Prof. Gretchen V. Santos

The subject is who or what does the verb. I. Subject Pronouns:

Singular:

Plural:

I

We

You

You

He, she, it(for things or animals)

They

II. The predicate is said to modify the subject. A predicate pronoun follows a linking verb and identifies the verb’s subject.

III. A linking verb tells what the subject is. (Ex. Sod houses stayed cool in hot water.).

IV. Interrogative Pronouns: Is used to introduce a question.

Interrogative Pronouns Use Who, whom Refers to people What Refers to things Which Refers to People or specific

things Whose Indicates ownerships or

relationships

Demonstrative Pronouns:

• Points out a person, place, thing or idea.

Singular Plural

This These

That Those

What is a pronoun? Is a word that is used in place of a noun or another pronoun.A subject pronoun: Is used as a subject in a sentence or as a predicate pronoun after a linking verb.Pronouns as subjects: Use a subject pronoun to substitute a subject.

Singular PluralMy, mine Our, oursYour, yours Your, yoursHer, hers, his, its Their, theirs

• Possessive pronoun is a personal pronoun used to show ownership or relationship.

• Possessive Nouns= Form of a noun that shows ownership or relationship.

• Compound Nouns= Is made of two or more words used together as a single noun.

•Personal Pronouns= They indicates persons, numbers and cases. (Singular form I, You, He/ Plural form We, You and they).

•Object Pronouns= It is used as a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of a preposition. (Singular me, you, him, her, it/Plural us you and them).

• Possessive Pronouns= Is a personal pronoun used to show ownership or a relationship.

• Reflexive Pronouns= Refers to the subject and directs the action of the verb back to the subject.

Ex. Houdini called himself a master escape.• Intensive Pronouns=Emphasizes a noun or

another pronoun in the same sentence. Ex. You yourselves have seen magic shows on tv.

Singular

Plural Singular or plural

Another everyone

Both All

anybody everything Few Any

Anyone Neither Many MostAnything nobody Several NoneEach No-one SomeEither Nothing Everybody

Indefinite Pronoun does not refer to a specific person, place, thing or idea.

Singular PluralMy, mine Our, oursYour, yours Your, yoursHer, hers, his, its

Their, theirs

Possessive pronoun is a personal pronoun used to show ownership or relationship.

I. Kind of Clauses:a. A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb.b. Independent Clauses= Expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. c. Subordinate(dependent)Clauses= Contains a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought.

Verb Is a word used to express an action, a condition or a state of being.

Simple predicate Is the main word or words in the complete predicate.

Sentence Is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.

Basic parts of the sentence Subject and predicate.

Simple subject Is the main word in a sentence. Is what the sentences is talking about.

Direct object Is a word or a group of words that names the receiver of the action of an action verb.

Common Noun A general name for a person, place, thing or idea.

Verb phrase Is made up of a main verb and one or more helping verbs.

Action verbs tell about something a person, animal, force of nature or thing can do or be.

addallowbakebangcallchasedamage dropendescapefastenfixgathergrabhanghug

imagineitchjogjumpkick knitlandlockmarchmixnamenotice obeyopenpasspromisequestionreachrinse scatter

staytalkturnuntieusevanish visitwalkworkyawnyellzipzoom

amarearebeingappear

bebecomefeelgetgrow

have/has beenislielookmight be

might have beenproveremainseemsit

smellsoundstaytasteturnwere

Linking verbs do not show action. Instead, they connect nouns and pronouns to other information in the sentence. Here are some examples:My sister is smart.The picture appeared blurry. Your supper smells delicious.The most common linking verbs are listed here:

maymightmustbe

beingbeenamare

iswasweredo

doesdidshouldcould

wouldhavehadhas

willcanshall

Helping verbs do not stand alone or express action. They are part of verb phrases that "help" the main verb. Helping verbs define the tense (past, present, future) or change the meaning of the main verb. Consider these examples:Do you need a tissue? We are helping the third-grade class.Hank might have been driving the wrong way.This list has commonly-used helping verbs:

An adverb is a modifying part of speech. It describes verbs, other adverbs, adjectives, and

phrases. They are used to describe how, where, when, how often and why something happens.

