Participatory Rural Appraisal - Unnat Bharat...

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Methodology for Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Dr. Sandeep Kumar Raut Town & Country Planning Organisation Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs

Transcript of Participatory Rural Appraisal - Unnat Bharat...

Methodology for

Participatory Rural

Appraisal(PRA)

Dr. Sandeep Kumar Raut

Town & Country Planning OrganisationMinistry of Housing & Urban Affairs

Background

UBA: Mission & Pilot Survey

Unnat Bharat Abhiyan (UBA) is inspired by the vision of transformational change in rural

Development processes by leveraging knowledge institutions to help build the

architecture

of an Inclusive India.

With the vision of UBA a team of five members, two from IIT Roorkee and one from IIT

Delhi and myself visited Gainthikhata Panchayat to conduct the pilot survey.

Objectives : Pilot Survey

•To obtain the information related to present and previous scenario of the villages

•To find out the basic issues related to the basic infrastructure and amenities

• Spatial Mapping of the information issues

• Best possible solution based on this survey and to get feed back on this

PRA: Origin

• PRA has been evolved from RRA (Rapid Rural Appraisal)

• In mid 80’s the necessity of participation in rural development becameevident and the term PRA was born

• The understanding of PRA came mostly from field rather than academia

• PRA mostly focuses on the empowerment of people throughparticipation

• The sustainability rate of PRA is high due to the participation of thelocal people

• The sense of ownership and belongingness helps to the success ofPRA

DefinitionParticipatory Rural Appraisal (PRA):

It is a participatory method to gather/ collect information by involvement of Rural/

local communities for decision making and implementation of the development

project, “for the Rural community, by the Rural community and with the Rural

Community”.

It is a process to involve the community in planning and decision making.

Community develop their won skills needed to address issues, analyze options

and carry out activities.

Participatory decision making reflects respect for human dignity and creating the

opportunity for individuals to fulfill their responsibility to exercise the right.

“ An approach and methods for learning about rural life and conditions from, with

and by rural people”. (Chambers 1994)

PRA : Components• PRA : Participatory Rural Appraisal Components:

– People

– Knowledge

– Participation

– Planning

– Action

• It is a combination of different approaches to– Share

– Enhance

– Analyze

– Plan

– Act

• The secrets behind the success of PRA are– Decentralization

– Empowerment

Planning Perspective……?

How does Villages make itself as

Sustainable Community Space

COMPREHENSIVEDEVELOPMENT PLANPlanned Development

Growth ImpetusAdequate Infrastructure

Quality of LifeControl Regulation

IMPACTSEconomic Viable Village

Self Sustained InfrastructurePull Factor

Answer is People Participation through PRA techniques.

Before the

project: at

collection

of data

stage

During the

implementation

stage of the

project

After the

complication

of projects for

administration

For

Evaluation

and

monitoring

of the

project

PRACOMMUNITY

PARTICIPATION

Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) and community participation at all stages

of the project:

Principles of PRA

Reversal of learning

To learn from the local people

Learning rapidly and progressively

Exploration, flexible methods, adaptable

Offsetting bias

To be receptive rather than preconceived ideas

Optimizing tradeoffs

Understanding the usefulness of information

Triangulating

Crosschecking and approximation

Principles of PRA

Empowerment

The authority to local people through decentralization and confidence building

Self critical awareness

Mistakes are lessons to learn and to do better next time

Personal responsibility

The belongingness and ownership to the participants

Sharing

To discuss and argue about ideas in open forum with all stakeholders

PRA is an approach to project planning and implementation that integrally involves

the community through the length of the process.

Firstly in PRA process villagers or community will assess their needs and to

customize the project interventions to their priority concerns and the peculiar

circumstances of their community. This will set the objective of the project.

Then, Participatory mapping is required to be prepared. Participatory mapping is

an exercise that uses spatial analysis to gather information about a range of issues

and concerns. Community members themselves are asked to do the drawing.

In drawing participatory maps, the primary concern is not with cartographic accuracy,

but rather with gathering useful information that sheds lights on the objectives of

the project.

