Participatory context and needs analysis in transitional recovery by munas kalden
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
Participatory Capacity and Needs
Analysis in Transitional Recovery
The Case of Central Camp-1&2, Amparai, Sri Lanka
(This is a draft of the exercise held in Navithanveli DS of Ampara district during 27-29 of Oct, 2009 )
Designed and facilitated the exercise by Munas Kalden
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
1. Contact Details:
Munas Kalden
Programme Officer-Social Transformation, Monitoring and Reporting
United Nations Development Programme - UNDP
63, Jayawardanapura , Ampara, Tel: +94 63 222 4917,22
[email protected] ; [email protected]
1. Village Map
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
2. Table of Content
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ 5
I. BACKGROUND OF THE PCNA ......................................................................................................................... 6
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................
VILLLAGE INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 7
VILLAGE SELECTION PROCESS .................................................................................................................................... 8
JUSTIFICATION FOR SELECTING THE VILLLAGE .............................................................................................. 9
COMMUNITY PROFILING ..................................................................................................................................... 9
CONFLICT SENSITIVITY CONTEXT ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................
STAKEHOLDERS' ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................... 12
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................................... 14
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………...15
NEED ANALYSIS
PROBLEM ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................... 17
PRIORITIZED NEEDS ........................................................................................................................................... 19
PROBLEM WEB-GENDER .................................................................................................................................... 21
GENDER ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................. 23
PROBLEM WEB-SOCIAL COHESION .................................................................................................................. 31
SOCIAL COHESION ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 33
PROBLEM WEB-LIVELIHOOD .............................................................................................................................. 34
PROBLEM WEB-INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................. 35
COMMUNITY PLANNING .........................................................................................................................................
GENDER................. ............................................................................................................................................... 36
SOCIAL COHESION .............................................................................................................................................. 37
COMMUNITY ACTION PLANNING ....................................................................................................................... 39
LESSONS LEARNT ............................................................................................................................................... 43
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................................... 44
ANNEX.................................................................................................................................................................45
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
1 Abbreviation
CBOs-community Based Organizations
DSD- Divisional Secretariat Division
GN –Grama Niladari
IDPs-Internally Displaced Persons
LNGOs-Local Non Governmental Organizations
PLA- participatory learning and action
PRA-participatory rural appraisal
SDO-Social Development Organization
UNDP-United Nations Development Programme
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
4. Abstract/Executive Summary
The humanitarian and development agencies willing to address the development needs of the people in Central
Camp, must take the „connecting‟ and „dividing‟ factors of the context, in which they are going to work. NGOs
and CBOs should develop a greater sensitivity to the dynamics of peace and conflict in the design,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation of their activities. This means being more mindful of both the
potential for programmes to exacerbate situation and the opportunities to support peace-building processes. The
PCNA exercise under taken by UNDP is the result of realization of this reality and ground requirement.
In this exercise, UNDP tried its best to listening to clients, social analysis and understanding the context that
would create as results of the intended intervention. It devotes more resources to analysis, examine context
through participatory process in order to strategize the intervention. The key actors, in the village are
intermediary organizations in the field of humanitarian and development. They, with the good intention, made
context more complex, without making context conflict analysis, before foraying into intervention. The
methodology employed was participatory, using the tools and techniques of PRA. The people are the centre in
the process.
Good governance aspect of conflict transformation is much needed and to be focused. People feel there is no
transparency in designing, implementing and monitoring the project related activities, in their words, „they just
come; select the person whom they are interested in‟ or „the computer will select the beneficiary, the
CBOs/NGOs say‟. This is long term practice on non following principle of good governance in the operation of
intermediary organizations. Another factor is effective coordination among them, which make the context not
favorable for development by leaving the grievance without transformed.
This is the core issue centered and surfaced during the PCNA in the village of Central Camp in term of social
cohesion. There are needs for livelihood, housing, drinking water, drainage/irrigation in terms of physical needs.
It is recommended of making physical needs as entry point to transform the context into a positive development
scenario where all actors live peacefully. The unilateral nature of the intermediaries‟ organizations‟ initiatives in
the village is not contributing to the enabling situation for social cohesion.
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
To build confidence among the wider community in the village, the NGOs and CBOs must analysis the
context before the context. There are very few CBOs understand this approach and try to apply in their
operation. This should take place in the whole district rather in particular villages. The exercise arrived
at addressing the needs of the community. They are of Livelihood, SME , Micro Finance and
Environment: providing start up capital to generate livelihood activities, providing quality paddy seeds for
cultivation, creating seasonal job opportunities through SME initiatives, strengthening marketing facilities
and facilitating to provide technical knowledge.
Infrastructure and Housing: upgrading internal roads facilitating economic and social functioning, Gender
and Social Cohesion: engaging youth, boys and girls, in providing life skill development / enterprenious,
building capacity of service providers to deliver better services and solidify relationship between service
provider and receiver, addressing social issues affecting women., like alcoholism.
5. Background of the PCNA
Participatory Capacity and Needs Analysis, known as PCNA, is a consultative process in identifying the development
needs and the capacity of a village with the active participation of constituent members and stake holders of the
same. This has been (adopted) by UNDP, Sri Lanka to inquiry into the needs and to explore possible solution for
the problems identified. In practice of UNDP work, this was earlier known as participatory need analysis (PNA). This
has been reviewed, based on the field experience gained, and becomes as PCNA.
The objective of the exercise is to identify the capacity and need of the village and explore possible solutions for
development intervention, through a participatory process. This would lay the foundation for sustainable development
by undertaking conflict sensitivity analysis into serious consideration. In other word, this focuses three areas; namely,
sustainable development, durable peace and transforming the conflict. Furthermore, this process it self, helps to build
the capacity of the community and also creates a foundation to build cohesion among the stakeholders of the
particular village. This is building community capacity for development.
The specific objectives of the PCNA were to:
The primary objective of this assessment is to understand better the community-level dynamics that
strengthen or undermine social cohesion and the prospects for peace and reconciliation in Central Camp -01 and 02.
This inquiry was also intended to identify concrete opportunities for supporting “pro-peace” dynamics, in particular
those that have previously escaped the attention of external agencies.
Specifically, this assessment aimed to:
Identify the current patterns and nature of social segregation and cohesion and to analyze the linkages
between these and conflict/peace dynamics in each village.
Map key institutions, issues, networks and individuals who contribute to social cohesion and reconciliation
with specific attention being given to women, young people and community leaders.
Identify potential approaches and partners for strengthening social cohesion including capacity building
through livelihood and infrastructure means.
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
Provide recommendations and options (focus, priorities, entry points, strategies, activities and potential
partners) for programming to strengthen intra and intercommunity/group bonds and informal mechanisms to
resolve disputes, build trust and thereby increase community resilience to conflict in these villages.
identify problems, needs and solutions/strategy recommended by the community for
livelihood , SME, Micro Finance and environment
social cohesion and gender equality
infrastructure and housing
Provide the basis for participatory planning for community development(village planning)
Record and document information as a base-line against which to measure project intervention and change.
At the outset, social cohesion was understood by the assessment team as being seen in terms of trust and
association between and among disparate groups. Honesty and fairness were seen as the key aspects of trust.
