPON and XGPON use same PHYs
Future Standards
•EPON/GPON Networks can co-exist on the same fiber & splitters as 10G EPON/XGPON Networks
•10G EPON and XGPON use same PHYs•IEEE and ITU working to converge standards in future generations
•Next standards may combine multiple wavelengths in each direction for additional bandwidth
Complimentary Wavelengths
EPON/GPON1490nm Down / 1310nm Up
10G EPON/XGPON1577nm Down / 1270nm Up
RF Video1550nm Down
Migration to 10G
• 10G PON can coexist on the same fiber as GPON• Bandwidths available as 10G Downstream and 10G/2.5G/1G Upstream• Uses same infrastructure/splitters as GPON• Casual migration – upgrade only the ONTs that you want
545454
2.5Gbps/1.25Gbps1490nm/1310nm
10G PON ONT
GPONOLT GPON ONT
10G PONOLT 10Gbps/10Gbps
1577nm/1270nm
Fiber Optic vs. Copper Cable in the Horizontal
Riser Rated CablesTIER 1
Vendor Bend Insensitive Fiber
TIER 1Vendor Category
5e UTP
TIER 1Vendor Category
6a UTP10G distance 40 km 45 m 100 m
Cable OD 2.9 mm 5.7 mm 7.5 mm
Weight 4 lb./1,000 ft. 22 lb./1,000 ft. 39 lb./1,000 ft.
Minimum Bend Radius 5 mm 22.8 mm 30 mm
Tensile strength(installation) 48 lbf 25 lbf 25 lbf
Fiber Optic Benefit
Bend Insensitive Fiber: saves time and money
POL Implementations
Project Overview• First POL installation … anywhere• Commercial contract servicing the federal government and
contractor Intelligence Community• Over 6,000 GPON Ethernet ports deployed in a multi-tenant
SCIF environment with multiple classifications (VoIP and thin/thick clients)
• One data center can support the entire business park; 17 buildings are planned
POL Implementations
Project Overview• Global Fortune® 225 Company – Americas HQs• Approximately 1 million sq. ft. (main building and
2 parking garages)• Planned growth for another 200,000 sq. ft.• 1,500 employees• Planned growth for another 750• Nearly 12,000 GPON Ethernet ports
Integrated Technologies over GPON:• VoIP (PCs tethered through phone)• Security
– Access control– Biometrics– Cameras (main building and parking)– Virtual turnstiles– Blue phones in parking garage
• 480 WAPs• Building automation/environmental controls• IP Video/digital signage content distribution
Project Highlights• $1 million in CAPEX savings• Estimated $240,000/year in energy savings (56%
savings)• Estimated $370,000/year in Cisco® Smartnet savings
POL Summary of Benefits
Revolutionizes network architectures• No electronics between the data center and end
user for many miles
• Eliminates workgroup switches and riser closets
• Standardized, centralized, and secure administration
• Greatly enhanced data security
• As future technology evolves only the endpoints need upgrading
Converges voice, data, and video on to a single transport• Improved reliability
• Reduced installation costs
• Reduced operating costs
POL is GREEN IT• Reduces and efficiently disperses
power• Reduces space requirements• Reduces specialized cooling
requirements
POL training & certifications are availableGradual migration path for moving from present to future ITIMaximized overall ROI
Break for Lunch – 90 Minutes
Passive Optical LAN Design
Fiber Optic Cabling
Jumper Cables− Reduced Bend Radius Fiber− Single Mode− Simplex− SC/APC Connectors
Horizontal Cables− Reduced Bend Radius Fiber− Single Mode− Plenum Rated− Simplex− SC/APC Connectors
Riser Cables− Single Mode− MPO Connectorized− 12 Strand (12-fiber Ribbons)− Terminated on fiber cartridge
Fiber Cable Types
Optical Budget Considerations
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Maximum loss for a GPON is 28 dB. Launch power (1.5 to 5 dBm), optical
degradation and receiver sensitivity (-27 to -8 dBm) are primary factors in PON considerations
Splitters, fiber, splice and connector losses (dirty connectors) are the primary factors that affect the optical degradation/loss
Downstream signal is at 1490 nm; upstream at 1310 nm Other wavelengths: 1550 and 1590
Since the optical loss is greater at 1310 nm, loss calculations are normally made at 1310 nm
