Partition of Bengal to Khilafat Movement - Copy

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Partition of Bengal (1905) and Muslim League (1906) Muhammad Hamza Shafqaat

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Transcript of Partition of Bengal to Khilafat Movement - Copy

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Partition of Bengal (1905) and Muslim League (1906)

Muhammad Hamza Shafqaat

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Paritition• Partition of Bengal, 1905 effected on 16 October

during the viceroyalty of LORD CURZON (1899-1905), proved to be a momentous event in the history of modern Bengal. admittedly much too large for a single province of British India.

• Annulment of Partition: The British government revoked the partition to avoid trouble on the visit of King George V. The Muslims were disappointed by the government response to the violent strategy of protests adopted by the Hindus

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Reasons

• This premier province grew too vast for efficient administration and required re-organisation and intelligent division

• The division was made on geographical rather than on an avowedly communal basis

• Area of 189,000 sq miles• Population in 1903 had arisen to 78.5 million• Problems of Famine• Development of Assam

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Chronology of Events• Published in January 1904.• Curzon’s Tour • Assent of Bengal and Asaam• New Province included Chittagong, Dhaka and Rajshahi

(excluding Darjeeling) and the district of Malda amalgamated with Assam

• Bengal was to surrender not only these large territories on the east but also to cede to the Central Provinces the five Hindi-speaking states. On the west it would gain Sambalpur and a minor tract of five Uriya-speaking states from the Central Provinces. Bengal would be left with an area of 141,580 sq. miles and a population of 54 million, of which 42 million would be Hindus and 9 million Muslims

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Reaction by Hindus• Lawyers• Journalists• Business Community• Educated Elite• Hindu Nationalists• Anglo-Indian and British Press• Indian National Conference• Swadeshi Movement• Students

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Initial Reaction By Muslims

• Muslim Press and Leaders• Mohammedan Provincial Union• Farizi and Wahabi Movements• Economic Apprehensions• Factor of Land System in Bengal

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Strong Reaction by Muslims

• Islamic Conference in Dhaka 1906• Hindu Muslims Riots• Formation of Muslim League• Bampfylde Fuller Lt, Governor

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Effect on Muslims• The Partition of Bengal of 1905 left a profound impact on the political

history of India. From a political angle the measure accentuated Hindu-Muslim differences in the region. One point of view is that by giving the Muslim's a separate territorial identity in 1905 and a communal electorate through the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 the British Government in a subtle manner tried to neutralise the possibility of major Muslim participation in the Indian National Congress.

• The Partition of Bengal indeed marks a turning point in the history of nationalism in India. It may be said that it was out of the travails of Bengal that Indian nationalism was born. By the same token the agitation against the partition and the terrorism that it generated was one of the main factors which gave birth to Muslim nationalism and encouraged them to engage in separatist politics. The birth of the Muslim League in 1906 at Dacca (Dhaka) bears testimony to this. The annulment of the partition sorely disappointed not only the Bengali Muslims but also the Muslims of the whole of India. They felt that loyalty did not pay but agitation does. Thereafter, the dejected Muslims gradually took an anti-British stance.

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All India Muslim League

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Simla Deputation

• The Simla Deputation of 1906 was the first systematic attempt on the part of the Muslims to present their demands, to the British government and to seek their acceptance.

• The Simla deputation comprised 35 Muslims • from all over India under Sir Agha Khan with the help

of Mr. William Archbold.• The Viceroy was sympathetic towards the demands. It

encouraged the Muslims to launch struggle for their rights parallel to the Indian National Congress but it required an organized platform

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Demands of The Deputation

• Representation more than their population because of their importance.

• Separate electorate • Reservations of Muslims seats in government jobs. • Special share in Municipal or district boards,

University senates and syndicates • Muslim representation in Viceroy Executive Council. • Muslim University at Aligarh.