Here are a few examples:

Verb- The cat climbed quickly up the tree. (quickly describes how the cat climbed)

Adverb- Mike worked very carefully on his paper. (very shows how carefully he worked) Adjective-

She is nearly ready to go. (nearly tells to what extent she is ready)

Adverbs of manner describe how something happens. Where there are two or more verbs in a

sentence, adverb placement affects the meaning. Some commonly used adverbs of manner

include:

loudlypatientlyquicklyquietlyand well.

carefullycorrectlyeagerlyeasilyfast

Consider the following example:

She decided to write her paper. (no adverbs)

She quickly decided to write her paper. (her decision was quick)

She decided to write her paper quickly. (her writing was quick)

Adverbs of place describe where something happens. Most adverbs of place are also used as prepositions.

Some commonly used examples include the following:

abroad

anywhere

downstairs

here

home

in

nowhere

out

outside

somewhere

there

underground

upstairs.

I wanted to go upstairs.She has lived in the city since June. (in the city prepositional phrase)�

Adverbs of purpose describe why something happens. Here are some common

examples:

so

so that

to

in order to

because

since

accidentally

intentionally

and purposely.

Jenny walks carefully to avoid falling.Bob accidentally broke the vase.

Adverbs of frequency describe how often something happens. The following

adverbs are commonly used in this way:

always

every

never

often

rarely

seldom

sometimes

and usually.

Mackenzie gets a ride from her brother every day.The fish usually swims near the top of its tank.

Adverbs of time describe when something happens. These

examples are commonly used:

.

He came home before dark.It will be too dark to play outside soon.Jessica finished her supper first.Andy left school early.

afteralreadyduringfinallyjustlastlaternextnow

recentlysoonthentomorrowwhenwhileand yesterday

A

abnormally absentmindedly accidentally acidly actually adventurously afterwards almost always angrily annually anxiously arrogantly awkwardly

B

badly bashfully beautifully bitterly bleakly blindly blissfully boastfully boldly bravely briefly brightly briskly broadly busily

C

calmly carefully carelessly cautiously certainly cheerfully clearly cleverly closely coaxingly colorfully commonly continually coolly correctly courageously crossly cruelly curiously

D

daily daintily dearly deceivingly delightfully deeply defiantly deliberately delightfully diligently dimly doubtfully dreamily

E

easily elegantly energetically enormously enthusiastically equally especially even evenly eventually exactly excitedly extremely

F

fairly faithfully famously far fast fatally ferociously fervently fiercely fondly foolishly fortunately frankly frantically freely frenetically frightfully fully furiously

G

generally generously gently gladly gleefully gracefully gratefully greatly greedily

H

happily hastily healthily heavily helpfully helplessly highly honestly hopelessly hourly hungrily

I

immediately innocently inquisitively instantly intensely intently interestingly inwardly irritably

J

jaggedly jealously joshingly joyfully joyously jovially jubilantly judgementally justly

K

keenly kiddingly kindheartedly kindly kissingly knavishly knottily knowingly knowledgeably kookily

L

lazily less lightly likely limply lively loftily longingly loosely lovingly loudly loyally

M

madly majestically meaningfully mechanically merrily miserably mockingly monthly more mortally mostly mysteriously

N

naturally nearly neatly needily nervously never nicely noisily not

O

obediently obnoxiously oddly offensively officially often only openly optimistically overconfidently owlishly

P

painfully partially patiently perfectly physically playfully politely poorly positively potentially powerfully promptly properly punctually

Q

quaintly quarrelsomely queasily queerly questionably questioningly quicker quickly quietly quirkily quizzically

R

rapidly rarely readily really reassuringly recklessly regularly reluctantly repeatedly reproachfully restfully righteously rightfully rigidly roughly rudely

U

ultimately unabashedly unaccountably unbearably unethically unexpectedly unfortunately unimpressively unnaturally unnecessarily utterly upbeat

V

vacantly vaguely vainly valiantly vastly verbally very viciously victoriously violently vivaciously voluntarily

W

warmly weakly wearily well wetly wholly wildly willfully wisely woefully wonderfully worriedly

Gerund= Is a verb form that ends in ing and acts as a noun.

A preposition describes a relationship between other words in a sentence. In itself, a word like "in" or "after" is rather meaningless and hard to define in mere words. For instance, when you do try to define a preposition like "in" or "between" or "on," you invariably use your hands to show how something is situated in relationship to something else. Prepositions are nearly always combined with other words in structures called prepositional phrases.