A meeting should be called at the convenient place with the help of Sarpanch, and

all Panchayat members, teachers and any other interested persons, (at least one

member of village community should be women) should be invited for the meeting

Process of PRA

Methodology

STEPS OF PRA

– Transects (Systematic walks and observation);

– Informal mapping (Sketch maps drawn on site);

– Diagramming (Seasonal Calendars, flow and causal diagrams, bar charts, chapati diagrams )

– Innovation assessment (scoring and ranking different actions)

TYPES OF PRA METHODS

PRA METHODS

SPACE MAPPING

TIME MAPPING

RELATION METHODS

• Social and Resource map• Participatory Modeling Method• Mobility map• Services and Opportunities map• Transect• Participatory Census Method

• Timeline • Trend Analysis• Historical transect• Seasonal Diagram

• Social Effects, Impact, system, network Diagram, Process Map, Well Being, Ranking, Venn Diagram, Pair-wise ranking, Matrix ranking, Pie, Livelihood analysis, Spider Diagram, body Mapping

W

N

S

EPRA MAPPING

Gainthikhata Panchayat is located 25 k.m away from Haridwar towards Najimabad on the

NH-74. The Panchayat consists of five villages, viz Gainthikhata, Gujjarbasti, Lal Dhang,

Chidiyapur and Norangbad with a population of approximately 15000-17000 .

Gainthikhata Panchayat

In three days visit to the Gaindikhata Panchayat the survey team visited two villages i.e.

Gainthikhata and Gujjarbasti . The team met the villagers, Sarpanch, Teachers and

Patwari of the Panchayat and done primary survey which include RRA (Rapid Rural

Appraisal) based on UBA questionnaire and performed PRA (Participatory rural appraisal)

exercise in these two villages.

The overall response of the Sarpanch, villagers were pretty good.

.

Gainthikhata Panchayat

Gainthikhata Village Participatory MappingInviting a meeting.

Brainstorming the issues

PM begin with sun rise

direction (for north)

Choose the respondent from

the community

Asking the respondent to

draw important landmarks of

village (for example his own

property)

With reference to objective of

the project PRA team ask

about the issues and

problems.

Various colours of pen should be use for different land uses or infrastructure (for

example, red for problems, green for forest, yellow for houses black for roads etc.

Gainthikhata Village Participatory Mapping

There are many ways that this

technique can be adapted to get at

specific types of information that may

be of interest to a particular project.

The territorial map would explore

the villages resources and potentials

A regional map give information of

neighboring villages for common

resources or other resources in large

areas like hospital, college etc.

Historical map, Family resource map,

Cultural map, disaster management

map, Flood map, soil fertility map,

connective map etc.

Gainthikhata Village : PRA Process

We conducted the PRA exercise in the house of the Present Sarpanch. The present and

former sarpanch, the teacher of interschool of the village, the NGO person who is actively

connected with the villagers for last few years and no of villagers participated in this mapping

exercise.

Territorial/ Regional// Historical Mapping

We started with the direction of sunrise for the orientation.

Followed to this we marked the sarpanch house and the NH74.

Gradually with active interaction and participation we started marking other information

like distance of the main road from the village, the location of the amenities, area

covered by the civil forest, position of the holy place (Mandir, Gurudwara, and

Masjid), types of internal road and their connectivity to each other and to main road

which connecting NH-74 to village and information about canal, river and Nahar etc .

We draw each and every detail on the A0 size paper using different color for different

information We used Red color for Household, Sky Blue for water bodies, Dark Blue for the

Holy place, Green for the Forest, Black for road and Pink for issues.

While conducting the PRA we were asking the questions as per UBA form also to the target

group for obtaining information at village level and taking notes of all the responses .

Gainthikhata Village Participatory mapping

NORTH

HOUSES

COMMUNITY

FOREST

CIVIL FOREST

JOINT

FOREST

MANAGEMENT

RELIGIOUS

INSTITUTION

FLOODING AREAS AND ISSUES

SOIL FERTILITY ISSUES

ROAD RELATED ISSUES

CIVIL FOREST

BIO GASS

FODDER STORAGE

Gainthikhata Village : Outcome

Total population is around 6000-7000 with apporimatley1500 household

Located 1.5-2 k.m from NH-74 (few household do live near the NH-74) with a pakka

road constructed in the year of 2006-2007 still in a good condition.

No conveyance (any public or private ) available to travel from village to NH-74

except own vehicle and some villagers go by walk to NH-74.

Six primary Government school and six private primary schools are running

successfully Six Anganwadi centers are also running successfully. No government

hospital, no veterinary hospital and no any training centre is located in the village

of Gainthikhata.