Villagers, village and community leaders, and CBOs/NGO staff were interacted about their perceptions of a range of
different players with influence on social cohesion. Associations among and between villages were observed during
the transect walk.
The process employed was of community consultation and active participation. For this purpose, participatory rural
appraisal (PRA) tools were utilized. Now, this has been known as participatory learning and action (PLA). In all steps
of the exercise, the community‟s voice has been reflected and captured. The involvement of the UNDP was limited to
facilitation.
6. Introduction:
6.1. Village Introduction
The village selected for this exercise is Central
Camp-01 and02 which falls under Navithanveli
DS division of Ampara district. It is a hamlet
within the DS division. The village has been
occupied by the constituencies during the Galoya
Scheme. At the beginning, there were 6,000
people resettle from other parts of the district.
It features a Tamil-speaking majority split equally
between ethnic Tamils and Muslims, as well as a
smaller number of Sinhala families, who mostly
moved there from the south under state irrigation
and resettlement schemes. Lying at the
intersection of competing Tamil and Muslim
nationalisms, the village had seen some of the
worst of Sri Lanka‟s inter-ethnic violence and
remained at risk for longer.
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
The means of livelihood are agriculture, inland fishing, animal husbandry, handloom and poultry making
among other available in the village.
6.2. Village selection and
process
The village has been selected based on
the criteria set by the UNDPi for
development intervention. Of those, the
following are applied.
Table 1: Male and Female in Central Camp-01 & 02
1. Social criteria
Multi-ethnic/religious composition in a location or multi-ethnic/religious community living closely to the location
Social dimensions (weak community interaction, mistrust, high community tension, existence of excluded or less integrated social groups, ex-combatant etc…),
Health (poor nutritional level, low health services, accesses to facilities etc…),
High percentage of recently resettled community ( 2007 – 2009)
Percentage of families living in temporary shelter facility, and percentage of houses destroyed during displacement
Lack of adequate social service providers / social institutions
Literacy (school drop outs, less school facility, poor access to basic services etc…),
Lack of basic community infrastructure intervention (common wells, internal access roads, sanitations etc…)
2. Economic criteria
Poor economic conditions (Gender differentiated income, lack of access to and control over resources, high unemployment rate, and poor support services, etc…)
Resettled communities, who have received no/less assistance from other external sources
Lack of basic livelihood infrastructure facilities (Small irrigation channels, agro-wells, storage facilities etc.)
Poor natural resource management and conflict over resource sharing
3. Conflict-related criteria (To be ascertained through community consultations)
Weak social communication mechanisms
Lack of mechanisms to express/ share ideas
Lack of community decision making mechanisms or set up
Interference of power/ politics / influence in common activities or in sharing resources
Community stress derived from past conflict experience
Different cultural practices and beliefs
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
Composition of IDP and host families or resettlers (%), and more families with women headed households (%)
4. Other requirements
Statistical information, documents and analysis to support the vulnerability and the status of the community.
6.3. Justification for Selecting the village
The village has been selected in keeping the criteria set by UNDP. Social cohesion in the villages of Central Camp
01 and 02, within a specific social context that is distinguished by each village history, its social diversity and the
experience of violence and social conflict. The nature of the conflict, the intensity and extent of the violence and
associated events strongly influenced the relationship between social cohesion, conflict and peace.
The vulnerability is visible. The infrastructure needs reconstructed. Livelihood ought to be revitalized. The social
fabric is needs to be strengthened. All f those sections in the presents socio-economic setting could be strategized
through addressing their needs.
This section of the intervention will address the issues through identified needs within the social and demographic
setting the two villages and relates this to the experience of conflict and efforts to facilitate reconciliation, through
community identifies needs and intervention strategy.
7. Community Profiling
Tools Utilized for data collection:
I. Transect Walk Diagram of Central Camp 1 and 2 Villages of Navithanveli DSD
II. Social Mapping
Land use Road Home garden Highland Lowland
Soil type Tar and gravel Sandy - Sandy Clay –sandy
Crops Chilli, brinjol Green gram, cowpea, gourd, groundnut, cassava
Paddy - Paddy land around 250 acres in Central Camp 1 and 600
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
acres in central camp 2
Fruit trees Banana, papaya, mango, pineapple,
Banana, papaya, mango, pineapple, cashew,
Other trees Neem –Kohomba, Palmyra, and other bushes
Kohomba, jack, coconut, arecanut, gilicidia
Kohomba, jack, arecanut, gilicidia Coconut tree, Mango, Palmyra,
Livestock Poultry (local birds), goats and cattle
Cattle and goat in off seasons
Problems observed No proper road, not maintained well. Transport problem makes the people more vulnerable
It is difficult to find water in the drought season Due to several Displacement instability of livelihood is much obvious specially in Tamil community
Land available for housing and other infra structure in Division-02 but no government lands available in div-01
Irrigation channels need to be renovated
Participants : Munas Kalden, Dimuthu Bogahawaththa, Mohamed Shakeen, Abdul Jaleel, Subanjini Rajendram, GNs of both villages and community people who were in near to transect walk route ( 24th October 2009)
Ecosystem:
The whole land area is almost a flat surface. No big
forest in the village but it is obvious that there are
plenty of Neem/Vembu –Kohomba trees and some
bushes. The soil type is almost sandy in home gardens
and lowland and it becomes clay texture in paddy
lands, underlying soil is mostly hard. Some common
buildings are available in villages like community
centers; government services delivery offices (GN and
SDO), school building and cooperative society etc.
The main road system made up with tar road and
interior roads are of graveled. The average land area
owned by each family varies from 1 to 6 acres and resettled families usually own 1 acre of highland and 4 acres of
lowland, on an average. A considerable part of paddy lands are owned by the outside business community. The main
livelihood of the both villages, Central Camp -01 and 02, is paddy cultivation. Seasonal labor, livestock farming
(cattle, goat, and country poultry etc), home gardening, upland cultivation and a few SMEs (retail shops, sewing and
short-eats making etc) are also practiced by both community.
Environment:
Social Mapping
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
The environmental landscape of the village looks good, though there is no much forestation. It was observed that
some farmers used to add paddy straw as an organic matter for making the soil fertile. Human –elephant conflicts
rarely happen especially in between cultivation seasons.
Climate:
A common drought period is experienced in between July to mid September in every year. However, in this year it
has extended up to late October. During this period, all common, individual and tube wells get dried off and people
have to walk 4-5 km to find the water for drinking and other purposes. In both Maha and Yala seasons the community
cultivates paddy in lowland and other field crops in home gardens and uplands. Live fencing (Gliricidia) can be
observed in most of home gardens and no any cultivation practiced in draught season due to scarcity of water. The
Gliricidia is not been utilized properly.
Social Cohesion:
With respect to social cohesion, both Tamil and Muslim community live together with a few Sinhala families. The
demography of the community is pocket by pocket; mostly Muslims are in a pocket and Tamils in another pocket.
Some serous ethnic conflicts have been experienced in 1990 decode especially in between Tamil and Muslim
communities, due to the outside village influence.
