Inflammation and Course Themes Nancy Long Sieber, Ph.D. Sept. 12, 2011.
Participatory Indigenous Spatial Ontology R. E. Sieber C. C. Wellen McGill University.
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Transcript of Participatory Indigenous Spatial Ontology R. E. Sieber C. C. Wellen McGill University.
Participatory Indigenous Spatial Ontology
R. E. SieberC. C. Wellen
McGill University
GIS and Indigenous Peoples
• GIS used by indigenous communities throughout the world (Poole, 1995)
• Main Goals:– Land rights (Poole 1995, Cizek 2004)– Preserve knowledge of elders, hunters
(Tobias 2000, Laituri 2002)
• Criticisms:– Indigenous knowledge fit into machine, not
the other way around (Rundstrom,1995; Nieminen, 1998)
Cree villageCree village1,200 people1,200 people
Traditional land tenure systemTraditional land tenure system25% live off the land25% live off the land
Discovery Channel Canada http://www.exn.ca/NationalParks/ accessed March 02, 2006
Context
• Main research question: can a blend of participatory GIS and ontology address Rundstrom’s critique?
• Cree present an ideal context to investigate this:– They have money and access to information– They have infrastructure to support GIS already– They are implementing GIS of Cree oral history
Outline
• Introduce ontology in GIScience
• Introduce Participatory GIS
• Focused Research Questions
• Methodology
• Initial Results
• Future Plans
What are Ontologies?
• Philosophy: Study of being (Dale, 2002)
• Information Science: Explicit specification of a conceptualization (Gruber, 1993)
• GIScience: both! (Agarwal, 2005)
A Simple Ontology of Streams
Adapted from H. Pundt, Y. Bishr / Computers & Geosciences 28 (2002) 95–102
From cognitive to computational
• Cognitive work highlights cultural differences in ontologies (Mark and Turk 2003)
• Computational side focuses on Semantic Web type applications (Egenhofer 2002)
• Work is needed that bridges the gap
Hydrographic Features Across Ontologies Mark and Turk (2003)
PGIS
• What is it?• What benefits of using PGIS?
– Traditional ecological knowledge (instead of just expert knowledge)
• What drawbacks does it highlight?– Top down– Actors’ interests. For research, graduation, tenure, and
promotion. Because it’s ‘interesting.’ Because they can watch us and because it can improve individuals’ expertise (knowledge of GIS) and status in the community (culturally protected area versus mining; who gets hired once the protected area is established) and reinforce existing inequality and power structures (or undermine one element in the power structure) (Kyem 200x). Therefore, our project can have negative impacts.
Literature Review
Prelim Ontological Schema
Data Collection
GIS User Needs Assessment
Ontology Formalization
User Interviews – Ontology Development
Team meetings for System Design
Meta Data Collection
Ontology Verification
Iterative methodology for a participatory Ontology
Remote user interface design
System Specification
Content Analysis
Verify Ontology
Verify System
Deployment
GIS Application Development
Focused research questions
• What hydrographic feature categories do the Cree have? How can these features be represented in a GIS?
• How much must GIS technology be modified or customized to accommodate Cree hydrographic feature categories?
• How do we incorporate stories into a GIS?
Stuff to put• What hydrographic feature categories do the Cree have? How can these features be
represented in a GIS? – Components include geometric, attributional, relational.
• How much must GIS technology be modified or customized to accommodate Cree hydrographic feature categories?
– How much cartography? GIS? Incorporating a CMS.– Geometry. Points are problematic but are lines and areas good enough? Places are named
on the basis of how they look so it’s a finer grain of understanding. – A better semantic structure of explicit relationships is needed than in GIS or RDF (e.g.,
upuuchuun is where Poplar meets the James Bay. Perhaps a network model better than a geometric one)
– Topology. Networks need adjacent features. • How do we incorporate stories into an ontology? CMS? GIS? Interface?
– Conceptually, a 3D or multi-layered ontology (need example). This would essentially give each token its own schema.
– Computationally, make the story the entry point. Recycle stuff from AAG.– Specify a database schema for how stories relate to names, names to features. Should this
come first? This would be a simple ontology of how stories relate to places (are these features?). The problem is, this is not a very participatory method of doing so, nor would it be complete, as we plan to implement a folksonomy thing. I did talk to people about placenames and stories a little though.