Prepositional phrases can be made up of a million different words, but they tend to be built the same: a preposition followed by a determiner and an adjective or two, followed by a pronoun or noun (called the object of the preposition). This whole phrase, in turn, takes on a modifying role, acting as an adjective or an adverb, locating something in time and space, modifying a noun, or telling when or where or under what conditions something happened.

Consider :You can sit before the desk (or in front of the desk). The professor can sit on the desk (when he's being informal) or behind the desk, and then his feet are under the desk or beneath the desk. He can stand beside the desk (meaning next to the desk), before the desk, between the desk and you, or even on the desk (if he's really strange). If he's clumsy, he can bump into the desk or try to walk through the desk (and stuff would fall off the desk).

Passing his hands over the desk or resting his elbows upon the desk, he often looks across the desk and speaks of the desk or concerning the desk as if there were nothing else like the desk. Because he thinks of nothing except the desk, sometimes you wonder about the desk, what's in the desk, what he paid for the desk, and if he could live without the desk. You can walk toward the desk, to the desk, around the desk, by the desk, and even past the desk while he sits at the desk or leans against the desk.

Prepositions= Shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence. English speakers use prepositions in both formal and everyday communication. Without them, the English language would sound short and choppy.

Prepositions connect nouns, pronouns, and phrases with other words in a sentence. It gives information about location, direction, space, or time. Prepositions are usually part of a phrase because they often have a noun or pronoun after them. Here are two examples of prepositions in sentences.

The dog jumped over the fence. I will go to the doctor.

The main job of prepositions is to create relationships between words. How is the dog related to the fence? It jumped over the fence. How am I related to the doctor? I am going to the doctor

Prepositional phrases can also act like adverbs or adjectives. Remember that adverbs describe verbs (actions and being), and adjectives describe nouns and pronouns (ideas, people, places, and things).

As an adverb - The children crossed the street with caution.The prepositional phrase "with caution" describes the way the children crossed the street.

As an adjective - He lives in the house with the red roof.The prepositional phrase "with the red roof" describes the house in a specific way.

A through D aboardaboutaboveabsentacrossafter

againstalong

alongsideamid

amidstamong

anti around

asat

atopbeforebehindbelow

beneathbeside

besides betweenbeyond

but by

concerning considering

despitedown during

E through M

exceptexceptingexcluding

following

forfrom

in

in front of inside

instead of into

like

mid

minus

N through R

nearnext

ofoffon

on top of onto

oppositeout of outside

over

pastper plus

regarding

round

S through W

savesince

than

throughtill

timesto

towardtowards

under

underneathunlike untilup

upon

versus via

with

withinwitho

List of the Most Common Prepositions

The GerundRecognize a gerund when you see one.Every gerund, without exception, ends in ing. Gerunds are not, however, all that easy to identify. The problem is that all present participles also end in ing. What is the difference?Gerunds function as nouns. Thus, gerunds will be subjects, subject complements, direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions. Present participles, on the other hand, complete progressive verbs or act as modifiers. Read these examples of gerunds:Since Francisco was five years old, swimming has been his passion.Swimming = subject of the verb has been.Francisco's first love is swimming.Swimming = subject complement of the verb is.Francisco enjoys swimming more than spending time with his girlfriend Diana.Swimming = direct object of the verb enjoys.Francisco gives swimming all of his energy and time.Swimming = indirect object of the verb gives.When Francisco wore dive fins to class, everyone knew that he was devoted to swimming.Swimming = object of the preposition to.These ing words are examples of present participles:One day last summer, Francisco and his coach were swimming at Daytona Beach.Swimming = present participle completing the past progressive verb were swimming.A great white shark ate Francisco's swimming coach.Swimming = present participle modifying coach.Now Francisco practices his sport in safe swimming pools.Swimming = present participle modifying pools.

Copy out the following passage. Underline the subject(nouns/pronouns) and circle

the predicate.

• The heavy seas were breaking over the stone jetty. It battered the ship through the narrow entrance to the inner harbour. Her captain was exhausted. The brave man had been standing on the open bridge for many hours, steering the stricken ship to a safe mooring.

Conjunctions= Connects words or groups of words.Coordinating Conjunctions

and but or yet for nor so

A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence.

Coordinating Conjunctions The simple, little conjunctions are called coordinating conjunctions (you can click on the words to see specific descriptions of each one):

(It may help you remember these conjunctions by recalling that they all have fewer than four letters. Also, remember the acronym FANBOYS: For-And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So. Be careful of the words then and now; neither is a coordinating

conjunction, so what we say about coordinating conjunctions' roles in a sentence and punctuation does not apply to those two words.)