The Muslims in the village perceive that the
humanitarian and development assistance are being focused on delivering to the Tamils community. They, Muslims,
perceive themselves as marginalized from those assistance benefited. This depicts of space to be addressed on
reconciliation perspective through equally distributing the humanitarian and development assistance. This leaves the
message for the development actors and agencies of making conflict analysis prior to the intervention.
Family disputes and domestic violence have increased and the liquor consumption of men has been identified as
one of the main reasons for this issue... Women and children are the most vulnerable group under this circumstance.
There were incidences of Sexual harassment reported in the Central Camp 02; therefore mobility of women is
restricted with existing insecurity situation. A few religious institutions Churches, Kovils and mosques) are available
in addition to the village level CBOs and LNGOs that serve for establishing and stabilizing social cohesion.
Some land owners, in the both villages, have blocked the road and made fence claiming their land ownership. This
has blocked the path. According to the villagers, it was open for public some time age. There are four instances
where the road has been blocked. The people, to get the services, are compelled to walk long distance.
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
Table 2: Labour Force in Central Camp-01 & 02
8. Conflict Sensitivity Context Analysis
8.1. Stake holders’ Analysis
In the village called the Central camp 01, there are considerable actors involved in contributing to the
development process of the village. The following are of influential, according to the people participated in
the PCNA exercise.
o Rural Development Society(RDS)
o Kovil Administration
o Grama Nildhari
o Samurdhi Officer
o Farmer‟s Representative(Vatta Vithanai)
o Women Society
o Sports Club
Actors outside the Village
o Divisional secretariat
o Sri Lanka Transport Board
o Irrigation Department
o World vision
It is worthy to mention here that the personnel, working for a Minister who turned to politics from fighting
force and opened a political office in the village. There is no evident, from the villagers, for making presence
of “Pillayan”, the Chief Minister of Eastern Province who was in the same camp of fighting and joined the
government. Now he is the. These two factions always go for registering their presence by opening political
officers with the intention of serving their constituencies. The later has no office opened so far. If it comes to
surface, this may create tension among the intra community as well as inter communities.
In addition, in the post conflict of changing context, the intermediary community/civil organizations, that are
distributing humanitarian and development assistant, working in Central Camp-01 and -02 are the key
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
actors. There many such organizations. Some are within the village. They have to improve their
understanding on peacebuilding and conflict transformation with conflict analysis concern.
Analysis:
In the said village, there many actors involved. Of them, the politicians who turn as so after being in the
camp of fighting are main forces. They have political voices. But, different ways. Both elements are part of
ruling governing. Both are trying to register their political presence in the community.
The community is divided on this line though this is not much visible. This has been filtered into the
community. Some of them are not ready to say anything fearing for anything may happen to them.
The rest of them, actors, are from the community. They are traditional, as one could see same anature of
the actors in the east part of the country. They are development oriented, for instance: Rural Development
Society(RDS), Kovil Administration , Grama Nildhari,Samurdhi Officer, Farmer‟s Representative(Vatta
Vithanai),Women Society, Sports Club.
With the good intension of going good for the community development, make the situation unhealthy. There
is no coordination among their activities, and priorities.
Actors Services to the community
o Rural Development Society(RDS)
Administrating the village development by utilizing the
resources available in the village.
Coordinating with the DS and GS
o Kovil Administration o Maintaining the religious activities in the village.
o Promoting spiritual well being of the community
members.
o Resolving the community disputes
o Promoting cultural values
o Promoting inter faith dialogues
o Providing moral education for children
o Grama Nildhari o The focal for all government and non governmental
activities in the village.
o Government authorized representative in the village
linking the DS of the area.
o All development, humanitarian and emergency activities
are coordinated through him/her
o Samurdhi Officer o Promoting village livelihood and economic well being
o Taking initiatives on poverty eradication activities.
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
o
o Farmer‟s Representative(Vatta Vithanai) o Voicing farming related issues.
o Mobilizing the farmers to get the services of authority for
village relating to farming.
o Looking after watering and irrigation needs of farming
and farmers.
o Representing forum at village and DS level related to
farming
o Women Society o Working for women welfare in the society.
o Sports Club
o Youth physical well being
o Societal activities, like sramadana
o Promoting cultural activities in the village.
8.2. Structural Analysis
The structural analysis makes the present situation and pattern of the village that move beyond direct
relationship, to relational pattern that involve and affect whole groups, a scope of inquiry that includes
structural pattern- the way things happen over and over again- and existing structures. In other words,
the time horizon includes both present and historical dynamics, between or among groups, particularly
where one group has been privileged and others marginalized. This part of the report, analyzes
structural patterns under Social Condition, Procedural Pattern, and Institutional Pattern.
Social condition of Central Camp-01 and 02 is of case with disparity in accessing services and
resources. Due to the protected war and its negative impact, the people of both villages experienced in
early 90, disparity in accessing to the power and resources. This was mainly when one of the main
actors, of conflicting party, in de-facto sate of governance and influence in the villages.
During the same period, the Muslims felt of marginalization in equally distributing humanitarian and
development assistance. In the prevailed setting, the Tamils perceived of victimized by the actors of
conflict and rehabilitation process, so far they did not rehabilitated or reconciled. This situation made
both communities mutually perceive of disadvantaging and ethnically marginalizing. The impact of the
prolong conflict in the east and main actors influence, in the village administration ethnically
marginalized; one over the other is palpable. The room for reconciliation is vital.
Having analyzed the social condition, procedural pattern also could be observed in the both villages
particularly lack of transparency, inequality access, non participation and fairness. The people from
both communities had no equal access to information and understanding of decision making. Both
communities perceive they are consistently left out of political and economic decisions and process that
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
affect them. Mostly cited instance, government facilitated housing project, during the post tsunami
setting, could be recalled here. The people perceive that they were not aware of the decision process
how was the beneficiaries selected. Participation and fairness element of procedural pattern is
observable.
Another analytical aspect of structural focus is Institutional Pattern. The function and maintenance of
key social, political and economic organization, particularly established to serve the wider public did not,
according to the participants, serve in a neutral manner. The people have no trust in those institutions.
A. Related information:
Two different communities separated from norms and culture
having lot of grievances between two communities
government support not equally distributed
war victims still suffering
enough rooms for livelihood activities
B. Analysis in Points:
Having own priorities of needs
Communication gap between two community exist
Better income generation among the villagers will
restore the harmony if equally distributed
War victims and family need more support from
villagers
Sharing source and power according to the needs
will minimize the conflict between the communities.
Need more support from government ,in policy
level.
8.3. Dynamic Analysis
The dynamic analysis tries to gain a better
understanding of the dynamics, relationship
and issues of the situation at different stages of
conflicts prevailed in the East where Ampara
district constituted part of it. This helps the
practitioners in the field of development to plan and carry out better actions and strategies.
Understanding the dynamics will help supporting or undermining peace efforts in a transition situation.