Distance is a function of available light level
Max GPON distance per ITU standards is 20 Km (12.5 miles) although some low-split designs can allow in excess of 40 miles
Laser Safety
The systems use Class 1 Lasers− Lowest risk of eye damage− Exposure is minimal under normal conditions
Light wavelengths are between 1310 and 1590 nm (invisible to the eye) Always assume there is light on the fiber Cap all un-terminated cables Point connectors downward when working with cables Never touch exposed fiber connectors tips
63
Optical Splitters
64
•Splitters provide optical connections in pairs•Each 1x2 split equates to ½ of the optical power•Splitters range from 1x2 up to 1x64 splitters•1x32 is the most common split ratio for POL
A single PON port on the OLT connects to only one single-mode fiber
1x2 (3 to 4 dB loss)
Optical Splitters
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•Splitters provide optical connections in pairs•Each 1x2 split equates to ½ of the optical power•Splitters range from 1x2 up to 1x64 splitters•1x32 is the most common split ratio for POL
A single PON port on the OLT connects to only one single-mode fiber
1x4 (7 to 8 dB loss)
Optical Splitters
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•Splitters provide optical connections in pairs•Each 1x2 split equates to ½ of the optical power•Splitters range from 1x2 up to 1x64 splitters•1x32 is the most common split ratio for POL
A single PON port on the OLT connects to only one single-mode fiber 1x8 (11 to 12 dB loss)
Optical Splitters
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•Splitters provide optical connections in pairs•Each 1x2 split equates to ½ of the optical power•Splitters range from 1x2 up to 1x64 splitters•1x32 is the most common split ratio for POL
A single PON port on the OLT connects to only one single-mode fiber 1x16 (12 to 14 dB loss)
Optical Splitters
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•Splitters provide optical connections in pairs•Each 1x2 split equates to ½ of the optical power•Splitters range from 1x2 up to 1x64 splitters•1x32 is the most common split ratio for POL
A single PON port on the OLT connects to only one single-mode fiber
1x32 (16 to 18 dB loss)
Demonstration: PON Power Meter
+3dBm Output from OLT Measurements from OLT and ONT throughout OTN -12 to -22 dBm at ONT
• PON in Detail• PON to Passive Optical LAN• Deployment Methodologies• Splitters• Fiber Cable Types• Fiber Connector Types• Splicing
Agenda
• OSP Considerations• Splitter Deployment
Methodologies• Fiber Deployment• Fiber Loss and Budgeting• ONT Deployment Methodologies
BPON – (Broadband PON) is an older version of PON technology which is based on ITU specifications and is characterized by an asymmetrical 622 Mbps downstream and a 155 Mpbs upstream optical line rate. Earlier versions of Verizon’s FiOS™ offering in the U.S. are based on BPON but more recent implementations of FiOS use GPON technology.
GPON – (Gigabit PON) is the latest ITU specified PON network and is characterized by a 2.4 Gbps downstream and a 1.25 Gbps upstream optical line rate. A few GPON manufacturers are beginning to release 10Gbps downstream/2.4 GbpsUpstream PON cards and ONTs which are described under the ITU specification G.987. The first significant commercial deployments of GPON began in early 2008. Most carrier implementations of GPON are in the U.S. however it is beginning to proliferate in European markets as well.
EPON – (Gigabit Ethernet PON or GEPON) is an IEEE standards based PON system characterized by a symmetrical 1.25 Gbps optical line rate. EPON is the predominant PON solution since it has been commercially available since 2001. GEPON has been primarily deployed in Asian Pacific markets. Recently, 10Gbit/s EPON or 10G-EPON was ratified as an amendment (IEEE 802.3av) in the IEEE 802.3 standard and provides for an asymmetrical 10 Gbps downstream/1 Gbpsupstream rate as well as a symmetrical 10 Gbps rate.
