particular person, place, or - MrsFlanneryEnglish - Home A noun is a person, place, thing or idea. A...

Nouns� A noun is a person, place, thing or idea.

� A common noun is a general person, place, or thing.

� A proper noun refers to a

particular person, place, or

thing and is usually capitalized.

Chapter 1 ･ Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives ･ p. 3

thing and is usually capitalized.

lizard

GodzillaThe Giggly Guide to Grammar 2008 Cathy Campbell. All rights reserved. www.discoverwriting.com･For classroom use only.

Collective Nouns� A collective noun refers to a group made

up of several elements.


A herd of cows.

The Giggly Guide to Grammar 2008 Cathy Campbell. All rights reserved. www.discoverwriting.com･For classroom use only.

Articles

� Three little words a, an, and the, are called articlesor determiners. When you see one of these words, you know that a noun is about to pop up before your very eyes.

A tick, an aardvark, and a wart.


A tick, an aardvark, and a wart.


Pronoun� A pronoun is a word that takes the place of

one or more nouns.

Semore is an unusual child. Yesterday,

he shaved his head with his father’s

electric razor. Then he carefully braided


electric razor. Then he carefully braided

the hairs on his legs and arms.

On his face, he applied a rub-on

tattoo of a small warthog.

Semore’s parents hope

that he is simply going

through a phase.


Adjectives

� Adjectives are words that modify, describe, or add detail to nouns and pronouns.

� Adjectives help the reader visualize what the author writes.


The rat, gigantic, crazy-eyed and straggly, bared its sharp,

pointed fangs and devoured the cheese.


Adjectives Answer Questions

� Adjectives answer four questions

about nouns and pronouns:

1. What kind?

2. How many?

3. Which one?


The rat, gigantic, crazy-eyed and

straggly, bared its sharp, pointed fangs

and devoured the cheese.

3. Which one?

4. How much?

Can you match the adjectives to

answer each question?


Proper Adjectives

� Some adjectives are formed using proper nouns, and

they’re called…proper adjectives.

What other proper adjectives

do you know?


do you know?

Except for the African killer

bees and South American

ants, Thadeus enjoyed his

camping trip.


Action Verbs

� Action verbs show action.

Sometimes you can’t see the

action even though it’s

happening, as with to think or to

know.

Chapter 2 ･ Verbs and Adverbs ･ p. 25

know.

What verbs can you use to tell

what she’s doing?


Linking Verbs� Boring linking verbs connect, or “link” the subject of a sentence to

a word that follows it and refers back to the subject. The most common linking verbs are the forms of to be.

Fluffy’s hairball is hefty.


Fluffy’s hairball is hefty.

“Is” links the subject, hairball, to

the adjective, hefty.


Verb Phrase

� A verb phrase consists of

one or more helping

verbs followed by a main

verb. These verbs join

together to act as one


together to act as one

verb.

Bozo is making balloon marsupials for the children.

Is-helping verb, making-main verb, is making-verb phrase.


Adverbs� An adverb is a single word that

modifies, adds details or describes

verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

� Adverbs answer where, when,

how, to what extent.


how, to what extent.

What question do these adverbs answer?

Studies convincingly demonstrate that

electric rollers greatly stimulate brain

cells and dramatically increase IQ’s.


Prepositions� A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a

noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence.

� Some prepositions are made up of two or more words. These are compound prepositions.

If you have a squirrel and a log in a sentence, what can

their relationship be?

Chapter 3 ･ Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections ･ p. 41

their relationship be?

The squirrel is on the log.

The squirrel is next to the log.

Where else can the squirrel be?


Prepositional Phrase

� A prepositional phrase always begins

with a preposition and ends with a

noun or pronoun. This noun or

pronoun is called the “object of the

preposition.”


preposition.”

What is the object of the preposition in this sentence?

All of a sudden, Reginald discovered he was wedged under the

leathery, large, yet amiable pachyderm.The Giggly Guide to Grammar 2008 Cathy Campbell. All rights reserved. www.discoverwriting.com･For classroom use only.

Conjunctions

� Conjunctions are connecting

words that join words or groups

of words together.

� A coordinating conjunction is a

single word: and, but, or.


single word: and, but, or.

� Correlative conjunctions are

words that come in pairs: either I

or, neither I nor.

FANBOYS

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so


Interjections

� Interjections are words that

express emotion and are

usually set off from the rest

of the sentence

by an exclamation


by an exclamation

point or a comma,

if you’re not too

excited.