The relationship and dynamic communication among Tamils and Muslims in Central Camp-01 and 02
depicted in the below given chart analyzed based on the stages of conflict. The information gathered
through the Time Line and Focus Group Discussion during the PCNA exercise
Time Line Exercise facilitated by the UNDP staff, Mohamed Jaleel and Sunera Edrisuriya
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
No Period Stage of conflict Nature of the relationship between Muslim and
Tamil Main Actors in the conflict
01. 1980s Pre-conflict Incompatibility of goal among the Tamil speaking youths. Tamil armed group influenced positively on Tamil Speaking Communities including Muslim. The youth attracted by these groups and developed into incompatibility in their goals.
Tamil armed groups
Tamil speaking youths
Government Forces
02. 1980-90 Confrontation Conflict is more open; Tamil armed groups supporters began to engage in confrontational behavior on Muslims. In turn, Muslims engaged in the same behavior. Tit for tat. Occasional fighting among Tamil Armed Groups and Government Forces which formed alliance among the communities-Muslims and Tamils. Low level violence among Muslims and Tamils. Both Muslims and Tamils mobilized their resources and strengthen their allies. The relationship between Muslims and Tamils was very strained, lead to polarization. There were cases of mutual killings.
Tamil armed groups
Government forces
and Indian Peace Keeping Forces
03. 1990-2000 Crisis Tension and violence is most intense between the Tamils and Muslims. People from all sides were killed. Normal communication between Tamils and Muslims ceased.
LTTE
GoSL
04. 2000-2002 Out Come Ceasefire agreement. Relationship between Muslims and Tamils started restoring. Less tension. The agricultural activities restarted. Tamils and Muslims communication improved. Relationship rebuilt.
LTTE
GoSL/Forces
05. 2005-08 Again Crisis Tensions among Tamils youths. Relationship between Tamils and Muslim remained same.
Karuna Faction
Pillayan Faction
LTTE
Government Forces
06. 2009 Post Conflict LTTE defeated. Tension among Tamils youth remains to limited degree. The relationship between Tamils and Muslims is improving. Communal approach is reducing.
Development agents
Aid Distributing Intermediary CBOs
Karuna Faction (less influence at this stage)
The following analytical remarks are worthy to be noted.
During different stages of conflict, the relationship among and between the communities
(Tamils and Muslim) changed.
During the pre-conflict stage, the youths were on the same camp.
During 2005-08, Again Crisis Period (ACP), tension increased among and between Tamils
youths who were in the same camp of thought.
There was a clear ethnic demarcation during the crisis stage of conflict.
During the post conflict stage, the actors have been changed. The key actors are development
agents out side the villages and Aid distributing intermediary CBOs inside the villages.
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
9. Need Analysis
9.1. Problem Analysis
Tool – Force field analysis
No Sector Problem-Supporting Factors
Problems-Hindering Elements
01.
Liv
elih
oo
d, S
ME
, M
icro
Fin
ance
an
d
En
viro
nm
ent
Organized group of people to engage in livelihood activities 1. Lack of capital to generate livelihood activity
Availability of land for livelihood activities 1. Non availability of quality paddy seeds for cultivation
Willingness of motivated young in working for livelihood activities 2. Lack of land for agricultural cultivation
2. Inadequate seasonal job opportunities
3. Inadequate external services (extension services)
4. Lack of marketing facilities
5. Inadequate technical knowledge
6. Water scarcity
02. Problem-Supporting Factors
Problems-Hindering Elements
Gen
der
Em
po
wer
men
t
o Women involvement of livelihood activities/ Small scale income
generation activities
Insecurity and sexual harassment
o Anti alcoholism activity of women societies Absence of PHI service
o Existing police service and its usage on handling domestic violence
cases
Dowry problem
o Women ownership on properties (land and houses) Irregular reproductive service
o Joint ownership (Husband and wife)
High degree of war affected women (women Headed
Households)
o Women as bread winners in the Women headed House hold(WHH) Lack of transport facilities and difficulties in access to
clinic, specially for pregnant mothers.
o Skilled/trained women on civil society management /leadership etc Alcoholism and domestic violence.
o Existing active women‟s society(SWORD ,WRDS)
High degree of school drop outs of girls caused by
poverty
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
03. Problem-Supporting Factors
Problems-Hindering Elements
S
oci
al C
oh
esio
n
o Meeting basic needs and getting services formally and informally
strengthen intercommunity relationship (fetching water, and during
transportation for instance).
Partiality among humanitarian and development
intermediary organizations
o Religious, cultural and recreational gathering among all three religious
communities foster the relationship.
Non engaging of multi communities in the community
development activities
o Education fosters relationship among students of all ethnic and
religious communities.
No coordination among the CBOs working in the
villages.
o Community development activities connect among and between the
communities.
Non participatory way of selecting beneficiaries for
development and humanitarian activities by the
authorities.
o Very good rapport among religious leaders in the villages. Insecurity for girls students on the way to schools
04. Problem-Supporting Factors
Problems-Hindering Elements
Infrastructure and environment 1. Land availability for housing & roads
No fund for make lift irrigation
2. Availability of main electricity distribution lines along the main roads Lack of drinking water
3. Availability of irrigation distribution channels Lack of sufficient income for housing construction
4. Availability of reasonable amount of water in Kittanki Kulam (for any purpose)
Problems in rehabilitating irrigation channels
5. Availability of bus stand facilities
6. Land availability for school construction.
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
9.2. Prioritized Needs
No Sector Problems Identified Problems Prioritized Criteria Set
05. L
ivel
iho
od
, SM
E ,
Mic
ro F
inan
ce
and
En
viro
nm
ent
Lack of capital generate livelihood activity 1. Lack of capital to generate livelihood activity 1. Benefiting as much as many people
Non availability of quality paddy seeds for cultivation 2. Non availability of quality paddy seeds for cultivation
2. important and urgency
Lack of land for agricultural cultivation 3. Lack of land for agricultural cultivation 3. Cost effectiveness
Inadequate seasonal job opportunities 4. Inadequate seasonal job opportunities
Inadequate external services (extension services) 5. Inadequate external services (extension services)
Lack of marketing facilities 6. Lack of marketing facilities
Inadequate technical knowledge 7. Inadequate technical knowledge
Water scarcity 8. Water scarcity
06. Problems Identified Problems Prioritized Criteria Set
Gen
der
Em
po
wer
men
t
Insecurity and sexual harassment
1. Tension due to sexual harassment /murders 1. Most families benefited
Absence of PHI service 2. Early marriages and poverty 2. Urgency
Dowry problem 3. Sexual harassment and lack of security
measures to prevent the situation
3. Cost effectiveness I
Irregular reproductive service 4. Lack of awareness on health related issues 4. Positive social impact
High degree of war affected women (women Headed
Households)
5. School dropouts among girl students
Lack of transport facilities and difficulties in access to clinic,
especially for pregnant mothers.
Alcoholism and domestic violence.
High degree of school drop outs of girls caused by poverty
07. Problems Identified Problems Prioritized Criteria Set
S oc
ial
C oh es io n Partiality among humanitarian and development intermediary 1. Partiality among humanitarian and 1. Benefiting as much as many
people
20
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
organizations development intermediary organizations
Non engaging of multi communities in the community
development activities
2. Non engaging of multi communities in the
community development activities
2. important and urgency
No coordination among the CBOs working in the villages. 3. Insecurity for girls students on the way to
schools
3. Doing no harm
Non participatory way of selecting beneficiaries for
development and humanitarian activities by the authorities.
