Parts of SpeechMiss RiscoeEnglish 8

IMPORTANT…

• ANY NOTES YOU TAKE MAY BE USED ON THE TEST AT THE END OF EACH SECTION!!!!

• IT IS UP TO YOU WHAT YOU WANT TO WRITE DOWN. KEEP IN MIND THAT THE NOTES WILL HELP YOU SCORE HIGHER ON THE TEST

Noun

•Definition: a word used to name a person, place, a thing, or an idea.

•Examples:▫Persons: children, team, Lois Duncan▫Place: neighborhood, New York City,

desert▫Things: money, animals, Statue of Liberty▫Ideas: courage, love, luck

Compound Nouns•Definition: two or more words used

together as a single noun. The parts of a compound noun may be written as one word, as separate words, or as a hyphenated word.

•Examples:▫One Word: seafood, daydream, footsteps▫Separate Words: compact disc, police

officer, The Call of the Wild▫Hyphenated Words: self-esteem, sister-in-

law, fourteen-year-old

Collective Nouns

•Definition: a word that names a group.•Examples:

▫Faculty, family, team, committee, audience

Common Nouns and Proper Nouns•Definition: a common noun names any

one of a group or persons, places, things, or ideas.

•Definition: a proper noun names a particular person, place, thing, or idea. They always begin with a capital letter.Common Nouns Proper Nouns

poem “The Raven,” I Am Joaquin

river Rio Grande, Congo River

day Friday, Independence Day

city Los Angeles, Miami

newspaper The New York Times, USA Today

Concrete Nouns and Abstract Nouns•Definition: a concrete noun names a

person, a place, or thing that can be perceived by one or more of the senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch, or smell).

•Definition: an abstract noun names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic.Concrete Nouns telephone, teacher,

popcorn, Golden Gate Bridge, ocean

Abstract Nouns knowledge, love, humor, competition, beauty

Let’s Review Nouns!!

•A noun names a person, place, thing or idea.

Nouns can be classified in many ways:•Compound•Collective•Common/Proper•Concrete/Abstract

Let’s Review Nouns!• Identify the nouns in the following sentences:1.) We have been reading about patriots in our

textbook.(patriots, textbook)2.) Evanti was the first African American woman to

sing opera anywhere in the world.(Evanti=proper noun) (woman, opera, world=common

noun)3.) Beyonce performed in conert at the White House

for President Bush and his wife.(Beyonce, President Bush, White House=proper noun)(concert, wife=common noun)

Pronoun

•Definition: a word used in place of one noun or more than one noun

•A word that a pronoun stands for is called its antecedent.

•Examples: When Amy saw the signal, she pointed it out

to Michael.Kari read the book and returned it to the

library.

Personal Pronouns

•First person—I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours

•Second person—you, your, yours

•Third person—he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns• Reflexive pronouns direct

the action of the verb back to the subject. These are OFTEN misused.

Examples: myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves

I hurt myself on the playground.

• Intensive pronouns add emphasis and can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence.

I myself prefer spaghetti over lasagna.

Judy designed the costume for the play herself.

Only Juan himself knows the truth about that night.

Demonstrative Pronouns

•Point out a person, place, a thing or an idea

•Examples: this, that, these, those

•This is the day we have been waiting for.

•These are the names of those who volunteered.

Interrogative Pronouns

•Introduces a question

•Examples: what, which, who, whom, whose

•What is the name of the man over there?•Who brought this music?•Whose clothes are these?

Relative Pronouns

•Introduce a subordinate clause

•Examples: that, which, who, whom, whose

•This girl is the one whom we want for the part.

•The Bactrian camel, which has two humps, is native to central Asia.

Indefinite Pronouns

•Refer to a person, place, thing or idea that is not specifically named.

Everyone loves a good laugh.Many will enter, few will win.

See page 442 for a complete list of indefinite pronouns.

Let’s Review Pronouns!• What is the pronoun(s) in the following sentences:1.) I myself cooked that delicious dinner.2.) He gave it to her.

• Identify each pronoun and antecedent in the following sentences:

1.) “I want you to study,” Ms.Gaines said to the class.(pronoun=I,you)(Antecedent=Ms.Gaines,class)

2.) The children made lunch themselves.(pronoun=themselves ; antecedent= children)

Adjective

•Definition: a word used to modify a noun or a pronoun.

•Adjectives tell what kind, which one, how much, or how many. ********

What kind? Which one? How much?OrHow many?

Tall womanSteep mountainTired dogExciting story

Another oneLast answerThat dressThis year

Less timeMany mistakesSeveral othersMore money

Proper Adjectives

•Definition: formed from a proper noun and begins with a capital letter.

Proper Noun Proper Adjective

Africa African nations

Shakespeare Shakespearean drama

China Chinese calendar

Let’s Review Adjectives!• Identify the adjective and the noun or

pronoun each modifies:1.) A woman, kind and helpful, gave us

directions.(adjectives=kind, helpful ; noun=woman)2.) After I turn the corner away from the busy

avenue, I am on a quiet street.(adjectives=busy, quiet; noun=avenue, street)3.) This walk home always makes me feel

tired but happy.(adjectives=this,tired,happy; noun=walk

pronoun=me)

Changing Parts of Speech•Many words can be used as different parts

of speech, either nouns, pronouns, or adjectives. You must learn how to tell the difference.

