PARTICIPATION IN ISON PROJECT: PARTICIPATION IN ISON PROJECT: OBSERVATIONS OF NEAR-EARTH OBSERVATIONS OF NEAR-EARTH

ASTEROIDS AND GRB AFTERGLOWS ASTEROIDS AND GRB AFTERGLOWS

Yurij Krugly

Outreach seminar in margins of

55th session of Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 11 June 2012

Institute of Astronomy of Institute of Astronomy of Karazin Kharkiv National UniversityKarazin Kharkiv National University

UKRAINEUKRAINE1804: Kharkiv University was found1808: The astronomy courses were started 1908: The planetary and Moon studies were started1978: Study of asteroids was started1995: CCD observations of asteroids were initiated 2006: Cooperation with the ISON project was started

ISON - Scientific Optical Network ISON - Scientific Optical Network The ISON project goals:The ISON project goals:• Enhancing international collaboration in optical observations of celestial objects between observatories in developing nations and scientific organizations in industrialized countries• Support of existing and establishing new telescope facilities in developing countries• Development and implementation of new observation technologies using modern equipment and software tools• Education and training

The ISON project scientific tasks:The ISON project scientific tasks:• Studying man-made space debris• Discovery and tracking of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) to improve orbital

parameters and to study their physical properties• GRB optical afterglow observations

Cooperation with ISONCooperation with ISONSince 2006 Kharkiv Asteroids and Comets Group cooperates with ISON in photometry of asteroids.

Since 2009 Kharkiv Asteroids and Comets Group coordinates asteroid photometry observations within the framework of ISON.

Several ISON instruments are involved into this work coordinated from Kharkiv. Several meetings and mutual visits were organized in the framework of ISON cooperation in order - to establish photometric observations- to train observers - to discuss problems of photometry and discovery of asteroids- to improve image processing software tools.

Since 2011 Kharkiv Asteroids and Comets Group cooperates with ISON in space debris observations.

70-cm telescope(ISON donated CCD-camera)

25-cm telescope (ISON donated the instrument)

Chuguev Observation StationChuguev Observation StationInstitute of Astronomy of Karazin Kharkiv National University, UKRAINEInstitute of Astronomy of Karazin Kharkiv National University, UKRAINE

(15898) KharAsterTeam

Kharkiv Asteroids and Comets Group

ASTEROID HAZARD PROBLEM:ASTEROID HAZARD PROBLEM:Contribution from the Optical ObservationsContribution from the Optical Observations

• Discovery of new NEAs. Particularly important discovery of asteroids, which are potentially dangerous for human civilization

• Observations of newly discovered objects in a follow-up mode to determine their coordinates and to estimate sizes of these bodies

• The study of the physical properties of NEAs (rotation, composition, shape etc) needed to prevent any future collisions with the Earth.

The Asteroid SubsetsThe Asteroid SubsetsTwo subsets were formed in the frame of ISON for asteroid’s observations during last three years:

(I) Several telescopes (with apertures 40 cm – 2.6 m) are involved in carrying out photometry of asteroids. Also they are used for observations of GRB afterglow.

(II) Two wide-field of view telescopes (46 cm and 60 cm) are used for searching asteroids. The main objects of our interest are NEAs.

(III) We are forming 3rd subset of ISON for newly detected NEAs orbit improvement. These telescopes will be able to participate in supporting the alerts of the Gaia mission.