Methods: Ontology elicitation• Adapted two-stage UK Ordinance Survey methodology (Mizen et al 2005) –
conceptual ontology and logical ontology.• Conceptual Ontology:
1. Create a list of “essential” terms of hydrography from Cree School Board dictionary
2. Worked on establishing trust3. Created GIS (for town work) and took paper maps (for canoeing)4. Participant observation:
-Canoe Trip-Subsistence activities (i.e. chopped wood, checked fishnets, cooked bannock)
5. Semi-Structured Interviews with hunters and elders involving GIS, list. Asked what words they use to describe landscape that don’t translate into English.
6. Double-checked spelling, meaning with Cree language expert.7. Found Cree literature on lake formations.
• Result: knowledge glossary in plain text and semantic triples
Picture of the list
shiipaashtikw side channel of a riveranatwaayach river wideningchishtaashtikw on the main part of a rivermischaakushtikw a small stream, river in a swamp
paaushtikuu rapids
paaushtikuushiish small rapids
siipii rivershiipiish creek, streamshikaapishii small creekshakaapishiish very small, bushy creek
Siipii –
river
Shiipaashtikw –
side channel
Anatwaayach – Between rapids
Shiipiish – creek, stream
Pimistaakan – well used water
travel routePaaushtikuu –
rapids
Kapataakan – portage
shikaapishii
minishtikuchuun
Siipii - ClassUtamaa – Beaver or otter crossing
Mischaakw – Muskeg, swamp
ConnectedToPartOf
ContainedByAvoids
Aamaataamapiich – empties out
SynonymOf
aamaataashtikwaayaach
Mischaakuhtin – The river goes through a muskeg
Pitu-Piashich – Pool below rapids
kipaanaanischii – Campsite
Piishipuyaakin – Fish weir
ConnectedToPartOf
LittleBrotherOfAvoidsAlsoNamed
InstanceOf
Paakumshumwaashtikw Siipii
Paakumshumwaastikw Pimistaakan Pimistaakan
Paakumshumwaashtikw - Instance
naatwaahkupaash aasaashkaachuuhch Paaushtikuu
naatwaahkupaash aawichuuhch kipaanaanischii
naatwaahkupaash aawichuuhch Paaushtikuu
anatwaayachnaatwaahkupaash aawichuuhch
naatwaahkupaau anatwaayach
niishushtikwaayaau aamaataashtikwaayaach
KapataakanPortage6
Portage5 Kapataakan
aatikwaatuwaayaach
Paakumshumwaashtikw - Instance
shiipiish
Anatwaayach
Paaushtikuu
Paaushtikuu
Kapataakan – portage
kipaanaanischii – Campsite
GIS Features
Search Engine
Place Pages
Cree Ontology Instance Semantics
Non-Spatial
ContentOther Content
Stories - folksonomies
• Oral history already recorded
• Refers to named places – can be incorporated into the GIS
• Other, more participatory methods of data indexing are required – folksonomies. <recycle some AAG if we have time.>
Our Results (in terms of GISoc and Ontology)
• Ontology is homogenous: assumes that terminology is standardized across a population – Forced communities in Wemindji—e.g., slightly different ways different families referred to a river
confluence. Whose words are privileged? (other words become a synonym of the privileged word)– Differences between coastal and inland peoples (different words for features existing in their spheres of
influence). • Are we creating a domain where one didn’t not previous exist? Is hydrography a domain or a part
of another domain (e.g., fire succession, beaver habitats)• Are we creating a superclass where it didn’t exist? There is no Cree word for waterway or
watercourse that came up.• Prevalence of the class versus the instance in Cree culture (and multiple inheritances). The bay
versus bays. Are we privileging categories over instances (e.g., placenames) and introducing English concepts into the language?
• PGIS assisted in conceptualization of ontology because ontology is a really abstract • Changing power relations and personal interests (actual examples or anticipations)• Did transformation, which can be viewed as bad. However, some transformation is viewed as
good (e.g., oral to written (Laituri 2002; Visitor 2006). Everyone is learning English• The issue of adjectives, nouns and verbs.• The issue of mereology and topology (the only topology is geographic).
Our Results in terms of PGIS
• Endogenously created? (The Band Office did say they wanted GIS. And CTA are using Google Earth to place cabins. One reason they’re doing this is because they don’t want to give it to the band office.) Involving whom and in what capacity?
• Computationally it’s difficult to implement with Cree partners. So is it really bottom-up (see ladders of participation) and at what stage is it participatory? And how participatory do they want it?
Put ladder of participation here