Table of Contents

PhonologyMorphologyMorphophonologySyntaxGrammarGreetings & FarewellsBasic Questions/InfoPrepositionsSimple Transitive VerbsSimple Intransitive VerbsIrregular VerbsDouble Irregular VerbsDerived Verbs [ADJ]Derived Verbs [Noun]Idiomatic VerbsTimeQuantitySpace/DirectionAdverbsAdjectivesKinshipPoliticsSocietyActionWarEconomyCareersPeopleCityHouseSchoolClothesFood/CookingAgricultureNatureCampingHealthEmotionsCrime/PunishmentIslamAnimalsToolsMaterialsSexBodySoundMeasurementCultural ConceptsPhrasingExpressionsIdiomsOnomatopeiaSound-Alikes-WL(I)CalendarStatisticsMap of AfghanistanMap of NWFP/FATAProvincesRegionsMajor CitiesDialectsTribesFactionsHistoryModern HistoryCurrent EventsKey IndividualsLiteratureScholarshipProverbsLandaysGovernment Structure

Phonology

Grammar Constructions

byd + Vde + VS -t O p kr COP3 + V-ay wy

p kr di che V

p kr w che V-ay wyMust/Have to

khw m khw larl chekm na km larl che

d S X COP3To have, To possess, To own

To be about to

Vstem-unkay + COPbe verbingp V-o kebe verbingd S p V-o keOn verbing

preda/rdza che VLet's VP

X sara jo COPBe in agreement with XX sara guzara kedlBe in agreement with X

aryn COPTo be amazedp X (ke) lagya COPTo be busy w/ XX S-ta mlum COPX is known to Sb'es ba wgerdziwill cause

m kor jor kawl khatm/khlas krrI finished buildingd V-o payl wkrI startedp N payl shwamI started

IMPERSONALS (V agrees with O)(imply accident as passives/impersonals. Delbierate actions for active/personal).

O S-na V3 mt shoS accidentally broke OO S-na V3 her shoS forgot OO S-ta bad rtllS likes OO S-ta x rtllS dislikes OO S-ta za kedlfor S toS-ta garm kedlfor S to be warmS-ta so kedlfor S to be coldS-ta taba COPfor S to have a feverS-ta perzo COPfor S toS-ta zakat/yakhnay wahlfor S to have a coldO S-ta khwaxawlS likes O

COMPARATIVES/SUPERLATIVESA l B na er AP COPA is more AP than BA l B na kam AP COPA is less AP than BA l B na zit NP VPA VP more than BA l B na l NP VPA VP less than B

A l toluna na A VP the most/least AP/NPA l wruna na "A l jum'a na "

POTENTIALSS + {ba} + wo? V-ay sh- will be able toS + V-ay + wo? + shw-was able toS + ba + V-ay sh-may be able toS + V-ay shw-may have been able to

m kor jorawalay shoI was able to buildza kor ta tlalay shwamI was able to go home

CONDITIONALSka za lrsham, no za ba wkhlamif i go, i'll buyka za tlay wai, no m ba akhistalay waiIf I had gone, I would have bought

ka m kor jorr kray way, no m ba dase kar kray wayka m kawalay sho che kor jor kram, no ma ba dase kar kray wayka m kawalay sho che kor me jor kray way, no ma ba dase kar kray way

Verb Tenses

Greetings & Farewells

roghbrgreetings

staay m shyhail! greetings! hello! (may you not tire (m))khwr m shy(may you not be miserable) (dated)zhwanday osylive alivekhoshhl osylive wellloy shybe well, be greatp khayr rghlywelcomeshpa p khayrgood eveningp era khoshhliwell met

harkala osylive alwaysharkala rdzy/rshawelcome always

jo(a) ye?are you well?taka ye?are you strong?tsnga ye?how are you?

d khdy p amngood-bye (In Gods Protection)p mkha de xagood-bye (Face the good)chr de xagood luckxa chragood luckkhdy ta de sprmfarewell (I send you to God)tr TIME ba ml shuuntil TIME

amin t sarabe safepm kawamind yourselfyd laradont forgetkhabardr shatake carekhabar shabewarebedr shabe carefulpohe shastay on guardsaay shabe a manhuxyr shabe wisekamaqal m keadont be a foolwgorawatch your back

Basic Questions/Info

tsa hl daywhats up?tsa rawn day?whats up?tsa gerdzi?whats going on?tsa dar pexa da?whats the matter?tsa wshwwhat happened?X p s shay shawaywhat happened to X?tsa kedlwhat was going on?

d ch wkawho did this?d kum dzy ye?where are you from?cherta pyda shaway ye?where were you born?