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Founding Fathers

• Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah• Cooper Trapp• Nawab Mohsi n ul Mulk• Syed Ameer Ali• Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi• Admirers, companions, and followers of the

Aligarh Movement

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Formation of Muslim LeagueTime had come to formally organize the Muslims after the success of the Simla Deputation. The Muslim leaders desired to create a permanent political forum. After the meeting of the Mohammedan Educational Conference, the Muslim leaders met to set up the All India Muslim League. Wiqar-ul-Mulk chaired the meeting. Nawab Salimullah proposed Muslim League and Hakim Ajmal Khan and Maulana Zafar Ali Khan seconded.

• In the Karachi session Dec. 1907 its constitution was approved and in March 1908 at Aligarh, Agha Khan was formally elected its president.

• London Branch: May 1908 Justice Amir Ali Syed organized a branch of Muslim League at London and responded effectively to the misunderstandings and conspiracies of the Hindus against the Muslims

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Objectives Following were the objectives of the Muslim League:• 1. To inculcate among Muslims a feeling of loyalty to

the government and to disabuse their minds of misunderstandings and misconceptions of its actions and intentions.

• 2. To protect and advance the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India and to represent their needs and aspirations to the government from time to time.

• 3. To prevent the growth of ill will between Muslims and other nationalities without compromising to it's own purposes.

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Change in the Goals of the Muslim League 1913

• Important developments occurred during the first decade of the 20th century like annulment of the Partition of Bengal and Western aggression towards Muslim countries, Balkan wars, Libya-Italy war, Demolition of the mosque in Kawnpur (1913), etc. weakened Muslim faith in the British. This led to a major drift in the Muslim League’s policy. In 1913, the League changed its goals:

• Self government under the British Crown keeping in view the peculiar conditions in India.

• Good relations with other communities’ cooperation with any party working for similar goals.

This change brought the ML and Congress closer. In this way the era of cooperation between Hindus and Muslims set in. The role of the Quaid-i-Azam is highly noteworthy to bring the Congress and the Muslim League to the table. He joined the Muslim League in 1913

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Efforts of Hindu Muslim Unity, Lucknow Pact and Khilafat

MovementLecture Number 8

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Background

• Sir Syed’s Legacy• Nawab Wiqar-ul-Mulk• Weaknesses in Pro-British Policy– Interests of British– Need of steps towards freedom– Anti-British tradition in Muslim Religious Thought

• Annulment of Partition of Bengal

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Efforts of Hindu Muslim Unity

• Maulana Shibli’s article“A turning point in Muslim Politics”

• Difference in Congress and Muslim League Objectives

• Left and Right Wing of Muslim League• World War I and Muslim Suspicions

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Jinnah as Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity

• Jinnah’s enrolment in Muslim League• Concept of Indian Nationality• Annual Session of both parties in Bomay

(1915)• Jinnah and Mazhar-ul-Haq• Defence of India Act and Press Act• Architect of Lucknow Pact

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Jinnah as Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity

“Towards the Hindus our attitude should be of good will and brotherly feelings. Co-operation in the cause of our motherland should be our guiding principle. India’s real progress can only be achieved by a true understanding and harmonious relations between the two great sister communities. With regards to our own affairs, we can depend upon nobody but ourselves”

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Lucknow Pact

• The right of Muslim Separate electrorate was accepted by the Congress

• Both Muslim League and Congress jointly demanded self-rule from the government for the provinces

• Muslims were to constitute 1/3rd of elected members of the central council

• Muslims were given weightage in Muslim Minority provinces and the Hindus will be given weightage in Muslim Majority provinces

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Lucknow Pact

• No bill or clause or a resolution introduced by a non-official member affecting one or the other community shall be presented in the assembly without approval of concerned group

• Pujab 50%, UP 30%, Bengal 40%, Bihar 25%, CP 15%, Madras 15% and Bombbay 33%

• Judiciary to be separated from Executive

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Analysis and Effects

• Concessions and compromise from Both Sides• Separate Electorates• Compromise in Majority Provinces• Advantage in Minority Provinces• Era of Hindu Muslim Unity• Incorporations in Government of India Act,

1919 1935

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Analysis and Effects

• K.B. Saeed, Pakistan: The Formative Phase“The Hindu-Muslim concordant of Lucknow was the high-water mark of Hindu Muslim Unity”

