Simulation of backgrounds for particle astrophysics experiments
Particle Control and Transport Experiments...Particle Control and Transport Experiments In the...
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IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Particle Control and Transport Experiments
In the DIII-D Tokamak
With Graphite Walls
by
S.L. Allen
Presented at
The Twenty-third
IAEA Fusion Energy
Conference
Daejeon, Republic
of Korea
October 11-16, 2010
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
The DIII-D AT Experiment with Graphite Walls
• Advanced Tokamak physics on DIII-D
– Can recover from off-normal events between shots (GDC)
– DIII-D has effective ne control in high- shapes
• Graphite walls, wall conditioning, divertor pumping
– Baking to 350°C, GDC between shots
– 3 divertor cryopumps can decrease H-mode density
• Pay attention to fuel retention in longer pulse experiments
– Divertor pumping and 350°C bake removes shallow deposits
– Thermo-Oxidation can remove fuel that is co-deposited with
carbon – use UTIAS experiments
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Summary of Results
• Dynamic (Time Dependent) particle balance
shows no wall retention in H-mode plasmas
– Strong divertor cryopumping
– Well conditioned graphite
– Dynamic agrees with shot-integrated “static” exhaust
• Significant wall retention in startup (20%)
– Shot-Integrated retention averages
• Thermo-oxidation on DIII-D
– Removes D at rates consistent with UTIAS results
– Advanced Inductive plasma operation recovered
quickly
– No damage to tokamak components
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Particle input sources gas puff values Gas flowmeter
NBI PNBI & VNBI
Global Particle Balance Based on Measured Quantities
⎧ ⎨ ⎩
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Particle input sources gas puff values Gas flowmeter
NBI PNBI & VNBI
Rate change in
un-pumped neutrals Fast ion gauge
Global Particle Balance Based on Measured Quantities
Particles exhausted (cryo-pumps)
Fast ion gauge
Rate change in
core particle
content CO2 interferometer
⎧ ⎨ ⎩
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Particle input sources gas puff values Gas flowmeter
NBI PNBI & VNBI
Remainder
Rate change in
un-pumped neutrals Fast ion gauge
Global Particle Balance Based on Measured Quantities
Particles exhausted (cryo-pumps)
Fast ion gauge
Rate change in
core particle
content CO2 interferometer
⎧ ⎨ ⎩
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
In Steady-state H-mode, Global Balance Reduces to a Few Terms
Main terms in NBI discharges
– is derived & has uncertainty ~20%
– is measured directly; low uncertainty (~5%)
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
In Steady-state H-mode, Global Balance Reduces to a Few Terms
0 ~0 ~0
Main terms in NBI discharges
– is derived & has uncertainty ~20%
– is measured directly; low uncertainty (~5%)
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
In Steady-state H-mode, Global Balance Reduces to a Few Terms
0 ~0 ~0
Main terms in NBI discharges
–Considered more accurate due to well calibrated
quantities
Main terms in ECH discharges
– is derived & has uncertainty ~20%
– is measured directly; low uncertainty (~5%)
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
In Steady-state H-mode, Global Balance Reduces to a Few Terms
0 ~0 ~0
Main terms in NBI discharges
– Considered more accurate due to well calibrated quantities
0 Main terms in ECH discharges
– is derived & has uncertainty ~20%
~0 ~0
– is measured directly; low uncertainty (~5%)
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Dynamic Particle Balance Shows No Retention in H-mode
• High retention in ramp-up phase
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
• High retention in ramp-up phase
• H-mode removes fuel
WALL < 0
WALL
QPUMP > NBI
Decreasing
Dynamic Particle Balance Shows No Retention in H-mode
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
• High retention in ramp-up phase
• H-mode removes fuel
WALL < 0
WALL
QPUMP > NBI
Decreasing
ECH H-mode Similar
Dynamic Particle Balance Shows No Retention in H-mode
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Validation of Dynamic Exhaust with Integrated Gas Balance
•Calibration of Exhaust
•After several shots:
-Cryopumps regenerated
- Pressure rise measured
-Compared with Integral of exhaust
•Agreement ~5%
Set #1
Exh
aust
ed P
arti
cles
[To
rr-L
] 5%
Pump Regeneration
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
•ECH balance equation:
•Calculated vs measure exhaust within error of measurements
Set #1 Set #2 Set #3 Set #4 Set #5
Comparison of Time-resolved vs Shot-integrated Exhausted Particles
5% 4% 4% 2%
0.5%
Exh
aust
ed P
arti
cles
[To
rr-L
]
Pump
Regeneration
Validation of Dynamic Exhaust with Integrated Gas Balance
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Details of Wall Inventory Sensitive to Small Changes in Rates
• Otherwise similar discharges have variation in wall
inventory
– Outside error bars
• Slight variation in exhaust rate
– Small shape changes
– Differences in ELMs
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Conclusions: Fuel Retention Rate is Phase Dependent and Large Fraction is Recovered by Baking
Particle Retention/Release
Main Highlight(s)
L-mode Shallow/Short
Term Retention
Retention High ~ 85% un-pumped ~ 15-20% pumped
Ramp-up Phase Shallow/Short
Term Retention High Retention ~ 20% Injected
Steady-State H-mode
Shallow/Short Term Retention
No retention
Vacuum Bake
O2 Bake