Example:•I like school. (school is a noun)•I don’t like school uniforms. (school is an

adjective)•I won’t put up with that. (that is a pronoun)•I won’t put up with that behavior. (that is an

adj.)

How to decide which POS it is?

•Step one: Is it an adjective? Is it describing something by telling which one, what kind or how many about a noun/pronoun in the sentence?

•Step two: Is it replacing a noun? If so, then it is a pronoun.

•Step three: If no to step 1 and 2, then it is probably a noun—a person, place, thing or idea.

Noun, Pronoun, or Adjective?• I see you are serving

cookies. May I have one?

• I can count backwards from ten to one.

• We took our test after just one day of studying!

• Pronoun

• Noun

• Adjective

Let’s Review Once More….• NOUN

• PRONOUN

• ADJECTIVE

• Names a person, place, thing or idea. Can be compound, collective, proper/common, concrete/abstract.

• Replaces one or more nouns. There are personal, reflexive, intensive, demonstrative, interrogative, relative and indefinite pronouns.

• Describes a noun or pronoun be telling WHICH ONE, WHAT KIND, or HOW MANY. There are also articles (a, an, the) and proper adjectives

Verb

•Definition: a word used to express action or a state of being.

•All verbs are either ACTION or LINKING

Action Verbs

•Definition: may express physical action or mental action.

Examples:Physical action - jump, shout, search, carry,

runMental action - worry, think, imagine,

remember

Find the Action Verbs…

•I tried to call my mom, but the phone lines were busy.

(tried, call)•The scientist studied the ant colony.(studied)•Mario knew the answer to every question

on the test.(knew)

Action Verbs: Transitive and Intransitive• Transitive Verbs

express an action that is directed toward a person or thing (object)

• Intransitive Verbs express action without passing the action to a receiver. (no object)

• Joel held the baby.• Loretta brought

flowers.(objects=baby, flowers)

• Samuel sang at the party.

• The twins played quietly.

Is it Transitive or Intransitive?• Janet swam ten laps.• Janet swam well.• The teacher read aloud.• The teacher read a

poem.• The pilot flew the plane.• The bird flew in the sky.• Let’s eat at 6 pm.• We ate a delicious

dinner.

• Transitive• Intransitive• Intransitive• Transitive• Transitive• Intransitive• Intransitive• Transitive

REMEMBER…

•All verbs are either ACTION or LINKING.•ACTION VERBS: Can be TRANSITIVE OR

INTRANSITIVE•LINKING verbs are different—let’s see

what they do!

Linking Verbs

•Definition: links, or connects, the subject with a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective in the predicate.

Examples:The star’s name is Cameron Diaz.The watermelon looks ripe.

Commonly Used Linking Verbs…•Forms of BE

is, am, are, was, were, be, being been

•Other common linking verbsappear, become, feel, grow, look,

remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, turn, taste

Practice with Linking Verbs

•Marie Curie became a famous scientist.•Troy is one of the finalists.•Wild animals remain free on the animal

reserves of Africa.•The banana turned brown.•This soups tastes disgusting!•The courageous men were all firefighters.

Is it Action or Linking?• My sister grew an inch last

year.• We grew tired after all that

shopping!• Do you feel the wind on your

face?• I feel sorry about your loss.• The roses smell quite

fragrant!• I smell something cooking.• Please remain in your

classrooms.• The students remained calm

during the fire drill.

• Action• Linking• Action• Linking• Linking• Action• Action• Linking

Remember…all verbs are

ACTION VERBS or LINKING VERBSJoin the subject

Transitive or Intransitive to a noun,pronoun or adjin the predicate

Has Object No object

Verb Phrases

•A Verb Phrase consists of a main verb preceded by at least one helping verb.

Seiji Ozawa will conduct many outstanding orchestras.

He has been praised for his fine conducting.

His recordings should be heard by anyone interested in classical music.

He will be leading the orchestra tonight.

Helping Verbs (cont. on next slide)

COMMONLY USED HELPING VERBS

AM ARE BE BEEN BEING ISWAS WERE DO DOES DID HAVE HAS HAD CAN MAY MUST SHOULDWOULD COULD MIGHT SHALL WILL

Commonly Used Helping VerbsForms of be

am, are, be, being, was, were, are, been, is, were

Forms of dodo, does, did

Forms of havehave, has, had

Other helping verbs: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, would, will

Some “tricks” with verb phrases• Some helping verbs can also be main verbs(Did he do his homework?)• Sometimes (especially in questions), the main

verb and the helping verbs are separated.(How much do you really know about the

situation?)(Students have sometimes forgotten their

notebooks.)(They will not believe you.)• ** THE WORD “NOT” IS NEVER A HELPING

VERB!!!!***

Practice with Verb Phrases• People may someday

communicate with dolphins.• How much do you like the

blue dress?• Because of the fog, we

could not see the road.• He didn’t understand the

problem.• They will ask him in the

morning.• Harry might look for a job

tomorrow.• The youngsters can’t decide

on a movie to watch.• My mom wouldn’t let me go

to the store.