• Victory of constitutionliast

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Khilafat Movement

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First Para for PaperWhile Mustafa Kemal Pasha was fighting the British-led European conspiracy to destroy Ottoman/Turkish civilization, the Muslims of the Subcontinent opened a second front against their Britain rulers by launching the Khilafat Movement. The Movement was an expression of the Subcontinent Muslims’ sentimental attachment to the Ottoman Turks, who were perceived as not only the last stronghold of Islam but also their Sultan was viewed as the Caliph of all Muslims. In fact, the spirit of pan-Islamism among the Muslims of British India had been growing ever since the collapse of the Mughal Empire. The Khilafat Movement was led primarily by Muslims leaders but also participated by Hindu leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi. It included mass rallies and arrests, media campaign, non-cooperation tactics and deputations abroad.

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Attitude of Muslims Towards TurksSir Syed

Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan, the founder of Aligarh College, had urged them to stay loyal to the British and emulate the Ottoman Empire’s progressive reforms. Sir Sayyid published articles in his magazine Tehzeebul-Akhlaq, citing examples of Ottoman rulers like Sultan Mahmud II and Sultan Abdul Hamid who, he argued, gave up religious prejudices and saw no harm in taking advantage of European arts and sciences, or in adopting European customs and manners

Deposition of Sultan Abdul Hamid in 1909Maulana Muhammad Ali, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Nawab Viqarul Mulk, Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali and Maulana Shibli Nomani—paid warm tributes to Young Turks (Committee of Union and Progress)

Source: Ishtiaq Ahmed in his research paper “From Pan-Islamism to Muslim Nationalism”

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Plan of European Powers against Ottoman Empire

• War of Tripoli 1911• Balkan Wars of 1912-13• World War I

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Initial Muslim Response

• Maulana Muhammad Ali, Maulana Shaukal Ali, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan and Maulana Azad launched a massive media and political campaign in support of the Turks, urging Indian Muslims to provide material aid to the suffering Turk

• Comrade, Hamdard, Zamindar and Hilal• Muslims sent donations worth thousands of British

Pound-Sterling to the Turkish Red Crescent to help it rehabilitate the Turks displaced during the wars of Tripoli and the Balkans

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Formation of Khilafat Committee• From December 1918, the Muslim leaders launched the

Khilafat Movement, led initially by a small group of leading individuals like Maulvi Abdul Bari, Dr. Ansari, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Seth Chotani, Abul Qasim, Maulana Azad, Maulana Hasrat Mohani, Mushir Husain Kidwai, and, of course, the Ali Brothers—Maulana Shaukat Ali, Maulana Muhammad Ali.

• All India Muslim League Annual Session under President Fazl e Haq condemned the acts of Sherif Hussain and demanded that Jazeera tul Arab to remain under Caliph rule.

• The Central Khilafat Committee, was founded at a meeting held in Bombay on 14 November 1919 with Seth Chotani as its president

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Objectives of the Khilafat Movement

1. To maintain the Turkish Caliphate. 2. To protect the holy places of the Muslims. 3. To maintain the unity of the Ottoman Empire.

• An all-India Khilafat Day was declared on 17 October 1919.

Source: K. K. Aziz, The Indian Khilafat Movement

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Khilafat Delegation to Europe• Maulana Muhammed Ali, Sayyid Sulaiman Nadvi, Abul Kasim and

Mr Kidwai on Feb 1, 1920 from Bombay to London at the time of Peace Conference in London

• Anglican Church saw it as a struggle between Cross and Crescent. • The public and the British Parliament were staunchly hostile and

anti-turkish• Meeting with Lloyd George after Treaty of Sevres“The Turks are to be dealt with according to the same principles that

had been applied to other vanquished nations. No preferential treatment was to be given to them”

• The British Government’s disregard of its assurances of fair treatment for the Turks was clearly a breach of promise. Hence a new method of struggle started on.

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Rowlett Act, 1919 Rowlett Act was a black law introduced in India. Tothe law, the government got authority to persecute any Indian and the arrested had no facility of legal assistance and right to appeal just as the ‘Lettres de Cachet’ in France before the French Revolution. Jinnah resigned from the central legislature as a protest.

