PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in...
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Transcript of PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in...
PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2
A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction resultsin a great variety of possible gene combinations from the offspring of any two parents.
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Gregor Mendel - 8 min
Mendel studied 7 characteristics
A segment of DNA controlling a trait
Any of severalalternative formsof a gene
A segment of DNA controlling a trait
Any of severalalternative formsof a gene
A gene that masksthe effects of another
A gene whose effectis masked by the dominant gene
A gene that masksthe effects of another
A gene whose effectis masked by the dominant gene
A trait for which thegenes of the pairare identical
A trait for which thegenes of the pairare different
A trait for which thegenes of the pairare identical
A trait for which thegenes of the pairare different
The genetic makeupof an organism
The external appearance of an organism
The genetic makeupof an organism
The external appearance of an organism
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An offspring from parentswith different traits.
The traits of the offspringare a combination of the
traits of the parents.
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DIFFERENT
SAME
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DIFFERENT
SAME
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DIFFERENT
SAME
genes are different -what kind of trait?
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DIFFERENT
SAME
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DIFFERENT
SAME
genes are alike -what kind of trait?
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DIFFERENT
SAME
The 64 words of the language of genetics
Which color is dominant - Red or White?
pink is a BLENDof red & white
Probability - 7 min
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Humans reproduce in
relatively small numbers.
Most plantsand animalsreproduce in LARGE numbers.
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If you flip a coinonly 4 times - you may getfour heads.
heads - 100%tails - 0%
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If you flip a coin400 times - you WILL getvery close to:
heads - 50%tails - 50%
A Punnett Squareis a tool usedto predict thepossible offspringof a genetic cross.
Use a capital case first letter of the dominant trait torepresent the dominant gene
Use a capital case first letter of the dominant trait torepresent the dominant gene
Use a small case of theSAME letter to represent the recessive gene
Use a small case of theSAME letter to represent the recessive gene
Heterozygous Red Parent
The possible genesfrom one parentgo here.
The possible genes from theother parent go here.
Drawthe
squares.
Fill inthe
letters.
These arethe genes
(genotypes)
possiblein the
offspring.
1 out of 4are RR
2 out of 4are Rr
1 out of 4are rr
Gametes
Gametes
GameteCombinations
1/4 are RR
1/2 are Rr
1/4 are rr
3/4 are Red
1/4 are white
3/4 are Red
1/4 are white
Remember, it only takes ONE dominant gene for that trait to show...
3/4 are Red
1/4 are white
but BOTH genes must be recessive for thattrait to show.
In certain trees, smooth barkis dominant over wrinkled.
Cross two trees that are heterozygous for smooth bark.
If there are 100 offspring produced, how many will have wrinkled bark?
What are the genotypes of the parents?
In certain trees, smooth barkis dominant over wrinkled.
Cross two trees that are heterozygous for smooth bark.
In certain trees, smooth barkis dominant over wrinkled.
Cross two trees that are heterozygous for smooth bark.
S s X S s
How do we begin to draw the Punnettsquare?
S s
S
s
S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
This is the Punnett squarefor the cross.
S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
What do we need to know?
S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss
Which square is wrinkled bark?
S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss1/4
wrinkled
How do we use this to answer the question?
S s
S
s
SS Ss
Ss ss1/4
wrinkled
25 out of 100 will havewrinkled bark.
In flying purple people eaters, one-horn is dominant and no-horn is recessive.
Draw a Punnett square showing the cross between two heterozygous one-horn flying purple people eaters.
Use H for one-horn and h for no-horn.
What are the genotypesof the parents?
What are the genotypesof the parents?
H h X H hNow draw the Punnett square.
H h
H
h
HH Hh
Hh hh
H = one-horn h = no-horn
In flying purple people eaters, one-eye is dominant and no-eye is recessive.
Draw a Punnett square showing the cross between two heterozygousone-eye flying purple people eaters.
Use E for one-eye and e for no-eye.
What are the genotypesof the parents?
What are the genotypesof the parents?
E e X E eNow draw the Punnett square.
E e
E
e
EE Ee
Ee ee
E = one-eye e = no-eye
The probability of independent events occurring together is the PRODUCT of the probabilities of the individual events.