The Network ObservatoriesThe Network Observatories

Photometric Telescopes in NetworkPhotometric Telescopes in NetworkExisting telescopes with diameters from 60 cm up to 2.6 m have been modernized within the ISON framework to use in the network: Gissar (Tajikistan), Lisnyky (Ukraine), Chuguev (Ukraine), Simeiz (Ukraine), Abastumani (Georgia), Mayhill (USA), Maidanak (Uzbekistan), Nauchny (Ukraine)

Asteroid PhotometryAsteroid Photometry

The primary aims:• Characterization of the Near-Earth Asteroids (newly discovered ones and especially Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs)) that includes determination diameters, shapes, rotation periods, surface properties of the bodies.• Searching for binary asteroids and determining parameters of the binary systems• Investigation of Yarkovsky-O’Keeffe-Radzievskii-Paddack effect (YORP-effect) – detection of the influence on asteroid’s rotation• Support radar observations of NEAs in optics

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NEAR-EARTH ASTEROID LIGHTCURVESNEAR-EARTH ASTEROID LIGHTCURVES

Main Results of Asteroid PhotometryMain Results of Asteroid PhotometryIn past 3 years more then 60 NEAs were observed in the frame of ISON and

the main results were attained:• more then 200 lightcurves were obtained;• 10 asteroids were observed to investigate of the YORP effect, and for 3 of

them the YORP was detected;• 14 new determinations of rotation periods were done;• 6 from the obtained periods found to be longer 16 hrs;• 2 super-fast rotators were found: 2001 FE90, 326290 1998 HE3;• 2 binaries were found: 8373 Stephengould, 3352 McAuliffe; and another 3

NEAs were suspected as binaries;• absolute magnitudes and BVRI colors were obtained for about 20% for the

observed asteroids.

YORP InvestigationsYORP InvestigationsIn results of the lightcurve observations an influence of the Yarkovsky-O’Keeffe-Radzievskii-Paddack effect on asteroid rotation was detected/confirmed for 3 NEAs (Apollo, Geographos, Eger). The work are performed in collaboration with David Vokrouhlicky and Josef Durech from Institute of Astronomy of Charles University (Prague, Czech). It is 3 of 4 asteroids with the YORP detected to the date.

Kaasalainen et al. 2007;Durech et al. 2008

Geographos EgerApollo

Durech et al. 2008 Durech et al. 2009

11,8

12,0

12,2

12,4

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0

Rotational phase

Re

lativ

e m

ag

nitu

de

R

April 2007

1862 Apollo

1. Searching for binary asteroids and determining parameters of the binary

systems is performed in cooperation with Czech astronomers from

Ondrejov Astronomical Observatory, Czech Academy of Sciences.

2. To obtain the good results for searching / investigation of binary system

we need in regular observations, and as usually as it should be

observations during several consecutive nights. The best way to detect

and investigate the binary asteroid is to observe the object from several

obsevatories located at different longitudes.

Binary AsteroidsBinary Asteroids

Binary ABinary Asteroidssteroids

15,2

15,4

15,6

15,8

16 18 20 22 24 26 28

UT(c)

Re

du

ced

ma

gn

itud

e R

- Jan. 17, 2010

837312,2

12,4

12,6

12,8

16 18 20 22 24 26 28

UT(c)

Rel

ativ

e m

agni

tud

e R

- Jan. 18, 2010

8373

8373 Stephengould – discovered as binary and then this system was investigated in the project in 2010

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Asteroid Radar Shape Models:Asteroid Radar Shape Models:Lightcurves of NEA 8567 1999 HW1

14,6

14,8

15,0

15,2

15,4

15,6

15,8

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0

- Jul 2008- Aug 2008

Rotational phase

Magnitude R

(1,=0

)

8567 1999 HW1

P = 8.756hrs

8,8

9,0

9,2

9,4

9,6

9,8

10,0

10,20,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0

- Aug 2008- Sep 2008

Rotational phase

Rel

ativ

e m

agn

itu

de

R

P = 8.753 hrs

8567 1999 HW1

July-August 2008July-August 2008 August-September 2008August-September 2008

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Shape Model of Shape Model of 8567 1999 HW1:8567 1999 HW1:Radar and Photometry

Magri et al. (2011), Icarus 214, 210-227

NEA Searching in ISONNEA Searching in ISON Two remotely controlled telescopes are involved in asteroid search: • 45.5 cm telescope Centurion-18 at ISON-NM Observatory, Mayhill, USA (H15 );• 60 cm telescope at Andrushivka Astronomical Observatory, UKRAINE (A50). Both telescopes have a wide field of view: 100x100 and 51x51 arcmin.