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
• Particle balance summary
–Total injected : 2400 [torr-L]
–Exhausted: 1010-1140 [torr-L]
–Bake released: 1090 [torr-L]
• Post-bake retention/total injected
–170-300 [torr-L]/2400 ~7-12%
Vacuum Bake Before and After Single Run-day
Returned Large Fraction of Retained Particles
Bake was “short” due to
Operational Constraints
7-12%
Par
ticl
es [
Torr
-L]
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Bake was “short” due to
Operational Constraints
7-12%
Par
ticl
es [
Torr
-L]
Remaining 7-12% is upper
Bound on co-deposits
Vacuum Bake Before and After Single Run-day
Returned Large Fraction of Retained Particles
• Particle balance summary
–Total injected : 2400 [torr-L]
–Exhausted: 1010-1140 [torr-L]
–Bake released: 1090 [torr-L]
• Post-bake retention/total injected
–170-300 [torr-L]/2400 ~7-12%
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Conclusions: Fuel Retention Rate is Phase Dependent and Large Fraction is Recovered by Baking
Particle Retention/Release
Main Highlight(s)
L-mode Shallow/Short
Term Retention
Retention High ~ 85% un-pumped ~ 15-20% pumped
Ramp-up Phase Shallow/Short
Term Retention
High Retention
~ 20% Injected
Steady-State
H-mode
Shallow/Short
Term Retention No Retention
Vacuum Bake
Shallow/Short
Term Retention
~7-11% retention
upper bound for co-
deposition
O2 Bake Remove Co-
Deposits
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Two Thermo-Oxidations were Completed
• Bake 1: Demonstrate Thermo-Oxidation on DIII-D
– 10 Torr Heliox (20% O2/80% He), 350°C, 2 hours – UTIAS results
– Demonstrate 13C removal on a few tiles with known 13C
– High performance hybrid operations were recovered quickly
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Oxidation Causes Hydrocarbon Release as Expected; Points to Successful Experiment
• CO, CO2, D2O form during O2 bake from UTIAS lab results
• Novel new IR absorption measurement complements RGA
K. Umstadter UCSD
[AU] CO
CO2
D20
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Fuel Removal on DIII-D Similar to UTIAS Lab Data
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Fuel Removal on DIII-D Similar to UTIAS Lab Data
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Fuel Removal on DIII-D Similar to UTIAS Lab Data
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
High Performance Plasmas Recovered Quickly After DIII-D Oxygen Bake
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
High Performance Plasmas Recovered Quickly After DIII-D Oxygen Bake
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
High Performance Plasmas Recovered Quickly After DIII-D Oxygen Bake
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Two Thermo-Oxidations were Completed
• Bake 1: Demonstrate O2 on DIII-D tokamak and recover
high performance operation
– Demonstrate 13C removal on a few tiles with known 13C
– High performance hybrid operations recovered quickly
– All tokamak systems tested after bake
• Bake 2: Demonstrate removal of freshly deposited 13C
from several tiles
– Repeat past 13C deposition experiment with in-situ reference point
(DiMES sample)
– Tiles removed for NRA analysis at Sandia National Labs
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
13C Deposition at Lower Inner Divertor When Injected at Top
13 3 15C( He,p) N nuclear reaction analysis
W.R. Wampler, Sandia National Laboratories
• LSN Plasma, Inject 13C at top
• Remove tiles during vent
• Concentated at
inner divertor
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
13C Deposition is Localized in Secondary Divertor
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
240 260 280 300 320 340
C13 D
ep
os
itio
n (
10
17 a
tom
s/c
m2)
Poloidal Position
Tile 19 20 21 22 23 24
Pumping gap
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Conclusions: Fuel Retention Rate is Phase Dependent and Large Fraction is Recovered by Baking
Particle Retention/Release
Main Highlight(s)
L-mode Shallow/Short
Term Retention
Retention High ~85% un-pumped ~15-20% pumped
Ramp-up Phase Shallow/Short
Term Retention
High Retention
~20% Injected
Steady-State
H-mode
Shallow/Short
Term Retention
Low retention
~0%
Vacuum Bake Shallow/Short
Term Retention
~11% retention after
~Accounted for in
co-dep. Layer
O2 Bake
Deeper/Longer
Term Retention
-UT results validated - Quick Plasma
Recovery
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Summary of Results
• D retention occurs during startup
• Strongly pumped diverted H-mode, D species
continuously removed – No evidence for retention
– Continuously removed in DIII-D 5 s shots
– Startup smaller fraction of discharge length in longer pulse machines
• DIII-D upper bound on co-dep retention 7%
– Longer bake future experiment
• Fuel removal by thermo-oxidation – C, D removal rates similar to Toronto Lab results
– No damage to DIII-D, Advanced Inductive plasma operation recovered quickly
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs
Summary of Results
• Dynamic (Time Dependent) particle balance
shows ~0 wall retention in H-mode – Well conditioned graphite with cryopumping
– Dynamic agrees with shot-integrated “static” balance
• Large wall retention in either startup or L-mode – About 20%, dominates the discharge
– Underscores need for dynamic measurements: shot-integrated can over estimate retention
• Oxygen bake: 350°C, 1.3 kPa, 2 hours
– C, D Removal rates similar to Toronto Lab results
– No damage to DIII-D, Advanced Inductive plasma operation recovered quickly
IAEA Fusion Energy Conf/2010/S.L. Allen 287-10/rs