WDM PON – (Wave Division Multiplexing PON) is an emerging technology which leverages the optical advances of dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM) to provide a dedicated wavelength to a single ONT. Implementations range from “tunable” optics which must be matched to the ONT’s optics to a dynamic optical locking capability which automatically assigns a wavelength to the ONT at the ranging phase. WDM PONs utilize an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) to multiplex up to 32 wavelengths of light onto a single fiber in the same way a passive optical splitter does. Unlike a typical optical splitter however, an AWG utilizes a phase shift in the optical light to provide an output on each fiber that only receives a certain wavelength of light.
Current PON Types
Passive Optical Networks (PON) are standards-based communication architectures. There are literally tens of millions of subscribers utilizing PON for voice, video and data service (known as "triple play" service). PON networks rely on wave division multiplexing (WDM) and lasers to provide triple play services in an efficient and future proof service offering.
PON in Detail - Overview
Multiple wavelengths over the same physical strand of glass
Wavelengths do not interfere with each other
Allows multiple discreet communications
WDM Methodology
"WDM operating principle" by Xens - Own work. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WDM_operating_principle.svg#mediaviewer/File:WDM_operating_principle.svg
WDM in PON
The OLT transmits a signal downstream that all of the ONTs receive (point-to-multipoint). In the downstream direction, the information is broadcast on a specific color (wavelength) of laser light. The information is encoded into digital form and given a specific address that matches a specific ONT. The ONT that matches the address receives the signal and forwards the information to the end-user Ethernet port as depicted below.
Downstream Communication
Upstream CommunicationSince many ONTs are placed on the same fiber, each with their own laser, upstream communications must be coordinated so that they do not interfere with each other. This is done by synchronizing the ONTs and requiring each to send information to the OLT (Upstream) in a specific time window (TDM).
Additionally, an analog signal can be injected onto the same PON fiber, using yet another color of light (WDM techniques). This is called an overlay and is generally used to carry broadcast TV to the user’s location. As with data and voice propagation, the light is a different color and therefore does not interfere with the other signals being carried on the fiber cable.
RF Video
1. Video Source (Coax)2. Laser Transmitter3. Erbium Doped Fiber
Amplifier (EDFA)4. WDM
RF Video
From OLT to Splitter OLT is typically SC/UPC Splitter is typically SC/APC
From the OLT toward the splitters connect fiber feeder network. This is simply the individual fibers which connect to the OLT's PON ports. The typical number of feeder fibers is 4 to 112 per OLT depending on the type and whether the chassis is fully equipped with PON cards..
Feeder Fiber
Feeder Fiber
The term "passive" in Passive Optical Network refers to the fact that the splitter requires no power as opposed to an "active" device like the OLT or switches an a traditional network. The splitter serves to optically replicate upstream signals to a number of downstream fibers. The typical number of fibers served in a PON network is 32. As the splitter provides a replicated optical signal to all 32 subscribers downstream, it is simultaneously combining those 32 fibers into a single feeder fiber in the upstream direction. Consequently the optical splitter is sometimes referred to as a splitter/combiner. The splitter will be housed in a number of form factors.
Optical Splitter
The portion of the fiber network downstream of the optical splitter is known as the distribution fiber. The distribution portion of a PON represents those individual subscriber connections that extend from the FDH to the ONT. They may be bundled together over distances in a group of fibers (again, typically 32 fibers) or they may extend as individual drops to serve a small number of locations. The distribution fibers are quite appropriately referred to as the “last mile” in a service provider network. It is important to note that the distribution portion of a PON network may contain other passive components for terminating and organizing fibers.