If two heterozygous one-eye, one-horn flying purple people eaters are crossed, what fraction of the offspring will be no-horn, no-eye flying purple people eaters?
If two heterozygous one-eye, one-horn flying purple people eaters are crossed, what fraction of the offspring will be no-horn, no-eye flying purple people eaters?
Use the 2 squares you have and the product rule to answer the question.
How manyare no-horn?
1/4 will be no-horn
1/4 will be no-horn
How many areno-eye?
1/4 will be no-horn
1/4 will be no-eye
1/4 will be no-horn
1/4 will be no-eye
Using the product rule - 1/4 X 1/4 = 1/16
1 out of 16 will be no-horn, no-eyeflying purple people eaters.
r w
r
w
rr rw
rw ww
What's wrong with this Punnett square?
r w
r
w
rr rw
rw ww
A Punnett square with no capitalletters show incomplete dominance.
Dominance is incomplete in tulips.
What color are the offspringwhen a homozygous red tulipis crossed with a homozygous white tulip?
Use the small case firstletter of each trait torepresent the genes.
r = redw = white
r r
rr X ww w
w
rw rw
rw rw
All the offspring are PINK.
What color are the offspring when two pink tulips are crossed?
r w
rw X rw r
w
rr rw
rw ww
1/4 red1/2 pink1/4 white
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Genes for sex-linkedGenes for sex-linked
traits are located on traits are located on
the the X chromosomeX chromosome..
Colorblindness is aColorblindness is a
sex-linked trait -sex-linked trait -
located on the Xlocated on the X
chromosome.chromosome.
The gene for normalThe gene for normal
color sight is Xcolor sight is XCC..
The recessive gene for The recessive gene for
colorblindness is Xcolorblindness is Xcc..
What would be theWhat would be the
genotype for a genotype for a
colorblind female?colorblind female?
What would be theWhat would be the
genotype for a genotype for a
colorblind female?colorblind female?XXccXXcc
What would be theWhat would be the
genotype for a genotype for a
colorblind male?colorblind male?
What would be theWhat would be the
genotype for a genotype for a
colorblind male?colorblind male?XXccYY
This female would haveThis female would have
normal vision but normal vision but
would be a "carrier"would be a "carrier"
of the colorblind gene.of the colorblind gene.
XXCCXXcc
A S e x - L i n k e d T r a i t
Traits are influenced Traits are influenced
by sex hormones...by sex hormones...
but located on abut located on a
chromosome otherchromosome other
than a sex than a sex
chromosome.chromosome.
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"Male-pattern baldness"Male-pattern baldnessis a sex-influenced trait.is a sex-influenced trait.
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Hair loss in women is usually aHair loss in women is usually ageneral thinning all over the scalp.general thinning all over the scalp.
Traits controlled by
the additive effect of
multiple alleles.
It IS even possible for
more than one pair of
genes to have an
effect on the same trait.
Bell Curve
Average Value
Extreme
Value
Extreme
Value
Average Height
Short Tall
Shorter LongerSame
short or long index finger
Fold your hands together by interlocking your fingers.
Which thumb is on top?
Dominant - L_ Recessive - ll
Dominant - S_ Recessive - ss
Dominant - T_ Recessive - tt
Dominant - W_ Recessive - ww
unattached attachedDominant - E Recessive - ee
Dominant - D_ Recessive - dd
Dominant - F_ Recessive - ff
Male
Male
Female
Marriage Line
Offspring Line
Sibling Line
Oldest child
Oldest child
Youngest child
Shows the trait in question
Does not show the trait in question
Carries the trait butdoes not show it
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No Widow's Peak
No Tongue-rolling
Attached Ear Lobes
Hitch-hiker'sThumb
Pick a RECESSIVE trait that YOU have
Right-thumbed
Write your name and the trait you are using at the top of
the paper.
Color in YOUR square or circle on the chart
Take your pedigree chart home tonight and check the people on the
chart that you can actually see.
Put a question mark in the squares or circles for those you do not see.
Bring your completed pedigree chart to class tomorrow.
Does A food taste the same to everyone?
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WHY?
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1. Taste plain paper the control
2. Taste PTC paper describe the taste
Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)is a chemical produced by plants like cabbage, broccoli,Brussel sprouts, turnips,and kale.