Write a sentence about this picture using an interjection.


Sentences

� A sentence is a group of words that

expresses a complete idea.

� “Wannabe” sentences that are half-

thoughts are just fragments.

Chapter 4 ･ Parts of the Sentence: Subject, Predicate, and Complement ･ p. 55

Fragment:

hanging from the chandelier

Sentence:

Gramma is hanging from the

chandelier by her toes again.


Subject

� The person, place, thing or idea that’s the main focus of a

sentence is called the subject. Sometimes the subject can

be more than one word.

What’s the subject


What’s the subject

of this sentence?

On bad hair days, Matilda, a

fashionable young lady, wears colorful,

eye-catching shower caps to hide her

trussed up tresses.


Compound Subject� A sentence about more than one person, place, thing or

idea has a compound subject.

Who are the subjects

of this sentence?


of this sentence?

Ernie, Prudence, their

goldfish and dog Spot chew

bubblegum.


Predicates

� Every sentence needs a predicate, a verb. A simple

predicate is just the verb, a complete predicate is the

verb and all the words and phrases that go with it.

� A predicate tells what the subject is doing or what’s

being said about it.


being said about it.

Ramona reads mystery stories by

the light of her ponderous firefly.

What is the simple predicate?

What is the complete predicate?


Complements� Sometimes a subject and predicate need a word to fully

complete the meaning of a sentence. This word is called

a complement.

What word completes


What word completes

the sentence?

This word is the

complement.

Fido found a bone.


Direct Objects� A direct object is always a noun or

pronoun that comes after the action verb. It receives the action of the verb, so ask whom or what after the verb to find the direct object.

Whom or what did


Whom or what did

Thadeus compliment?

Thadeus complimented

Nadine on her new

Tyrannosaurus earrings.


Indirect Objects� Some sentences have indirect objects.

An indirect object comes before the

direct object and is always a noun or

pronoun. Find the direct object and then

ask to whom, for whom, to what or for

what about the direct object to find the


what about the direct object to find the

indirect object.

Find the direct objects in this sentence.

Wyonna taught her hamster and

garden snake a song and tap

dance from a hit Broadway show.


Predicate Nominative and Adjective

� Subject complements only come after linking verbs. There are two types. The predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb. A predicate adjective is an adjective following the linking verb.

Which sentence has a predicate nominative and which sentence has

a predicate adjective?


Gromer’s best friend is his pet eggplant.

The hair on Puddington’s

three headed cat looks straggly.The Giggly Guide to Grammar 2008 Cathy Campbell. All rights reserved. www.discoverwriting.com･For classroom use only.

Participle

� A participle is a form of verb, but it functions as an

adjective. A present participle always ends in “ing,”

a past participle generally ends in “ed”.

What is the participle in this sentence?

Is it a present or past

Chapter 5 ･ Dazed by Phrases? ･ p. 81

Is it a present or past

participle?

Peabody observed the

octopus swimming in

the aquarium.


Gerund� A gerund is a form of verb that acts like a noun in a

sentence. A gerund ends in -ing and can be one word or more than one word, a gerund phrase. Gerunds can function as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, objects

of the preposition or predicate nominatives!


Rhonda won first place in the

rodeo for riding a rodent.

This gerund phrase functions

as a/an (fill in the blank…)

_____________.


Infinitives� An infinitive is usually the word to, followed by a verb.

What’s the infinitive in this sentence?


To avoid calling attention to himself, Rutherford sometime wears

a paper sack over his head.


Clauses� A clause contains

two important elements: a subject and a verb.

� An independent clause can be a sentence all by itself, and a dependent clause isn’t a

Chapter 6 ･ Eliminating Clause-trophobia ･ p. 89

dependent clause isn’t a sentence, it’s a fragment.

� Every sentence must have one independent clause, and some sentences have two.

Dependent=Sentence Fragment.Write a dependent and independent clause.


Adjective Clauses

� An adjective clause acts like an adjective. An adjective

clause is essential or restrictive if it’s necessary to

identify the noun or pronoun it modifies in a sentence.

A nonessential or nonrestrictive adjective clause just

adds extra information.


adds extra information.

Which adjective clause is essential?

Which one is nonessential?

Tadpoles that swallow marbles sink when they try to swim.

Tadpoles, which are smaller than rhinos, become bloated when they swallow cantaloupes.


Adverb Clauses

� An adverb clause is a type of dependent clause that

functions as an adverb. Adverb clauses usually begin

with subordinating conjunctions.