Distribution Fiber
Distribution Fiber
Distribution Fiber - Outdoor
Indoor MDU Fiber Distribution Terminal (FDT)
Outdoor FDT for Aerial Installs Indoor/Outdoor FDT
Demonstration on connectivity
Components – Hands On
Reduce Operations & Maintenance (O&M) by reduced the amount of equipment managed− ONTs are managed by the OLT!
No powered devices in the middle of the network− Same location as user
Co-locate OLT with other IT gear− Same location as other gear
OLT handles activation, administration, and provision No administration ports on ONTs No replacement of cabling in 5-10 years All of these benefits make it possible to significantly reduce the operations and
maintenance of a large campus network, helping owners realize a rapid return on investment.
Centralized Administration
Carrier-Class Very high MTBF 99.999% (Five 9’s) reliability Redundancy throughout
− Power− Backplane− Switch Fabric− Management− PON Ports/Cards− Feeder Fibers
No modification of data center services – access only
Inherent Reliability
Encryption Authentication TEMPEST Standards Central Administration
Enhanced Security
Superior Performance Fiber offers far greater bandwidth and distance Single generation of fiber has outlasted and outperformed seven generations of copper cable
Ease of Installation Fiber has become increasingly easier to install – while copper has become even more complex, attempting to keep up with
performance demands No shielding is required to protect fiber optic cables from electromagnetic interference (EMI) or radio frequency interference
(RFI) Fiber optic cables are easier to test and certify
Unmatched Security Significantly harder to tap into than copper and not vulnerable to EMI Fiber is inherently safer at keeping information secure
Easier Upgrades Replace only the electronics, rather than replacing the entire infrastructure Minimize your network downtime during expansions and upgrades
Smaller Footprint Much smaller size Lighter in weight than copper cables providing the same capacity
Fiber Optic Cabling
Microbends and Macrobends A microbend is a small, microscopic bend that may be caused by the cabling process
itself, packaging, installation, or mechanical stress due to water in the cable during repeated freeze and thaw cycles. External forces are also a source of microbends. An external force deforms the cable jacket surrounding the fiber, but causes only a small bend in the fiber. A microbend typically changes the path that propagating modes take, resulting in loss from increased attenuation as the light is absorbed into the fiber cladding.
A macrobend is a larger cable bend that can be seen with the unaided eye and is often reversible. As the macrobend occurs, the radius can become too small and allow light to escape the core and enter the cladding. The result is insertion loss at best and, in worse cases, the signal is decreased or completely lost. Both microbends and macrobends can, however, be reduced and even prevented through proper fiber handling and routing.
Reduced Bend Radius Fiber
Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC) Splitter More Expensive Uniform Output Most appropriate for outdoor use Manufacturing
1. Waveguide used to split the optical signal is fabricated using a silicon dioxide chip.2. Involves a lithographic process similar to that used in the manufacture of silicon computer chips. PLC splitters
provide the most uniformity between fiber outputs (the downstream fibers) with respect to the amount of optical loss measured on each fiber.
Best choice when loss is critical
PLC Splitter
Fused Biconical Taper (FBT) splitter Lower Cost Typically less uniform from fiber to fiber. Manufacturing
1. Thermally fused two overlapping fibers together under tension2. The resulting fusion splice creates a two by two splitter.3. Typically, one of these fiber connections is trimmed off and the result is a single fiber subtending to two fibers.4. These two fiber outputs can then be fused to additional one-by-two splitters until the desired number of splits
is achieved.
Used where extreme temperature variations or other environmental factors are not likely to cause the optics connected at the ends of the fiber to drift from their optimum wavelength specifications.