Jallianwala Bagh Incident, April 1919 The people gathered in Jallianwala Bagh at Amritsar but General Dyer opened fire to disperse the throng that cast a huge human casualties (379). It is considered one of the great tragedies in India. In 1940, by killing Governor Punjab, Sir Michaal O’ Dayer, ‘Ram Muhammad Singh Azad’ got revenge of the Indian massacre. The Nagpur Session of the Congress (Dec. 1920) approved non-cooperation with Government but Jinnah opposed and left the Congress because he was against the use of extra-constitutional means of protests.

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Role of Gandhiand NonCooperation Movement

• Contemporaneously, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi led his non-violent nationalist movement satyagraha, as a protest against government repression evidenced, for example, in the Rowlatt Act of 1919, and the Jalian Wallah Bagh Massacres of April 1919. To enlist Muslim support in his movement, Gandhi supported the Khilafat cause and became a member of the Central Khilafat Committee. At the Nagpur Session (1920) of the indian national congress Gandhi linked the issue of Swaraj (Self-Government) with the Khilafat demands and adopted the non-cooperation plan to attain the twin objectives.

• By mid-1920 the Khilafat leaders had made common cause with Gandhi's non-cooperation movement promising non-violence in return for Gandhi's support of the Khilafat Movement whereby Hindus and Muslims formed a united front against British rule in India. Support was received also of Muslim theologians through the Jamiyat-al Ulama-i-Hind (The Indian Association of Muslim Theologians). Maulana mohmmad akram khan of Bengal was a member of its Central Executive and Constitution Committee.

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Hijrat Blunder• Summer of 1920 “the mass migration of Muslims from a land

viewed as daru’l-harab to Muslim lands considered daru’l-Islam”.• Maulana Shaukat Ali, at the Khilafat conference in Patna, declared

that “if the Khilafat was tampered with, there were but two courses open to

them: Jihad or Hijret.”• Molvi Abdul Bari, Maulana Azad issued Fatwas

• Altogether 60,000 Indians were estimated to have attempted emigration; but, after much suffering and hardship, two-third of them returned to India. The cold weather, diseases, humiliation, disillusionment and the hardship of the journey had cost them dearly. Some of those who did not come back to India were scattered to Central Asia and some even went to Turkey

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Other Important Incidents• The Rowlatt Act, the Jalliwanwala Bagh massacre and martial law in

Punjab had belied the generous wartime promises of the British. The Montage Chelmsford report with its ill-considered scheme of diarchy satisfied few. Gandhi, so far believing in the justice and fair play of the government, now felt that Non-Cooperation with the government must be started. At the same time, the harsh terms of the Treaty of Sevres between the Allies and Turkey was resented by the Muslims in India. The Muslims started the Khilafat movement and Gandhi decided to identify himself with them. Gandhi's 'skilful top level political game' secured in winning over the Muslim support in the coming Non-Cooperation Movement in India.

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Gandhi’s Betrayal• However, the movement's objectives of communal harmony and

nonviolence suffered a setback because of the Hijrat (Exodus) to Afghanistan in 1920 of about 18,000 Muslim peasants, mostly from Sind and North Western Provinces, the excesses of Muslims who felt that India was Dar-ul-Harb (Apostate land), the Moplah rebellion in South India in August 1921, and the Chauri-Chaura incident in February 1922 in the United Provinces where a violent mob set fire to a police station killing twenty-two policemen. Soon after Gandhi called off the Non-cooperation movement, leaving Khilafat leaders with a feeling of betrayal.

• The extra-territorial loyalty of Khilafat leaders received a final and deadly blow from the Turks themselves. The charismatic Turkish nationalist leader Mustafa Kemal's startling secular renaissance, his victories over invading Greek forces culminating in the abolition of the Sultanate in November 1922, and the transformation of Turkey into a Republic in October 1923, followed by the abolition of the Khilafat in March 1924, took the Khilafatists unaware. By 1924 the Khilafat Movement, had become devoid of any relevance and significance and met its end.