70% of the U.S. populationdetects at least some bitterness when they taste PTC.
TT - very bitter
Tt - slightly bitter
tt - non-taster
Tasters show a greatersensitivity to a widerange of tastes...
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including bitter, sweet,and oral irritants such as capsaicin in chili pepper
Non-taster and tasterstatus has clearimplications for one'sperception of taste of a wide range of foods.
Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
the application of molecular genetics for a practical purpose.
Recombinant DNA is a combination of DNA from two or more sources.
One of the best applicationsof recombinant DNA todayis the production of insulin.
The human gene forinsulin productionis isolated from a human cell.
The human gene isthen inserted intobacteria DNA.
The recombinant DNAis inserted into abacterial cell.
When the bacteria cellreproduces, all of itsoffspring will havethe human gene.
Eventually, Trillions of bacteria cells are producing human insulin.
Vats of bacteria producing insulin
You want another one just like HIM?!!
The nucleus (DNA) is removed froman egg cell.
The nucleus (DNA) from abody cell isinserted intothe empty egg cell.
A structuresimilar to a fertilized egg cell isproduced.
The cell beginsto divide and produce an embryo.
Eventually producinga complete organism.
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Doctor,I believe your
cloning protocols are wrong!
Eugenics, altering gene pools to improve the traits in human populations, was a thriving science inthe 1930's.
Why isn't eugenicsaround today?
Why isn't eugenicsaround today?
Who is the father of modern genetics?
Who is the father of modern genetics?
Gregor Mendel
How many pea traits did he follow?
How many pea traits did he follow?
7
What theory did WalterSutton propose in 1903that supported Mendel'sideas about traits?
chromosome theory
What theory did WalterSutton propose in 1903that supported Mendel'sideas about traits?
A ___ is a segment ofDNA controlling a trait.
gene
A ___ is a segment ofDNA controlling a trait.
A gene that masks theeffect of another is ___
dominant gene
A gene that masks theeffect of another is ___
A gene whose effect ismasked is ___
recessive gene
A gene whose effect ismasked is ___
A trait for which thegenes of the pair areidentical
homozygous trait
A trait for which thegenes of the pair areidentical
A trait for which thegenes of the pair aredifferent
heterozygous trait
A trait for which thegenes of the pair aredifferent
The genetic makeupof an organism
genotype
The genetic makeupof an organism
The external appearanceof an organism
phenotype
The external appearanceof an organism
An offspring fromparents with different traits
hybrid
An offspring fromparents with different traits
Genes are combination of___ (a number) DNA basescalled codons.
3
Genes are combination of___ (a number) DNA basescalled codons.
The passing of traits fromone generation to the next
heredity
The passing of traits fromone generation to the next
A Punnett square is basedon mathematical ___
probability
A Punnett square is basedon mathematical ___
Capital letters on aPunnett square represent
dominant genes
Capital letters on aPunnett square represent
A Punnett square withno capital letters tells you
neither gene is dominant
A Punnett square withno capital letters tells you
What is the name of across involving onlyone trait?
monohybrid cross
What is the name of across involving onlyone trait?
What letters go here?
X
What letters go here?
rr
Genes for sex-linked traitsare located on the ___chromosome.
X
Genes for sex-linked traitsare located on the ___chromosome.
Sex-influenced traits aredifferent in each sexbecause of ___
sex hormones
Sex-influenced traits aredifferent in each sexbecause of ___
Traits controlled by theadditive effects ofmultiple alleles are called ___ traits.
polygenic
Traits controlled by theadditive effects ofmultiple alleles are called ___ traits.
A chart tracing the historyof a trait through severalgenerations.
pedigree chart
A chart tracing the historyof a trait through severalgenerations.
Males are represented by
Males are represented by
females are represented by
females are represented by
Why is this square colored in?
He has the trait in question.
Why is this circle half-colored in?
She is a carrier.
Which is the oldest child?
The first one on the leftis always oldest.
The application ofmolecular genetics fora practical purpose.
genetic engineering
The application ofmolecular genetics fora practical purpose.
A combination of DNAfrom two or more sources.
recombinant DNA
A combination of DNAfrom two or more sources.
Who is the father of modern genetics?
Who is the father of modern genetics?
Gregor Mendel