FBT Splitter
2 Inputs 2 to 64 Outputs Second Input Allows
− Redundant feeders/PON Ports/PON Cards/OLTs− Easier Migration to 10G− Flexibility for the Future
2xN Splitters
Break – 15 Minutes
Passive Optical LAN Design
IDFs Zones Fiber Terminals OSP Hybrid
Deployment Methodologies
Splitters are rack-mounted or installed in fiber housing modules Fiber is terminated on patch panels Rack-Mount ONTs may be co-located for special use situations
IDFs
Replaces the IDF Provides maximum ROI for POL Accepts feeder/riser fiber Houses splitters Location for cross-connects Termination for horizontal distribution fiber
Fiber Zone Hub
Adds flexibility to horizontal distribution Uses multi-strand cable from splitter to terminal Provides patch point closer to users Additional Cost
Fiber Terminals
OSP options can be mixed with LAN options Be careful of mixing manufacturer product lines Many options due to PON history in
telecommunications
OSP Deployment
Some deployments choosing hybrid deployments Hybrid Ideas
− Keep IDFs for rack-mount ONTs, but use fiber zone hubs
− Put ONTs in active zone box and run category cabling to user
− Use 100% rack-mount ONTs in retrofit scenario
Hybrid Deployments
SC/APC is default standard in PON networks− Allows for insertion of broadcast video− Easy to handle− Works well with simplex fiber
SC/UPC and LC (UPC and APC) also used
Fiber Connectors
Ultra Physical Contact Connectors (UPC)− Blue
Angled Physical Connectors (APC)− Green
APC and UPC
APC connectors reduce reflectance
Reduce damage to transmitters and amplifiers
High Return Loss = Good
APC and UPC
Fusion Splicing− Up-front cost or Rental− Low Loss
Mechanical Splicing− Higher Loss− More difficult on APC− More cost per termination
Terminations - Splicing
Single Splitter One splitter in the Optical Distribution Network All splitter loss is at one location Works for 99% of POL deployments
Splitter Deployment
Cascaded Splits Used when end users are geographically dispersed Campus out-buildings Loss from splitters in path must be summed
Engineered Splits Loss may favor a particular output
Splitter Deployment
Optical Budget
Maximum loss for a GPON is 28 dB (32 dB with C+ Optics).
Launch power (1.5 to 5 dBm), optical degradation and receiver sensitivity (-27 to -8 dBm) are primary factors in PON considerations
Splitters, fiber, splice and connector losses (dirty connectors) are the primary factors that affect the optical degradation/loss
Downstream signal is at 1490 nm; upstream at 1310 nm Other wavelengths: 1550 and
1590 10G adds additional
wavelengths Since the optical loss is greater
at 1310 nm, loss calculations are normally made at 1310 nm
Distance is a function of available light level
Optical Budget Scenario
Optical Level TestingTypical Test Points in a Passive Optical LAN
Output at OLT: 1490nm @ ~ +3dBm
Testing for Bad PON SFP/OLT Fault At Splitter Outputs:
1490nm @ -11dBm to -24dBm Testing for optical loss issue between OLT and splitter output
1310nm @ -10dBm to 0dBm Testing for optical loss issue between splitter and ONT
At ONT: 1490nm @ -12dBm to -25dBm
Testing for optical loss issue between OLT and ONT 1310nm @ ~ 0dBm
Testing for ONT failure
Desktop− Free-standing or desk-mounted
Active Zone Box Rack Mount In-wall
ONT Deployment Options
Most Common Inexpensive Many options Acceptance Required Requires Power
ONT Deployment - Desktop
Solution for WAPs, Security Cameras, Wall Phones, ONT is secured Power Required
ONT Deployment – Rack-Mount
Fewer Aesthetic Concerns Power Considerations
− Remote or Local? Additional Installation Requirements and complexity Should be deployed in specific areas only:
− Conference centers− Areas with sensitive aesthetic concerns− Areas subject to frequent furniture reconfiguraiton
ONT Deployment – In-Wall
− Ceiling Box− Wall Box− Floor Box
Special Situations ONT is secured Power Required
ONT Deployment – Ceiling/Wall/Floor
Meets customer requirements Provides a value to the customer:
Reduced Cost Power/Space/Cooling Performance Longevity
Is not overly complex Makes customer happy!