4. No coordination among the CBOs working in
the villages.
4. Rebuilding Cohesion
Insecurity for girls students on the way to schools
5. Non participatory way of selecting
beneficiaries for development and
humanitarian activities by the authorities
08. Problems Identified Problems Prioritized Criteria Set
Infr
astr
uct
ure
an
d
Ho
usi
ng
No fund for lift irrigation 1. No fund for lift irrigation 2. Benefiting as much as many people
Lack of drinking water 2. Lack of sufficient income for housing
construction
2. important and urgency
Lack of sufficient income for housing construction 3. Lack of drinking water 4. Cost effectiveness
Problems in rehabilitating irrigation channels 5. Problems in rehabilitating irrigation channels
Issues associated in rehabilitation or upgrading internal roads 6. Issues associated in rehabilitation or
upgrading internal roads
State servicers are not properly reached the constituents 7. Non availability state land for preschool and
recreation
Insufficient fund to construct or build toilets 8. State servicers are not properly reached the
constituents
Non availability state land for preschool and recreation 9. Non availability of emergency treatment unit
at the hospital
Non availability of emergency treatment unit at the hospital 10. Insufficient fund to construct or build toilets
21
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
9.3. Problem Web
9.3.1. Gender:
Tool used: Focus Group Discussion
Facilitator: Ms.Subajini Rajendram
Objective: To identify the women and gender related issues in the specific villages among Tamil and Muslim communities.
Focus Group: Women from both Tamil and Muslim communities with the different age groups.
Key focusing area: The tool was used to draw a real
picture of the existing status of women in the both GN
divisions and among the two vulnerable communities.
The discussion was based on the followings.
Women and Livelihood
Women and societal engagement in relation to
development
Women and social security (within and out side the
family)
Women, how do they respond to issues faced
Women and health
Women and social cohesion
Women and accessibility
Women and housing
Women and water and sanitation
Identified key issues by the women:
1. Women insecurity caused by the incidents such as rape and murder happened in the village (in the mid of
this year, 2009, there was the above incident.)
2. Marketing facilities and promotion of the locally made products and lack of transport facilities to the out side
markets
3. Lack of awareness on Reproductive health and service availability in the division
4. Instable capital for Livelihood generation specially for women
5. Liquor consumption and increased of domestic violence
6. Early marriage system caused by poverty
7. School drop out of girl children due to poverty
Focus Group Discussion on gender empowerment by Suba Rajendram from UNDP
22
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
Expected outcome: Identified many women related issues that reverse the women development and stable the
women vulnerability high
Many women came out with their own and community experience to address the problem without any
hesitation
Throughout the discussion with the existing poverty situation, limited access to resource and considerable,
repeated displacement due to the civil war make the rural women further vulnerable.
Daily Routing:
Tool used: Daily Routine
Facilitator: Ms.Subajini Rajendram and Mr.Mahendran
Objective:
To identify and differentiate the gender based division
of labor and daily routine chart of children in the
division in a daily routine basis
Focus Group: Men , women and children (from both Tamil and Muslim community with the different age group)
Key focusing area: Identified key issues by the women:
Expected outcome:
To be identified the gender based division of labor in a daily routine
basis and to be revealed that how are women and men engaged in
the productive activities/ reproductive activities and to know the daily
routine activities of children
23
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
Analysis: Introduction
FOCUS
GROUP
MEN WOMEN CHILDREN
MORIN
G
Time 4 to 9 AM Time 3 to 9 AM 4 to 7.30 AM
/
AFTERN
OON
Time 12 to 02 Time 12 to 02 PM Time 12 to 02 PM
EVENIN
G
Time 3 to 6 PM Time 3 to 6 PM Time 3 to 6 PM
NIGHT Time 6 to 10
PM
Time 6 to 11PM 6 to 10 PM
24
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
Data Analysis Women
Women are involving in small scale income generation activities which is mostly attached to the house hold premise. They are mostly engaged in the house hold related / reproductive activities
Women invest more time in the household related task
In the village women twice in a month meeting the women society to develop/share their common interest with the women group
In the draught season women get up early to carry the water far away fro their house (Early morning 3 go for collect water for all household usages)
It shows the double burden based task Men …………………………………………………………………………………………..
Men are the bread winners of the family
Most of the time engage in the earning
Most of the time spend in the out side Children…………………………………………………………………………………
Daily routine Analysis of PCNA Navidanveli DS division
Daily routine was selected to highlight the gender division of labor of the men and women in the society. It was a
shared activity with men and women through participatory way. Find the analysis of the same.
According to the mapping men and women are spending their time from early morning 5.00 to night 11.00 PM.
The working understanding is women as an unpaid worker in the house spend their whole time with the reproductive
activity and small scale livelihood engagement. . Compared to women, men spend more time on productive works
which is out side the house and in wider context of community development.
25
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
Productive work
Leisure time
&
entatainmen
t
Cooking
Carrying
water
Sleeping hrs
Washing
Cleaning
Supporting
to
study of
children
Public shere involv
ement
Rest
LH works
to
fullfill HH
needs
Integration
of
relatives
Women 1 6 4 1 6 2 2 1 1.5 0 4 1
Men 5 1 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 3 0 0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
No
of
ho
urs
Daily Routine of Women & Men
Key realization and recommendations:
It clearly pointed out the gender inequality within house hold. There are specific gender role.
Over burden of women. Taking the role of reproductive and productive as well, due the changing context in
the post conflict.
Women as working unpaid for long hours. Their contribution has not been quantified.
Make realization for gender sensitization program to be balanced the task within family. Ex: Share the house
hold responsibilities with the other member, and contribute for the family harmony and cultivate shared
responsibility.
Compare to men, the gender lacuna is self care of women. Ex: continues work of women for 18hrs without
rest.
Having livelihood activity initiatives by women for their family support. This will, in future, could lead to
possible multi layered empowerment of women. . Utilizing livelihood as a tool to empower women. . It
creates space for women to gradually move to economic empowerment. Then she can have control over
their earnings. So it reduces the economic dependency on men/husband/father.
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
9.3.2. Gender: Liquor Consumption & Domestic Violence –Causes and
Effects
10. Community Planning
10.1. Objective Tree
Liquor Consumption &
Domestic Violence
Committed / attempted to
suicide
Wife Physically assaulted +
Psychologically affected
Children psychologically affected
The believe of having liquor for muscle
pain of wage labors Waglabors
Men are the bread winners and taking the authority in their
hand
Family dispute/ problem due to
poverty
Children sexually made harassment & addicted
to the habit
Increase no. of school
Drop out of children
Patriarchic ideological influence of Women
is the property of men
Split of Family structure
/Divorce
Women migration as housemaids Child Age
marriage
Severe effect in Family
Economy
No stable income
generation
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
Gender: Poor Transportation-Causes and Effects Analysis
No proper awareness
on the issues by the
managers of
transportation services
Lack of Resource
Restricted access to market specially affect
women mobility to market their product
Poor Transportation
Selling the product locally for
low prices
Pregnant mothers
/women face difficulties
in access to clinic
Irregularly attend of
clinic and mothers
dropout from clinic
No proper care of mother and child
–Health related issues: nutritional
issues /vaccination/family planning
system
Malnutrition of mother
& child
No proper care of mother and child –
Health related issues:
nutrition/vaccination/family planning
Poor mothers'
health condition
Pregnant mothers /women
face difficulties in access to
clinic
28
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
10.1. Gender : Poor Health Services –Causes and Effects Analysis
Analysis: Introduction
Women easily become vulnerable in a society where gender quality not maintained. Navidanveli DS division in
Ampara district is of testimonial. The high level of vulnerability affects the women further specifically in the division
on the ground of prolonged displacement, poverty, limited access to resources, cultural limitation, prevailing sexual
harassment and cultural acceptance of women as subordinate.