45.5 cm telescope (f/2.8)Mayhill, New Mexico

60 cm telescope (f/4)Andrushivka, UKRAINE

Results of Surveys in 2011Results of Surveys in 2011H15 ISON-NM Observatory started an asteroid searching in July 2010. •Obtained more than 185 000 observations• Discovered more than 1000 MBA (provisional designation)• Two near-Earth asteroids 2010 RN80 and 2011 QY37 (Amors)• Long-period comet C/2010 X1 (Elenin)• Short-period near-Earth (q=1.24) comet P/2011 NO1 (Elenin)• Several Jovian Trojans

A50 Andrushivka Astronomical Observatory beginning asteroid survey in 2003, since 2008 in frame of ISON. In 2011 there are 33034 measurements of 9339 asteroids and 3 comets with the 60-cm telescope. It is 13th place from all observatories.

During 2012-2013 we are planning to install several new 40-65 cm telescopes for asteroid search.

The World Results of Asteroid Surveys in 2011 (based on data provided by MPC)

№MPCCode

NameTotal

observationsTotal

objectsNumbered

MPsUnnumbered

MPsComets

% Num. MPs

% Unnum. MPs

% Comets

1 G96 Mt. Lemmon Survey 1751716 238345 172227 66118 60 72.26% 27.74% 15.67%

2 704 LINEAR 1712623 124659 119064 5595 74 95.51% 4.49% 19.32%

3 703 Catalina Sky Survey 1349735 136545 122517 14028 66 89.73% 10.27% 17.23%

4 F51 Pan-STARRS 1 1270637 214701 160693 54008 53 74.85% 25.15% 13.84%

5 691 Spacewatch 686175 112611 86115 26496 19 76.47% 23.53% 4.96%

6 E12 Siding Spring Survey 213861 31052 29028 2024 20 93.48% 6.52% 5.22%

7 D29 Purple Mountain Obs. 185854 40523 37627 2896 11 92.85% 7.15% 2.87%

8 H15 ISON-NM Observatory* 135302 30818 27188 3630 43 88.22% 11.78% 11.23%

9 106 Črni Vrh Observatory 85133 18770 17989 781 9 95.84% 4.16% 2.35%

10 291 Spacewatch II 52006 12982 8606 4376 28 66.29% 33.71% 7.31%

…

13 A50 Andrushivka Obs.* 33034 9339 8634 705 3 92.45% 7.55% 0%

* - ISON observatories

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Observations of Gamma-Ray BurstsGRB is most powerful transient event in gamma-ray domain (up to 10^54 erg per few seconds). It is cosmological phenomenon (currently directly observed up to redshift z=9.4). However since its discovery more than 40 years ago, there is no detailed physical model of the phenomenon.

The sources of the GRB can be:Rare type of Supernovae type Ib/ Ic Merging compact relativistic binary system

GRBs emit in wide energy bands, including optic

What is place of ISON in GRB observations?

• Small aperture telescopes (20 – 50 cm) are still valuable instruments for GRB investigation!

• Early and prompt optic observations after gamma-detection (e.g. GRB 120308A in ISON-NM taken 70 s after burst trigger, GRB 100901A taken 10 min after trigger in ISON-Milkovo Observatory)

• Detailed light curve of rare bright afterglows (e.g. 090328A taken in Kharkiv Observatory)

06:16:55 UT

t-t0,d — 0.00245

mag - [18.13m]

exp — 30s

Alert Observations of GRB 120308A in ISON-NM Observatory

ConclusionConclusionISON project clearly demonstrates benefits of international

scientific collaboration in various aspects of optical observations.

ISON promotes cooperation between observatories in developing nations and scientific organizations in industrialized countries.

Joint efforts of BSSI and ISON on establishing of new telescope facilities and involvement of existing observatories will help to improve the overall level of research.