Participatory monitoring of the bushmeat trade in the Amazonian Trifrontier (Colombia, Peru, Brazil)
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Transcript of Participatory monitoring of the bushmeat trade in the Amazonian Trifrontier (Colombia, Peru, Brazil)
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Innovative ways for conserving the ecosystem services provided by bushmeat SYMPOSIA ATBC 2014
Cairns, Australia
PARTICIPATORY MONITORING OF THE BUSHMEAT TRADE IN THE AMAZONIAN TRIFRONTIER (COLOMBIA, PERU & BRAZIL)
Daniel Cruz-Antia, María Paula Quiceno, Nathalie van Vliet, Lindon Jonhson Neves & Robert Nasi
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ü Bushmeat is still fundamental for the subsistence of rural and urban communities in the Amazon, even in contexts of rapid socioeconomic transformations à push rural livelihoods away from the dependency on forest products.
ü Rural hunting: 150 000 tons/year (Nasi, Taber & van Vliet, 2011)
ü L a c k o f i n f o r m a t i o n f o r u r b a n b u s h m e a t marketsàilegallity
ü Insignificant: Because of availability and prices of domestic sources of protein (Rushton et al, 2005)
• Iquitos, Loreto - Peru (Bodmer and Lozano 2001, Claggett 1998) • Abaetetuba, Pará-Brazil (Baía et al 2010)
Bushmeat and the rural to urban transi1on
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Research ques1ons ü Study case in a frontier region ü Why is data on urban bushmeat trade so scarce in the
Amazon?
• Is the trade insignificant? • Is it invisible and difficult to assess because it occurs
in hidden markets? • Is it because public institutions and research have
provided little efforts in quantifying its importance?
ü Describe the structure and function of the bushmeat market chain
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Study area
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Methods
ü Diversity of approaches to describe and quantify the bushmeat market chain:
Participatory observation
Informal and semi-estructured interviews
Participatory monitoring
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What did we find? Results
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113
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8 2 2 11 10
26
HUNTERS MARKET SELLERS RESTAURANTS (FORMAL)
RESTAURANTS (INFORMAL)
Nu
mbe
r of
use
rs
Men Women
Stakeholders in the bushmeat market chain ü 195 users (115 hunters, 34 market sellers, 18 formal
restaurants and 28 informal restaurants)
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Santa Rosa (Pe)
Caballococha & Atacuari River (Pe)
Islandia (Pe)
Puerto Nariño & Loretoyacu river (Col)
Leticia (Col)
Atalaia do Norte (Bra)
Benjamin Constant (Bra)
Tabatinga (Bra)
Number of users
Restaurants (Informal) Restaurants (Formal) Market sellers Hunters
Stakeholders in the bushmeat market chain
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Surveillance (30% of users reported to be
penalized)
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Hunters Diversified hunters Specialized hunters
% of bushmeat traded 35% 90%
Trade network Short: friends, neighbours
Long: intermediaries, traders
Type of meat Fresh Fresh, smoked, salted
Use of landscape Use mosaic of landscape
74% primary forests
Mean number of hunting trips/month
4 6
ü 29% rely exclusively on hunting
ü Rural: boat, hunting trails by feet
ü Peri-urban: roadways (motorbike, bycicle, public transportation)
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Bushmeat sellers ü Intermediaries
• At ports or communities • Cellphone, buy at low cost à USD$ 1.09/kg and
sell USD$ 3,29 / kg •
ü Market sellers • Have fixed stalls that involve monthly rental fees • Alternate with fish, chicken and clothing
BRAZIL COLOMBIA PERU
Fresh 4,7 7,0 4,3Salted/smoked 5,1 4,1Fresh 5,1Salted/smoked 5,1 3,3Fresh 5,1 6,2 4,3Salted/smoked 5,1 4,7Fresh 4,8 6,2 3,6Salted/smoked 5,1 3,6
Cuniculus paca
Tapirus terrestris
Pecari tajacu
Mazama americana
Average price of bushmeat kg ($USD)Most commercialized
Commercialization form
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Bushmeat sellers
ü Food stalls & restaurants:
• In neighbourhoods, market places or touristic places
• Dish USD$ 3.50 & USD$10
• Cuniculus paca, Mazama americana and Pecari tajacu
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Catchment area and trade routes ü Flows are limited by control operations and costs of
transportation and supplies, and vary according to the availability of fish and the demand from coca workers
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Species composi1on and quan11es of bushmeat
ü Hunters (8)
• Mammals 60%, birds 26%, reptiles 14%.
• 485 individuals and 13 tons in 60 days
• 5,24 tons high level
• 7,75 tons low
level
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Pecari tajacu
Aburria sp.
Dasypus sp
Mazama americana
Tayassu pecari
Dasyprocta fuliginosa
Crypturellus sp.
Lagothrix lagothricha
Tapirus terrestris
Crax sp
Podocnemis unifilis
Cuniculus paca
Number of individuals
High-level waters Low-level waters
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Species composi1on and quan11es of bushmeat
ü Market places (8)
• Mammals 74%, birds 16%, reptiles 10%.
• 6,7 tons in 20 days
• 3 tons Low level
• 3,7 tons high level
0 5 10 15 20 25
Mazama gouazoubira
Chelonoidis denticulata
Podocnemis unifilis
Tayassu pecari
Crax globulosa
Dasypus sp.
Mazama americana
Pecari tajacu
Tapirus terrestris
Cuniculus paca
Number of reports
Low level waters High level waters
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Discussion & Conclusions ü Bushmeat trade contributes to people´s livelihoods, local
economy and well-being: complete market chains (US$686,000 year=2286 monthly min. wage=190 people)
ü Clandestinity provides the erronous idea that the volumes
traded are insignificantà6,7 tons (8 traders/20 days)
ü Then bushmeat trade in Amazonian towns is not insignificant, is instead insufficiently studied
0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20
Tabatinga (Brazil) - 56,21tons/52272 hab
Abaetetuba (Brazil) - 128tons/130.000hab
Franceville (Gabón) 45tons/40,000hab
kg of bushmeat/per cápita/year
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ü Opportunity to legalise and regulate the market of resilient species, while monitoring the effect of the trade on more vulnerable ones (and regulating in accordance).
• Paca (LC): widely distributed, large population, unlikely to be declining.
• Collared peccary: widely distributed, habitat loss and over-hunting (LC), requires monitoring
• Tapir: VU, habitat loss, illegal hunting and competition with livestock
• Red brocket deer: Data Deficient
Discussion & Conclusions
Innovative monitoring tools based on local participation
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ü Market data can provide valuable information for policy makers and managers to formulate strategies for the sustainable use of wildlife
ü Participatory approaches are worth trying:
• It is possible to work together with the stakeholders of the trade chain to study the activity and put in place monitoring mechanisms.
• Trust à Cooperation
Discussion & Conclusions
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