Solar street lights are installed by the new sarpanch of the village. The internal

road is constructed in 2010 but the present situation of the same is not good, The

width of the road is approximately 10ft.

Issues and solution desired by Gainthikhata Villagers

Issues

Problem of drinking and irrigation water

Slope and flood

Seed depot

Cold storage

Potential

Good production of Jamun,

Interventions

Check dam on Nala /jhor

Irrigation work

Drinking water

Cold storage

Gujjarbasti Village The village Gujjarbasti is located on the other side of the NH-74, opposite to the Gainthikhata

Village. Gujjarbasti consists of 821 households with a present population of 6000-7000 people.

The entire village follows a grid iron fashion with a 8 k.m link road which starts from starting of

the village to the end of the village.

This is a rehabilitated village. In 2002, when Rajaji National Park was in its initial stage of

forming, a community named Gujjar community who used to live in the forest, asked to leave

the forest peacefully. These jungle nomads were rehabilitated in this village after providing a

fixed area of land to the each household for agriculture and for a house to live and they were

provided an amount of Rs 2000/HH for travel and basic expenses.

Each household were provided an 8200 m2 area of land for agriculture/ fodder and household

purpose by the forest department in this village. But there are yet to get the patta of the land.

As a result that they can’t sell their crops directly into Mandi.

Most of the house in the village a hut type shape made by villager themselves and a few of

them constructed pukka house. Primary hospital and veterinary hospital are present in the

village, but doctors are still not appointed in the both the hospitals, Three primary schools, one

junior school and one Aanganwadi are present in the village but no any training centre neither

any secondary school established in the village. For secondary education student have to visit

Gainthikhata.

Gujjarbasti Village Participatory Mapping

Fodder

Houses

Layout designRELIGIOUS INSTITUTION

FLOODING

AREAS

AND

ISSUES

RESERVED FOREST

RESERVED FOREST

HOUSES

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Only two Central governments Yojana provided to the villagers: Indra Awas Yojna and

MNREGA.

2.3 lakh rupee/- granted by the government for cattle shelter and 90-k for toilet facility

to each household.

The water table is varied throughout the village from 70-200ft. In the rainy season due

to not having drains in the village sector road filled with water make difficulty in going

from one side to another side.

On an average each household in the village is 15-20 no of cattle and they produce a

plenty amount of milk which the villagers sell to the big distributor.

One Majid and One Madarsha constructed by the Government and other sixteen Majids

constructed by the villagers on their mutual contribution of their money because link

road is 8 k.m long so people can’t pray their worship easily. Gujjarbasti also covered

by the civil forest name as Chidiyapur.

Gujjarbasti Village

Skill Identification

House made by villagers themselves

including roof, with local material and low

cost.

Main OccupationHouse made by villagers themselves including roof, with local material and low cost.

Typical Housing and Fodder land

Social Infrastructure and Religious Institution

As Gujjarbasti Village is rehabilitated villages nearly every new village settled here

have their own religious center but only one madrasa.

Local Rivulet creating major floods

Issues and solution desired by Gujjarbasti Villagers

Issues

Flooding in link Road and Approach Road

Land ownership

Fodder land to be converted in Agri land and they want to

be part of APMC

High school/ veterinary hospital / Doctor

Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan: water pollution

Health Issue due polluted Drinking water

Potential

Specialization in Animal Husbandry and milk products

Rope making and house making by using local material

Being forest dwellers good knowledge of medicinal plants

Interventions

They want a self help group – micro finance

High potential for setting up a milk chilling plant

Bund construction along the nahar

Nala construction along the link road

• Sent a copy of the letter to District Collector and the receipt of the same: Before

Orientation

• Orientation and Training Program: April-May

• Household and Village Survey, Upload on website to generate Analysis Report and

Participatory Rural Appraisal: May-June-July

• Need Assessment, Plan of Action and upload on website: August-September

• Project Formulation for technology identification and proposing solutions, Upload on

website and submit the proposal to respective Subject Expert Group (SEG)/ Regional

Coordinating Institute (RCI): October-November

• Evolution of the proposal from SEG/ RCI and Submission of shortlisted proposal to NSC for

Approval from Coordinating Institute: December

• Implementation of the Solutions: January- March

WORK PLAN FOR PARTICIPATION INSTITUTE UNDER

UNNAT BHARAT ABHIYAN