Culturally accepted domestic violence and women vulnerability
Daily waged laboring and liquor consumptions are interred linked. In the selected division, highest numbers of men
are engaged in daily labour waging. Those who go for daily wage, simply addicts to locally available liqueur
conception. The wide spread belief of such consumption smooth the pain resulted by the physical involvement,
induces this practice. The consumers of liquor, most of them, lost their control and simply involve in the violence
behavior. By the time when the time passes, this becomes an accepted norm in the relationship between the bread
winner and the other members of the family. The unexpected end bad result of this practice is becoming women
victim of that. In the most of the cases, surfaced during the discussion, this leads to domestic violence and family
dispute.
Women and livelihood engagement
Most of the Tamil and Muslim women do their „house premise- based sub livelihood activities‟ to boost or to get
sufficient income for their survival. Most of the women engage in domestic poultry farming and home gardening.
Some are engaged in cattle farming and goad rearing. Further some have skills in sawing and weaving. Specially,
during the draught season women are the bread winners in most of the families. Even though, they do not raise their
29
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
voices against their husband. The bread winner takes the domestic authority has not been practiced by the women.
In some house, there are cases; both husband and wife do share the means of survival. In many, the bread winner
uses the domestic authority in his hand and shoots it for his own direction. But, the women are no, if they are the
bread winner of the family.
Women willingness and engagement in a proper income generation activity is on the high but lack of capital and no
proper small scale marketing facilities is their main problem. This is due to restricted access to other
(Sinhalese/Muslim) community which is caused by prolonged civil war, according to the Tamil Women participated in
the exercise and another course is, no proper transport facility. Selling the products of home garden, for instance,
and non availability of proper milk collecting center. This situation compelled them to utilizing the products for their
own consumptions and for family usages. Some time, this condition reduced their bargaining power in pricing the
products, which results in a very low price. Most of the women, in the said division, do similar kind of products. They
find difficulties in marketing their product within the village.
The gap between producing local products and finding local market is widening. This is palpable. Reducing this gab
leads to promoting healthy family condition and shared domestic responsibilities. This will, ultimately, reduce the level
of domestic violence.
In relation to lack of capital, women are not in a position to generate with any income generation activity. The main
cause is prevailing rural poverty, which is associated with and resulted from protected war. The war always induces
displacement. Displacement makes adverse the poverty. It becomes true in the villages of Central Camp -01 and
02..For example, Tamils from 1983 and until the post-war stage, which start from the May of 2009, on the ground of
ethnic tension and displacement made their live and livelihood instable and made extreme vulnerable. This is
common for both men and women. On women perspective, this should be addressed separately.
Women association and works for development
Certain women as members in the society like, WRDS, SWORD & Samurdhi society are engaged in the community
development. A very limited circle of individuals are engaged in the field to develop their community and of own
mobility. According to some experience gained, in terms of conducting series of workshop to transform liquor
consumption to a meaningful activity, with the support of women members. In this connection, women work to
mitigate the negative impact in the village. This needs well planned strategy with peer group change management
approach, while introducing alternative to the well routed practice. This is socially challenging task. The door is open
for intervention.
Impact of poverty
30
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
Rural poverty is the main cause for the economic and social vulnerability of women in the society. This contributes to
child poverty. Schooling girls and boys become the victim. They are being compelled to stop schooling and suspend
learning. This contrarily, contributes again to the cycle of unhealthy domestic condition and very week family ties. The
poverty level among Tamil community is high compare to Muslim community which is the caused of war.
Domestic violence
Domestic violence cases are, in many instances, tolerated by victim women. In the case of extremity, they attempt to
suicide. This leads their dependants without parental care. They become the victim for ever.
Some recommendation from women side
While it was discussed with the team of participants, they do option of having strong women advocacy team/forum
should be formed and net worked to address these issues to avoid severity of continuation.
Draught and women
During the draught season women does shouldering the totality of family burden such fetching water for all
household needs which is a foremost problem, especially women used to carry the water far away from the home.
They are compelled, in some instances, to find the water for their livelihood means a like.
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
11. Social Cohesion: Partiality among humanitarian and development intermediary
organizations
The communities in the villages of Central Camp-01 and 02 consist of all three communities, with large
constituencies are of Tamils and Muslims and Sinhalese with very few. They are living together, after facing the bitter
experience of protected war divested their soils and hearts. The problem, in the changed context of post conflict is
analyzed and visualized here.
grievances
Partiality among humanitarian and
development intermediary
organizations
Less seriousness in selecting
proper and relevant
beneficiaries
Improper monitoring by the
government top officials
Non corporative village
organizations in community
development
Personal priority
rather
programmatic
benefit
CBOs were not
properly guided Partiality Selecting the beneficiaries
through non transparency
manner
The suitable and needy does
not receive development
assistance
Less willingness to return to the
village who displaced during the
crisis
Increasing Grievances and
relative deprivation
Reducing trust in the official of
authority that leads to mistrust
&conflict
Land not utilized for cultivation
and becoming jungle
Increase in disease caused by
improper environmental
management
Increase in the social evil
and immoral acts
Non participation and
corporation in the
community development
32
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
1. 12.Social Cohesion: No coordination among the CBOs working in the villages.
No coordination among the CBOs
working in the villages.
Securing the fund Strengthening the position
and survival of the CBO staff
within the system
Dispute among the CBOs
Funds and assistances
were not utilized
efficiently
Less progress in the
community
development
Element of conflict
embedded without
reconciled
Improper selection of the
location and
beneficiaries
Grievances among the
people
Unhealthy relationship
between the people and
CBOs
33
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
Analysis of Social Cohesion:
It is clear that the conflict has resulted in the loss of social cohesion among the people and communities of Central
Camp-01 and 02. Less obviously, it is apparent that the nature of the impacts on social cohesion and its resilience
varies from village to village in Navithanveli Ds division and independent on a range of factors.. It paints picture of the
diversity of experience and potential for strengthening social cohesion, recovery and reconciliation in the future.
Generally, Central Camp is marked by social segregation rather than cohesion. This has been fostering by CBOs and
NGOs working in their villages. Through the use of religious identity during the conflict, religions have been polarized
and religious identity has hardened on both sides, Tamils and Muslim. There has been reconciled through the socio-
economic interaction. There are few evident to suggest that more strategies to be employed to sustain what already
reconciled. In general, people are confident that violent communal conflict will not re-emerge again in Central Camp
in the foreseeable future. People through the PRA exercise gave the example of the latest violence of August 2009
relating to rape. There has no link with ethnicity or religion. , which did raise tension in the village. A strategy to over
come social conflict is to be employed from gender perspective.