Definition

• When a coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses, it is often (but not always) accompanied by a comma:

• Ulysses wants to play for UConn, but he has had trouble meeting the academic requirements.

• When the two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction are nicely balanced or brief, many writers will omit the comma:

• Ulysses has a great jump shot but he isn't quick on his feet.• The comma is always correct when used to separate two independent

clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction. See Punctuation Between Two Independent Clauses for further help.

• A comma is also correct when and is used to attach the last item of a serial list, although many writers (especially in newspapers) will omit that final comma:

• Ulysses spent his summer studying basic math, writing, and reading comprehension.

When a coordinating conjunction is used to connect all the elements in a series, a comma is not used:• Presbyterians and Methodists and Baptists are the prevalent Protestant congregations in Oklahoma.A comma is also used with but when expressing a contrast: • This is a useful rule, but difficult to remember.In most of their other roles as joiners (other than joining independent clauses, that is), coordinating conjunctions can join two sentence elements without the help of a comma.• Hemingway and Fitzgerald are among the American expatriates of the between-the-wars era. • Hemingway was renowned for his clear style and his insights into American notions of male identity.

• a. To suggest that one idea is chronologically sequential to another: "Tashonda sent in her applications and waited by the phone for a response."

• b. To suggest that one idea is the result of another: "Willie heard the weather report and promptly boarded up his house."

• c. To suggest that one idea is in contrast to another (frequently replaced by but in this usage): "Juanita is brilliant and Shalimar has a pleasant personality.

Conjunction AND

Conjunction AND

• d. To suggest an element of surprise (sometimes replaced by yet in this usage): "Hartford is a rich city and suffers from many symptoms of urban blight."

• e. To suggest that one clause is dependent upon another, conditionally (usually the first clause is an imperative): "Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt."

• f. To suggest a kind of "comment" on the first clause: "Charlie became addicted to gambling — and that surprised no one who knew him."

BUT

• To suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause: "Joey lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to live quite comfortably."

• To suggest in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence implied in a negative way (sometimes replaced by on the contrary): "The club never invested foolishly, but used the services of a sage investment counselor."

BUT

• To connect two ideas with the meaning of "with the exception of" (and then the second word takes over as subject): "Everybody but Golden breath is trying out for the team."

OR • To suggest that only one possibility can be

realized, excluding one or the other: "You can study hard for this exam or you can fail."

• To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives: "We can broil chicken on the grill tonight, or we can just eat leftovers.

OR

• To suggest a refinement of the first clause: "Smith College is the premier all-women's college in the country, or so it seems to most Smith College alumnae."

• To suggest a restatement or "correction" of the first part of the sentence: "There are no rattlesnakes in this canyon, or so our guide tells us."

OR

• To suggest a negative condition: "The New Hampshire state motto is the rather grim "Live free or die."

• To suggest a negative alternative without the use of an imperative (see use of and above): "They must approve his political style or they wouldn't keep electing him mayor."

Correlative ConjunctionsSome conjunctions combine with other words to form what are called correlative conjunctions. They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal. • She led the team not only in statistics but also by virtue of her enthusiasm. • Polonius said, "Neither a borrower nor a lender be." • Whether you win this race or lose it doesn't matter as long as you do your best.

Correlative conjunctions sometimes create problems in parallel form. Click HERE for help with those problems. Here is a brief list of common correlative conjunctions.• both . . . and• not only . . . but also• not . . . but• either . . . or neither . . . nor• whether . . . or• as . . . as

SENTENCES VOICES

Using the Active Voice to Strengthen Your Writing

Writing in the active voice means constructing sentences where the subject “acts”:

•I threw the ball.•You are making too much noise.•Ben will eat popcorn and watch a movie tomorrow evening.

In each of these sentences, the subject (I, You and Ben respectively) performs the action of the verb (threw, making, will watch). The sentences are punchy, direct and make it clear who’s doing what.SUBJECT+VERB+PREDICATE.

PASSIVE VOICE

• The passive voice is used whenever the subject of the sentence is not actually performing the action of the verb. It can be used with inanimate objects (The car was started.) or it can be used to change the main focus of the sentence (The paper was written by Bob., rather than Bob wrote the paper.). There is a passive form of every verb 'tense' in English. For a complete list of all the verb 'tenses' in both active and passive, you can refer to that list at this web site.