What’s the subordinating conjunction in the adverb clause?


Binky’s mother was

upset because Binky

brought home a

tarantula for a pet.


Simple Sentence� A simple sentence has only

one independent clause.

� A compound sentence has two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.


What type of sentence

is this? How do you

know?

Sally’s feet fit her new sandals, but her

toenails are too long.


Complex Sentence� A complex sentence consists of

one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

� A compound-complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

What type of sentence is this?


What type of sentence is this?

How do you know?

Salvador thought that he was becoming

a werewolf, but he discovered that he was

simply suffering from a glandular disorder.


Run-On Sentence

� Sometimes sentences run

together because they’ve

missed a period. These are

called…run-on sentences.

Chapter 7 ･ Fragments and Run-Ons ･ p. 119

Where should the period go?

Aunt Tallulah talks to her tulips she also

puts party hats on her petunias.


Subject-Verb Agreement

� A verb, like a noun or pronoun, can be singular or plural. You need to put the right verb with the right subject. This is called subject-verb agreement.

Chapter 8 ･ Subject-Verb Agreement ･ p. 125

Wrong: Ludwig’s earlobes is long.

Right: Ludwig’s earlobes are long.


Antecedent� An antecedent is the word to which a pronoun refers.

� Pronouns and their antecedents have to agree.

Chapter 9 ･ Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement ･ p. 133

Wrong: The children brushed his teeth.

Right: The children brushed their teeth.


Pronoun Cases

� Case is the form of

a pronoun that

shows how the

pronoun is used in

the sentence.

Chapter 10 ･ Some Special Pronoun Predicaments ･ p. 141

the sentence.

“I signed up for advanced snake charming,” said Astor, “but my

instructor told me that I needed to find another pastime.”

I=subject Me=direct object My=shows possession


Possessive and Objective Case

� In the possessive case, pronouns show possession.

In the objective case, pronouns can be a direct object,

and indirect object or an object of the preposition.

Which sentence uses the possessive case and which one uses the objective case?

Chapter 10 ･ Some Special Pronoun Predicaments ･ p. 142

which one uses the objective case?

Wilbur gave his frogs three warts.

Benevolent Mr. Brittlebone gives his

kidney stones to the neighborhood kids to

use as marbles.The Giggly Guide to Grammar 2008 Cathy Campbell. All rights reserved. www.discoverwriting.com･For classroom use only.

Four Parts of a Verb

� Every verb has four principal parts: present, present participle, past, and past participle.

Chapter 11 ･ Tense About Verbs? ･ p. 157

An ample worm wiggled out of

Latimer’s apple.

Present - Wiggle

Present Participle- (is) wiggling

Past - wiggled

Past Participle - (has) wiggled


Verb Tenses

� Every verb has six tenses

to help show time: present,

past, future, present

perfect, past perfect, future

perfect.


Present - Dee dreams about bucktoothed ducks.

Past - Dee dreamed about bucktoothed ducks last night.

Future - Dee will dream about bucktoothed ducks.

Present perfect - Dee has dreamed about bucktoothed duck many nights.

Past perfect - Dee had dreamed about ducks twelve times by morning.

Future perfect - Dee will begin dreaming about ducks tonight and she will

have dreamed (or dreamt) about thousands of her feathery friends by morning.


Verb Moods� Verbs are used to express moods.

� Verbs have three moods:

• Indicative mood -expresses statements or questions of fact

• Imperative mood -expresses a command


expresses a command or request

• Subjunctive mood -expresses speculation and contrary-to-fact statements

What mood does this

sentence express?

Waiter, there’s a fly in my soup.The Giggly Guide to Grammar 2008 Cathy Campbell. All rights reserved. www.discoverwriting.com･For classroom use only.

Degrees of Comparison

� Adverbs and adjectives have three degrees of comparison:

• Positive - the base form of an adverb or adjective

• Comparative - used when two things are being compared

• Superlative - used to compare two or more things

Chapter 12 ･ More Adverb and Adjective Tips and Tidbits ･ p. 185

Compared to Hannelore’s

and Hilegarde’s heels,

Heidi’s heels are the highest.

Positive: high

Comparative: higher

Superlative: highest


particular person, place, or - MrsFlanneryEnglish - Home A noun is a person, place, thing or idea. A...

Documents

Transcript of particular person, place, or - MrsFlanneryEnglish - Home A noun is a person, place, thing or idea. A...