• May communicate• Do like• Could see

• Did understand• Did ask• Might look• Can decide

• Would let

Is it Action or Linking?• We received a letter

in the mail.• The door was open

after the storm.• The man was crying

after his daughter left.

• In the morning, we will be so tired.

• Do you feel anxious before a test?

• Received—action

• Was—linking

• Was crying—action

• Will be—linking

• Do feel--linking

Let’s Review Verbs!•Find the verb(s) in the following sentences:

1.) We celebrated the Chinese New Year yesterday.

(celebrated)2.) Mr. Lopez is baking bread.(is, baking)3.) Many people in Africa can speak more than

one language.(can=helping verb;speak=verb)4.) Kansas has been named the Sunflower

State.(has, been=helping verbs; named=verb)

Adverb•Definition: a word used to modify a verb,

an adjective, or another adverb.•Adverbs tell where, when, how, or to

what extent (how much or how long).•Examples:Where: The forest fire started here.When: The police arrived promptly.How: The accident occurred suddenly.What Extent: We should never deceive our

friends.

Adverbs that describe adjectives•I have had a very hard day.•I answered almost all the questions!•The boys encountered especially difficult

obstacles.•Some students told unusually funny

stories.

You must find the adjective first and then see if another word is telling when, where, how or to what extent.

Adverbs that describe other adverbs•Elena finished the problem more quickly

than I did.•Our guest left quite abruptly.•You answered the question so perfectly

that I was quite completely amazed.

First you must find the adverb and then see if another adverb is telling when, where, how or to what extent (usually to what extent)

Practice with adverbs….• Have you always known

that you wanted to be a teacher?

• The man looked everywhere for his little dog.

• If you occasionally ask a question, you will understand better.

• My mother often sends me gifts in the mail.

• We were pleasantly surprised by the slightly warm weather.

• You read so well!

• Always (when)

• Everywhere (where)

• Occasionally (when)better (to what extent)

• Often (when)

• Pleasantly (how)slightly (to what extent)

• So (to what extent)well (how)

Let’s Review Adverbs!•Find the adverb in the following sentences:

1.) The sprinter ran swiftly.(swiftly)2.) Put the apples there, and we’ll eat them

later.(there, later)3.) I have always been a real music lover.(always)4.) We often study together.(often)

Let’s review adverbs once more…•What do adverbs describe?VerbsAdjectivesOther adverbs•What do adverbs tell?WhenWhereHowTo what extent

Preposition

•A preposition is a word used to show the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word in the sentence.

A change in preposition can change the whole meaning of the sentence!

Examples

•The package under the tree is mine.•The package in the tree is mine.•The package near the tree is mine.•The package in front of the tree is mine.•The package behind the tree is mine.

Commonly Used PrepositionsAboard before in overAbout behind in addition to pastAbove below in front of sinceAccording to beneath inside throughAcross beside in spite of throughoutAfter besides instead of toAgainst between into towardAlong beyond like underAlong with but near underneathAmid by next to untilAmong of unto downAround off up duringAside from on upon exceptAs of on account of with forAt out within fromBecause of out of without

So many possibilities…!

•Use a different preposition from the list to change the meaning of this sentence:

•I wrote a letter ________ Tim.

•To, for, from, about, with, because of, like, after, in spite of

Prepositional Phrase•A preposition is usually followed by a

noun or pronoun. The preposition, its object, and the modifiers of the object are called a prepositional phrase.

Example:The wagon train slowly traveled across

the dusty prairie. [the prepositional phrase consists of the preposition across, its object prairie, and two adjectives modifying the object – the and dusty.]

Let’s Review Prepositional Phrases!•Find the prepositional phrase below:1.) It happened during the last examination.(during the last examination)2.) The books in my backpack are heavy.(in my backpack)3.) You can press those leaves under the

glass.(under the glass)4.) The car raced along the highway.(along the highway)

Conjunction

•Definition: a word used to join words or groups of words.

•Linda or Mark•Small but comfortable

Coordinating Conjunctions

And but or nor for so yet

Correlative Conjunctions

•Correlative conjunctions do the same work as coordinating conjunctions, but they work in pairs.

Both…andeither…or neither…nor

Whether…or not only…but also

Interjection

•Definition: a word used to express emotion. It does not have a grammatical relation to other words in the sentence.

Examples:Oh! You surprised me.Wow! Am I tired!Well, I did my best.

Here’s a look at all eight….• Noun

person, place, thing, idea• Pronoun

replace one or more nouns or other pronouns

• Adjectivedescribes nouns and pronounswhich one, what kind, how many

• Verbexpresses action or state of beingall verbs are action or linking

• Adverbdescribes verbs, adjectives or other adverbswhen, where, how, to what extent

• Prepositionshows a relationship between an object and other words in the sentence.Always begin a prep phrase

• Conjunctionjoins words or groups of words

• Interjectionexpresses emotion