PAST PARTICIPLE• Part #3 - Past Participle

• The past participle is used in the formation of the perfect tenses, past and present, and in combination with progressive verbs, to form the majority of verb 'tenses' in English. It is also used to form the passive form of all the verb 'tenses'. The past perfect is used for activities that began and ended in the past in combination with the simple past (She had been to Europe several times before she went to Italy.), as well as for past time hypothetical situations (If I had won the lottery, I would have moved to Jamaica.). The present perfect is used for present time references (I have finished my homework.), for activities which began in the past, but continue into the present (I have lived here for 6 years.), and for the recent past with an unspecified time reference (I have found a new apartment.).

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

• The past perfect progressive is also used for activities in the past, frequently with the simple past (I had been planning to leave when the boss called.). The present perfect progressive is used for activities which began in the past, and continue into the present (I have been speaking French for 10 years.).

Rules

• The principal parts of the English verb are the base form, the simple past, and the past participle. For regular verbs, the simple past and the past participle are spelled the same and are created by adding -ed to the base form. However, there are many irregular verbs in English which do not conform to this pattern.

Rules

• The additional forms of the verb in English are the -s form (3rd person singular present), and the present participle, which is created by adding -ing to the base form. There are no irregular forms of the present participle, so the spelling of any verb will adhere to the rules of spelling for regular inflection.

Rules

• Verbs in English can be classified according to three different criteria: tense (present, past), aspect (perfect, progressive), and modality. There are only 2 true tenses in English, simple present and simple past, where the actual spelling of the word changes to reflect the change of tense.

EXAMPLE

Verb 'Tenses' In English

Verb 'Tenses' In English

Rules for Using the Principal Parts of the Verb

• Part #2 - Simple Past • The simple past is used for just that, activities

which began and ended in the past. This form is frequently used in historical writing (e.g., history textbooks). For regular verbs, the simple past is formed by adding -ed to the base form. Irregular verbs are included on another list at this web site.

EXAMPLE

Irregular Verbs

Irregular Verbs

Irregular Verbs

Irregular Verbs

Irregular Verbs

Base Form Simple Past Tense Past Participle

Hit hit hit

Hold held held

Hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit

know knew know

lay laid laid

lead led led

leap leaped/leapt leaped/leapt

learn learned/learnt learned/learnt

leave left left

Irregular Verbs

Base Form Simple Past Tense Past Participle

lie lay lain

light lighted/lit lighted

lose lost lost

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

misspell misspelled/misspelt misspelled/misspelt

mistake mistook mistaken

mow mowed mowed/mown

Irregular Verbs Base Form Simple Past Tense Past Participle

overtake overtook overtaken

overthrow overthrew overthrown

pay paid paid

plead pled pled

prove proved proved/proven

put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

Irregular Verbs Base Form Simple Past Tense Past Participle

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

sew sewed sewed/sewn

shake shook shaken

shave shaved shaved/shaven

shear shore shorn

Irregular Verbs

Base Form Simple Past Tense Past Participle

shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone

shoe shoed shoed/shod

shoot shot shot

show showed showed/shown

shrink shrank shrunk

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

Irregular Verbs Base Form Simple Past Tense Past Participle

slay slew slain

slide slid slid

sling slung slung

slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowed/sown

speak spoke spoken

speed sped sped

spend spent spent

spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt

spin spun spun

spit spit/spat spit

split split split

Irregular Verbs

Base Form Simple Past Tense Past Participlestand stood stoodsteal stole stolenstick stuck stucksting stung stungstink stank stunkstride strod striddenstrike struck struckstring strung strungstrive strove strivenswear swore swornsweep swept sweptswell swelled swelled/swollen swim swam swumswing swung swung

Irregular Verbs Base Form Simple Past Tense Past Participletear tore torntell told toldthink thought thoughtthrive thrived/throve thrivedthrow threw thrownthrust thrust thrusttread trod troddenunderstand understood understooduphold upheld upheldupset upset upsetwake woke wokenwear wore wornweave weaved/wove weaved/wovenwed wed wed

Irregular Verbs

Base Form Simple Past Tense Past Participle

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won

withhold withheld withheld

withstand withstood withstood

wring wrung wrung

write wrote written