khwaxa na laramI have no choicekhwaxa me na darlodI had no choicekhair daynevermindhets parw?nevermindfikr na shtanevermindkeday shiits possibled kr kawunkay dayits possibled kr kedunkay dayits possible

d wshwlit was doned ba kedlit used to be doned de wshiit may be doned ba wkrrl shiit will be doned ba kay wayit may have been donepex shaway woit mightve happenedd keday na shoit couldnt be doned hitstsok na shi kawlayno one can do itgora che ___see if ___ !d d sharm khabara dathat's a shame

It've been good if he'd've done itka dse kray way no xa ba wayhe would have done itdagha sarray ba hagha kr wkrray shiI wouldn't have been able to do itza ba ye w na kray sham (maybe shwam?)

tsumra planhow wide?tsumra prkhhow wide?tsumra jawarhow deep?tsumralwarhow long?tsumra lare?how far?kum lore?which way?kum khw?which direction?

Prepositions

p ___ kein, at, amongp kein it/them

p ___by, withprewith it/them

p ___ bndeonpre bndeon it, on them

p ___ pasefollowingpre pasefollowing it/them

___tfor, to___lfor, totreto it/them/him/her

(l) ___ (n)afrom(l) ___ tskhafromtrefrom it/them

l ___ sarawithd ___sarawith

be l ___ (n)awithout

d ___ d praford ___ l prafor

tr ___ lndeunderd ___ lndeunder

tr ___ poreuntill tr ___until

l ___ na wrustabehindd ___ sh tabehindtr ___ shbehind

l ___ bahar (n)aoutsided ___ bahar (n)aoutside

d ___ d psaoverd ___ l psaover

prata l ___ (n)aexcept

d ___ p lortoward

d ___ p shn/dzir/likekher/tarzd ___ p bra/bb/abouthakla bnde

d ___ w between___ tr mendz (ke)d ___ gae/ki/left ofchape khw ta

d ___ xi khw taright ofd ___ xi ls taright ofd ___ p mawjib/because ofsebab/waja/ l khwby

d ___ p mkha bnde acc totr ___ d mkhaacc to

d ___ shwkhw aroundl ___ na gerdchapera aroundl ___ na charchapera around

d ___ tskhanear___ pore/ ta nidenear

d ___ p zid/khlfagainstd ___ p zaryathroughd ___ tr tsngbesided ___ p(r) dzyin place/steadl ___ na h agha khw beyondd ___ p shin back of

d ___ mkhkein front ofl ___ na wndein front ofd ___ d wndein front of

___ pore mkhmkh across from

Simple Transitive Verbslarlhavetaltie, closeliklwritetskxldrinkmanlacceptstlkeepastawlsendlelsendgalwinkaralsowganlsewzgelsewkhraylshavegarlconsiderchichlbitexaylshowwahlhit, beatshalexpel, shootallweighxkrlseem, appearbrexlseem, appearudlbraidanlgrindakawlknockskwllpickshkawlshearmexlrubakhelsmeartsnlshakeapellswallowchalawldrive, operatedzghalawldrive, operateghordzawl shake, throw, spreadghwardzawlshake, throw, spreadshindlshakeachawlthrowreblreapmachawlkissxkwllkissghardzedlfallworedlfalllwedlfallwallcallghawchawldigtolscrapekhaxlburytaplassc w/a(n)wlchoose, change, turnspellwhistletklassignxwayawlbetraytselinvestigateshkedlweshldistributestylpraisezbexlsuckchuplsuckghndlcondemn, accusewzwlchewalwoylfryteylfrytsrlwatchpechltwisttsirl/edlrip/teargumrlappoint/assigndzaploppresstsawlthrowshanlplorawlsellghwaraplgulpchnawlskim ledawlloadtxtawlabductmotasawraccruse, realizeperawlpursuebachatawlsave $barbadawlmess upfarwlexilelmandzlrespectghwolawldeceive+ dznavoidghwaawlspread oilghardzawltake aroundzghwarawlsave

Simple Intransitive Verbs

(ras)edlarrive(os)edllive(awr)edllisten(taxt)edlflee(khodz)edlmove(rap)edlblink(zghl)edlrun(tsats)edlleak, drip(gerzd)edlzeedlbe born

Irregular Verbs

khatl(khedz-)climbwatl(wz-)leavekhwrl(khw-)eatghuxtl(ghw-)wantpezhandl(pezhan-)knowmundl(mun)niwl(nis)catch, getwishtl(wal)shootwazhl(wazhn-)killlwistl(lwan-)readlidl(win-)seektl(gor-)lookakhistl(akhl-)buy, takeaghuxtl(aghund-)dressalwatl(alwaz-)flywayl(w-)saywishtl/yishtl(bs-)take out, removenaxtl(nax-)get stuckchwdl(chw-)blow upixodl(d-)put, placenghuxtl(gh-)kanodl(kan-)zhal(zh-)cry, wailxkl(k-)draw, write, takerawdl(raw-)suckawuxtl/awedl(aw-)ball(bol-)inviteyesedl(yes-)seemmarl(m-)dierghuxtl(rgh-)roll aroundxodl(xay-)show