Good Design Summary
Challenge – Determine the quantity of each component required for Passive Optical LAN design
Assumptions:1. Using pre-terminated fiber throughout2. Zone Box architecture – maximum 96 fibers per zone3. 12-Strand Riser/Feeder to each zone4. No overbuild/sparing5. OLT is located in basement
Design Scenario Challenge
Design Scenario Challenge
Building Design Summary
Incomplete Bill of Materials
Fill in Quantities
FloorTotal Lit
FiberFibers
without ONTFibers
With ONTBasement 22 7 15
1st 63 12 512nd 57 9 483rd 67 15 52
Totals: 209 43 166
Category Description UnitBasement
Qty1st Floor
Qty2nd Floor
Qty3rd Floor
Qty
OLT Jumper Simplex SC/APC-SC/UPC 3MM OFNP SMF-28e 10FT EA
Riser Fiber Rack Mount Fiber Shelf EA
Riser Fiber MPO Trunk 12 Strand SMF-28e Plenum 175FT EA
Riser Fiber MPO Trunk 12 Strand SMF-28e Plenum 225FT EA
Riser Fiber MPO Trunk 12 Strand SMF-28e Plenum 250FT EA
Riser Fiber 12-Fiber MPO-SC/APC Cassette Module EA
Zone Box 1X32 Splitter SC/APC Input/Output with Tails EA
Zone Box Fiber Zone Hub EA
Zone Box Fiber Zone Hub Installation Kit EA
Zone Box 12 PORT PANEL SC/APC Simplex Cassette Module EA
Horizontal Fiber Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28E 75FT EA
Horizontal Fiber Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28E 125FT EA
Horizontal Fiber Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28E 175FT EA
Horizontal Fiber Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28E 225FT EA
Faceplate Single Gang Faceplate with Simplex SC/APC Connector EA
ONT Jumper Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28e 10 FT EA
Assumptions:1. Using pre-terminated fiber throughout2. Zone Box architecture – maximum 96 fibers per zone3. 12-Strand Riser/Feeder to each zone4. No overbuild/sparing5. OLT is located in basement
Design Scenario Challenge
FloorTotal Lit
FiberFibers
without ONTFibers
With ONTBasement 22 7 15
1st 63 12 512nd 57 9 483rd 67 15 52
Totals: 209 43 166
Design Scenario AnswersCategory Description Unit
Basement Qty
1st Floor Qty
2nd Floor Qty
3rd Floor Qty
OLT Jumper Simplex SC/APC-SC/UPC 3MM OFNP SMF-28e 10FT EA 1 3 2 3
Riser Fiber Rack Mount Fiber Shelf EA 1 0 0 0
Riser Fiber MPO Trunk 12 Strand SMF-28e Plenum 175FT EA 0 1 0 0
Riser Fiber MPO Trunk 12 Strand SMF-28e Plenum 225FT EA 0 0 1 0
Riser Fiber MPO Trunk 12 Strand SMF-28e Plenum 250FT EA 0 0 0 1
Riser Fiber 12-Fiber MPO-SC/APC Cassette Module EA 3 1 1 1
Zone Box 1X32 Splitter SC/APC Input/Output with Tails EA 1 3 2 3
Zone Box Fiber Zone Hub EA 0 1 1 1
Zone Box Fiber Zone Hub Installation Kit EA 0 1 1 1
Zone Box 12 PORT PANEL SC/APC Simplex Cassette Module EA 2 6 5 6
Horizontal Fiber Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28E 75FT EA 3 3 2 4
Horizontal Fiber Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28E 125FT EA 9 28 28 30
Horizontal Fiber Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28E 175FT EA 9 27 26 28
Horizontal Fiber Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28E 225FT EA 1 5 1 5
Faceplate Single Gang Faceplate with Simplex SC/APC Connector EA 22 63 57 67
ONT Jumper Simplex SC/APC-SC/APC 3MM OFNP SMF-28e 10 FT EA 15 51 48 52
What challenges have you seen?
What problems have you seen POL solve?
Design Questions
Questions and Discussion
Thank You!
Contact Information
Matt MillerPrincipal Systems Engineer, LeidosPhone: 443.994.6456 | Email: [email protected]