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Ending of Caliphate by Ata Turk• The extra-territorial loyalty of Khilafat leaders received a final and deadly

blow from the Turks themselves. The charismatic Turkish nationalist leader Mustafa Kemal's startling secular renaissance, his victories over invading Greek forces culminating in the abolition of the Sultanate in November 1922, and the transformation of Turkey into a Republic in October 1923, followed by the abolition of the Khilafat in March 1924, took the Khilafatists unaware. By 1924 the Khilafat Movement, had become devoid of any relevance and significance and met its end.

• Allama Dr Muhammed Iqbal approved of them saying in ‘Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam’that they involved an exercise o f the right of Ijtihad. According to Allama Iqbal, the Ottoman Caliphate h ad long become a “mere symbol of power which departed long ago. The idea of a universal caliphate was a workable idea when the empire of Islam was intact.

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Role of M Ali JinnahMeeting of Muslim League in Calcutta

“First came the Rowlatt Bill — accompanied by the Punjab atrocities — and then came the spoliation of the Ottoman Empire and the Khilafat. One attacks our liberty and the other our faith…”

• In a letter to Ghandi, Jinnah said “Movement was bound to lead to disaster. This kind of a plan has appealed only to the illiterate and the inexperienced youth of the country”

• He said that though he had no power to remove the cause, he wished to advise his countrymen against the dire consequences of such an extreme act.

• Jinnah learnt a lot from the Khilafat movement. It disillusioned him with the Congress and the British rulers and strengthened his faith to work for the intrests of the Muslims. He worked hard to bring the Muslims out of their demoralized state of mind and reorganize them under the banner of the Muslim League

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The end of Tehrik-e-Khilafat was the beginning of Tehrik-i-Pakistan for the

Muslims of British India

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Effects of Khilafat Movement: An Analysis

• The goals of Khilafat Movement and Turkish Liberation Movement were always different, because the former was based on the ideal of pan-Islamism and the latter was founded upon the realist notion of Turkic nationalism

• The Khilafat leadership was still holding on to its utopian pan-Islamist vision for post- liberation Turkey, the Turkish nationalist leadership was busy adopting one modernist-secular reform after another

• For the Indian Muslims, the Turkish freedom movement and the establishment of the Modern Turkish Republic served as a source of inspiration and as an example of resistance to foreign domination

• The pro-Ottoman feelings and proceedings in India undoubtedly contributed to the development of Indo-Muslim national identity and the eventual alienation of the Muslims from the British

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Effects of Khilafat Movement: An Analysis

• For the first time in history, the Muslims of the Subcontinent could patch up their differences on a single issue and get together. People from all walks of life, the Sunnis and the Shiites, the traditional Ulema and the western educated, the rich and the poor, the men as well as the women all joined hands in this common cause and united.

• It provided a meeting ground for the Muslims and Hindus and unite them in action against their ruler

“The Khilafat Movement was a political ride propelled by the Indian Muslims’ minority syndrome and apprehensions about an uncertain future” Ishtiaq Ahmad in his paper, ‘ From Pan Islamism to Muslim Nationalism’

• It was the first country-wide agitation of the Muslims of British India with a central organization to guide its course. It transformed the psyche of the people, trained them in political agitation and taught them how to press come their demands

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Effects of Khilafat Movement: An Analysis

• Morale booster for the Turkish nationalist forces under Mustafa Kemal’s command

• It helped generate the much-needed financial resources for the Angora Fund from subcontinent Muslims in the form of British currency as well as gold and silver ornaments deposited voluntarily by Indian Muslim women in the Khilafat account

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Emergence of New Leaders• In addition to the front-rank leaders of the Khilafat

movement, a new class of Muslim leaders emerged during this period from urban as well as from distant parts of Bengal. They gained experience in organizing and mobilizing the public. The Khilafat movement provided an opportunity to throw up a new Mofassil based leadership, which played a key role in introducing a coherent self-assertive political identity for Bengali Muslims. After the 1947 Partition, these personalities played effective roles in their respective areas of activity.

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