In particular, the DS-level dialogue of Navithanveli where the village Central Camp falls, an important strategic option
that will play an important role in reducing tensions and preventing conflict as well as transforming the context
conducive for social cohesion and social co-existence. In villages in Central Camp, where both religious groups lived
together before the conflict, they are now divided. Central Camp, there was a strong distrust of the youth, a result of
previous conflict where certain youth acted as provocateurs and combatants. In the case of Central Camp, for
example, people spoke of high levels of trust, association and joint activities after the agreement in 2004 and in the
post LTTE context. but social relations and trust, among the youth of Muslims and Tamils, are no longer as before
even though many peacebuilding initiative taken place.
Sports, for example, cricket in Central Camp were popular forms of cross community association but unfortunately,
there is no common ground in Central Camp-02. Interestingly, in villages where traditional sports and customary
ritual remains strong, trust and inter-group association can still be found and social cohesion has been maintained
even after the conflict. Customary mechanisms tend, however, to have their limitations and only work for internal
community matters. Evidence from those met during the exercise in these two villages, indicates that there is a lack
of integration upon returning and that the building of social relations between groups involved in the conflict has not
received sufficient attention. As one experienced community worker put it, “things look normalized in most places, but
it is not back to normal, because of the CBOs and NGOs working in the village. ”. IDPs have, on the whole, returned
to their areas, but often they moved to city where they feel comfortable in living there in terms of job opportunity,
education and other facilities. Their land remains without occupation. In some place big trees are occupied. This
leads to social issues including rapes. In the rape case where a student raped took placed in the close proximity of
such jungle. Social problems have developed.
The following sections provide a more fine-grained view of social cohesion in each of the villages visited by the
transect walk team in order to understand better the impacts of the conflict and efforts for recovery and
reconciliation. The relationship between Muslims and Tamils is good in the post LTTE context.
34
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
Moreover, the CBOs and NGOs are misusing the issue of recovery and development. There is increased mistrust
between the people of Central Camp02 where Muslims come and between the people from Central Camp 01 where
the majority is Tamils. The CBOs must work as connecting factors between these ethnic communities.
The people in the village are living or tying to live together, with reconciliation of bitterness of the war repercussion on
their hearts. During post conflict period or the context in which the NGOs, CBOs and other organizations are working
for the community development are of the source of generating element in polarizing the community in terms of social
cohesion. The main reason is not making conflict sensitivity and context analysis. At the absence of such analysis,
aid distribution becomes the genesis of promoting misunderstanding among multi ethnic communities. The people by
their nature wanted to live peacefully. Those organization needs to be understood the context in which they operates.
Livelihood: Insufficient capital to generate livelihood activities: Causes and Effect of Infrastructure
35
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
Infrastructure
Scarcity of drinking
water
Dry wells No water in
irrigation channel Increased
population
Reduction in income
Could not make
hygienic meals
Not schooling
High lands Scarcity of water in
catchment areas
Deforestation
No seasonal rain
Unexpected drought
Less confidence in
future
Burden in caring
child
Increase in medical
expenses
Spread of disease
Increase in crime
Dispute within the
family
Increasing poverty
Waste of time and
not using
productively
Hindering to the
community
development
36
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
Community Planning
A. Gender: Objective
Tree
37
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
38
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
1. Social Cohesion: Objective Web -Neutrality among humanitarian and
development intermediary organizations
grievances
A. Social Cohesion: Objective Web - Proper coordination among the CBOs working in the
villages.
Neutrality among humanitarian and development intermediary
organizations
Proper mechanism followed in
selecting relevant beneficiaries
Proper monitoring system
established for CBOs’ works by
the government officials
Active Corporation and participation of
village organizations in community
development
Prioritization based on the
community agreed criteria
CBOs were properly guided
based on the Standard
Operational Procedures (SoP)
Impartiality Selecting the beneficiaries through
transparency manner and with
community participation
The suitable and needy
receives development
assistance
IDPs living out side returned
and contributing to the
community development
Balancing the psychological
environment and promoting
coexistence
Land utilized for
cultivation and economic
well being promoted
Active participation and
corporation in the
community development
Increasing trust in the
official of authority
Healthy life through green
environment
Maintaining respect to
the gender, elderly,
youth and multi cultural
coexistence
Coexistence and peaceful at
the personal and relational
level
39
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
Proper coordination among the CBOs working in the
villages.
Working for the community Consolidating by committing for the
community development and promoting healthy relationship
Unity among the CBOs Funds and assistances were
utilized efficiently
Expected progress in the
community development
Element of peaceful relationship
promoted
proper selection of the location and
beneficiaries
Happiness and amity among the
people
Healthy relationship between the
people and CBOs
40
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
Community Action Plan and Community Contribution Gender Empowerment
No Problem Activity to minimize the problem
Community contribution External intervention to address the problem/NGO
Duration
1 Liquor consumption and increase of domestic violence
1. Format a task force on diminish or eliminate of using liquor consumption in the community
2. Creating awareness on impact of
liquor consumption 3. Make alternative arrangement for
liquor sellers in the community 4. Creating awareness specially for
men on the negative impact of liquor consumption that‟s caused to health hazards
Corporation, coordination and networking for the better deliverance of any activity based.
Make alternative economic arrangement for liquor sellers Financial assistance to conduct the awareness program and other relevant activities
3 month 6month 6month 1 month
2 Poverty and early marriage system
Create awareness thorough workshops on importance of education for their future
Promote or upgrade the lively hood activities for the income generation
Creating awareness on the negative impact of early marriage system fro all community
Provide training for all
Corporation and follow up Provide training program Financial assistance
6month 6 month 3 month
41
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
community well-wishers(men and women leaders) to mobilize the community to be aware and avoid the child age marriage in a sustainable way
Research and find the factual course of early marriage system
12 month 2 month
Livelihood
No Problems /Issues Activity Community contribution Duration
01. Lack of capital to generate livelihood activity
1. PProvide employment oriented training
2. JJob/employability based research
3. PProvide financial assistance for starting the LH activities
4. SStrengthen the related Org. on promoting sustainable Livelihood activities
5. EEncourage to utilize the locally available resource for the livelihood generation
Conduct Awareness program on the economic issues
Participating in all related program
Community based participation in developing any projects Ex: Using community people as wage labor in any project
Follow-up of all projects for the sustainability
6 month 3-4 month 12 month
02. Non availability of quality paddy seeds for cultivation
establish link with the Agriculture Dept. to provide the good quality seeds
Provide training
Agriculture Dept.