Double Irregular Verbs

Derived Verbs [ADJ]

dzawredlbe annoyeddzawrawlbothertsrgandlseem, appeardrawldzarawl

Derived Verbs [Noun]

ghwanedlgatherghaawllaawl

Idiomatic Verbs

Time

Quantity

Space/Directionchap, kinn, gasleftxi, xayrightmarkazi, wastimiddlepasupxkatadownmkhkefrontwaps, sh tabackdananainsidebaharoutsidelndeunderd psa, pasover, abovekuzlowerps, porta, basupperl wryaafarwndebeyond/pasttegh, mkhmkh,straightwndegard chaperaaroundmkhke, wndein front, beforewrustobehindmkhke, mkhmkhaheadkhwacross

naskor(a)facedownsar khata pxe portaturned over, upset(d) chapainside outsda, samrighside uplndinefollowingnumawaayaforementionedmotaqbilmutual?tsng tr/p tsng side by sidep lra keon the wayp yawa aaat one sidep de akhat this sidepore (khw)other sideselmafurthest, outwardyaw khw bl khwall overdzy p dzyall overgardchaperaall aroundchrchaperaall around

aa, khw,sidetaraf, palawdaridzplacemoqmrank, positionmahllocationpsorwidthugdwlilengthjgwliheighthjawarwlidepthfasla, wtdistancesimaarea, region, zonemashatarea squaredqotrvolumeprkhtydiametermorabasquarecircletrianglemasalasrectangle

Adverbs

albata, okana,of coursekho dse da,be shakantspa, be tsfa, suddenlynghtakhminnnearlyhargoraindeedhatman, harumaru,certainlymlumdr,n (d) che, hatakhamkhacompulsoryahyatacarefullyl bada shmeta,unfortunatelyla bada mrghamaslahtanconvenientlyhodudn, qaribnapproximatelydaqiqan, aynanexactlybikhi, blkul, gardacompletely, totallyfawran, samdastiimmediatelyp yaw damsam d lsaakhernayfinally, at lastngumnaunexpectedlyngahnaby chancep de shpo/wradze ke latelyfilhla, d st, d ml,d wkhtpresentlykala n kalaseldomp grnascarcelydubraagaind mkha lalreadykhorquicklymashakhsnpersonally

Adjectives

Kinship

Politics

Society

Action

War

Economy

Careers

People

fl lidunkayfortune-teller

City

House

School

Clothes

Food/Cooking

Agriculture

Nature

Camping

Health

Emotions

Crime/Punishment

Islam

Animals

Tools

Materials

Sex

Body

Sound

Measurement

Cultural Concepts

Phrasing

*Frequently causes dependent clause to become perfective

dzk (che), because, since,d X p sebabdue to, on account ofwali sa,l X amala,d X l amalaka tsaalthoughsara l dein spite of thisbar sar p deby hameven thoughsa che + neg VPnot evensa kawa che ___let alonena ___ sa chelet alonetr so che ___just assa che sa (na) ___that whichka S khpl na PERF without having

Expressions

Idioms

wo na wooncen upon a time

Onomatopeia

Sound-Alikes

ghwolawldeceive+ dznavoidghwaawlspread oil, anointghardzawltake aroundzghwarawlsavedzghalawldrive, operateghordzawl /shake, throw,ghwardzawlspreadghardzedlfall

-WL(I)

Calendar

Statistics

Map of Afghanistan

Map of NWFP/FATA

Provinces

Regions

Major Cities

Dialects

Tribes

Factions

History

Modern History

1971-2Afghanistan:severe drought.Pakistan: Zulifkar Ali Bhutto is PM. Left begins to rise [PakPeepPrty]. 2nd Dem Era [71-77]

1973Afghanistan [july]:King Zahir Shah [in italy] deposed byformer PM and cousin M. Sardar Daoud Khan. Republic declared. [NatlRevolParty]. RepubAfg.Pakistan:Balochistan rebellion

1977Afghanistan:One party constitution approved by Loya Jirga.Pakistan:M. Zia al-huq takes power in coup.

1978Afghanistan:Saur Revolution [PDPA coup]. Daoud and family killed. DemRepubAfg.

1979Afghanistan:Hafizullah Amin.Pakistan:Bhutto executed by 4-3 decision.

Current Events

Key Individuals

Literature

Scholarship

Proverbs

Landays

Government Structure

Most Common Verbs

Copula

Present Present Past Past

ymshmwmshwmyesheweshwedayshiw()shwdashiwashwayushuwushwuyst(y)shywyshwydishiwesh

Present Present Past Past