Continuous participation of people in all program
S
42
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
upport of local organization to follow up the activity. Ex:SARC-CBO in the village
Social Cohesion
No Problems /Issues Activity Community contribution Duration
01. Partiality among humanitarian and development intermediary organizations
1.1. Incorporating transparency mechanism into the work of CBOs.
1.2. Introducing participatory way in selecting the beneficiary
1.3. Involvement of youths from all communities 1.4. Facilitating communication, understanding of
inclusive participation in the community work trust building among the CBOs
1.5. Ensuring the communication and understanding between the CBOs/NGOs and the host/beneficiary communities and government authorities(DS)
1.6. Increasing free access to the information of the work related to the particular community
1.7. Increasing practical experience on Increasing transparency and accountability
No material means needed; only active participation
12 month
02. No coordination among the CBOs working in the villages.
2.1. In addition to the above. 2.2. Building communication and coherent
strategies among the CBOs working in the village.
2.3. Reducing the working gap among the CBOs by increasing the professional communication, in a work linked basis.
2.4. Linking with the local leadership, such as: business men/women, independent leaders, religious leaders/ elders, armed groups, local government in a very practical manner and simple way with that of the CBOs in the village.
ditto 12 month
Infrastructure
1. Water scarcity 1.1. Making Tub wells 1. Providing required land
43
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
1.2. Constructing Pipe born water from the water purification plant at Kiddangi and distributing water
1.3. Rain water harvest 1.4. Minimize the wastage of the water
2. Requesting the technical agency of government to their input and services
3. Voluntarily involving as working force 4. Requesting other relevant agencies and
organization for completion of the activities
5. Creating awareness among the community on minimizing wastage of water
2. rehabilitation or upgrading internal roads
2.1. Identifying such roads (irrakkaththuppeeli Road, Peace Road, , Main Channel Road in Central Camp-01 for instance; AlHira School Road, 22/2 Channel Road, Naleemiya Mosque Road, in Central Camp -02)
1. Labour force providing 2. Getting the support of local authority for
their technical input
3. Rehabilitation of Irrigation Channel
3.1. Identifying the channel 3.2. Rehabilitation of the above
1. getting the relevant government institutional supports 2. community work force
44
Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
13. Lesson Learnt:
Soon after the PCNA exercise, the Lesson Learnt was arranged. It was organized under:
01. What went well: a) Process/methodology, b) content/subject and c) logistic/timing/ any others
02. What Needs to Improve: a) Process/methodology, b) content/subject and c) logistic/timing/ any others
What went well:
a) Process/methodology b) content/subject c) logistic/timing/ any others
Community mobilization
Support of the government and the CBO
Enthusiasm of the participants
Well facilitation of the process
Group dynamism from the participants
Participatory focused process
Unity and amity among the facilitators
Less staff; great commitment in managing the facilitation process
Focus on identifying problems and need through participatory manner
Ground pre-preparation
Tools and content well internalized by the facilitators, even though most of them are new to the field (PRA)
Relevant data gathered by using the proper tools
Disaster Management unit‟s logistical support
What Needs to Improve
a) Process/methodology b) content/subject c) logistic/timing/ any others
Limiting the participant number to the amount needed for the tools
More than two facilitators needed for note taking (assign note takers sufficiently)
Get familiar with the data gathered through secondary means, before the PRA exercise
Location being central for all members of the community would leads to inclusive participation
Allocating adequate time with the participants in analyzing data equally that of the time allocated to practicing the tool.
Developing format for each tools for capturing the data and for analysis as well
Assigning a person for overall observation on the content.
Test the tool, before the real exercise, if needed.
Ensure the admin and logistic support reach on time.
Include the admin and logistic officer, at the beginning of the planning, in order to get the significance of his/er roll.
Separate logistic focal from the programmatic one. (avoid giving both responsibility to one person).
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
14. Conclusion and Recommendation
1. The PCNA exercise, in the context of the top down implementation, is well received by the community. They
welcome the approach used and methodology employed. The community came very closer to the process which
going to impact their way of life. During the exercise, there was better understanding on the context in which the
need analysis took placed.
2. The community, in its nature pluralistic one consisting of Tamils, Muslims and Sinhalese, do reconcile
themselves and try to live peaceful life in the village. There are very few instances, where they go on unhealthy
situation which leads to incompatibility. This is on personal level not on ethnic line.
3. The aid distributing civil organizations are the key in managing the elements of community relationship. They
make negative impact on the context. They don‟t know or not much interested in making conflict analysis and
context study in which they work.
4. The communities are mainly three: Muslims, Tamils and Sinhalese. Muslims and Tamils have voice in the
decisions relating to the community development. The Sinhalese, numbering to eight families, has limited say in
the same. There is no constraining in fulfilling their basis, religious, cultural and spiritual needs.
5. Even through, it is being administrated under one name known as Central Camp-01 and 02, there two different
communities with different religious visions and community needs. The connecting factor of both communities is
shared community development and public utility. Managing and transforming these two visions into shared
community development goal is challenging with more possibility for peacebuilding.
6. There are people, from the village called Central Camp-01 and 02, but administrated by another GS. Their voice
not included in this exercise. The benefit would reach them.
7. There are development needs for the communities. Those have been given in this report under „prioritized need‟
and „community planning‟.
8. The coordination among the CBOs and aid distributing agencies are vital to make positive results and to sustain
impact of any development intervention. In this context, Implementing Partner, in the usage of UNDP, should
adopt humanitarian principle (neutrality, impartiality etc) when they work with the said communities.
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
15. Annexure
15.1. Tools
Tools:
1. Time Line:
Time Line
Selected participant are above 55 year of age from both gender, flash cards distributed among the participants by separating Tamil and Muslim communities.
A. Data collected:
1952-1960: Tamil community & Muslim community-settled from nearby village like Pandiruppu-
- Neelavanai,Natpeddimuani of Ampara district.
in 1956- Flooding
1960-1970: Tamil community& Muslim community-Peaceful life, during the Galoya scheme in operation
1970-1980: Tamil community& Muslim community- Ample of job opportunities to men and women
in 1978: Cyclone hit whole region
Government supports rendered in good manner
Electricity supplied to the main street
1980-1990: Tamil community-1983 July riot spread to the village
Muslim Community- LTTE attacked Muslim villages
Receive government grant Rs 6000 as a victims of violation
Common wells constructed by local well-wishers.
1990-2000: Tamil community-due to 1990 confrontation between LTTE-Government whole villagers
Victimized and became refugees at Kalmunai.
Resettled in 1994, and receive government grant Rs 4,000.00
In 1995, father Nirmal facilitated to receive 600 roofing sheets and dug wells.
Again in 1997 conflict destroyed livelihood means of the villagers and displaced.
Again in 1998 conflict shattered the livelihood of the villagers and displa-
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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009
-ced.
Peace accord between LTTE-GoSL signed
Muslim community-war victims not received assistance from any other agencies during this period
2000-2009: Tamil community- Livelihood affected by severe drought.
Construction of community hall by NECORD
Construction of primary school
Training for livelihood development
Construction of latrines by K.R
Access road development
Assist tsunami victims by providing shelters and cooked foods
Affected by chicken kunya fewer
Muslim community- Existing infrastructure demolished
Assist tsunami victims by providing shelters and cooked foods
Affected by chicken kunya fewer.
Security tension still prevail among the community
15.2. Photos:
i Check List on Common Criteria of BCPR East Location, developed by UNDP, TRP-Sri Lanka –June 2009