PARTICIPANTS - Springer978-1-4899-0837-7/1.pdf · PARTICIPANTS Jean-Pierre Habicht, Chairman;...
Transcript of PARTICIPANTS - Springer978-1-4899-0837-7/1.pdf · PARTICIPANTS Jean-Pierre Habicht, Chairman;...
PARTICIPANTS
Jean-Pierre Habicht, Chairman; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Manuel Carballo, Maternal and Child Health Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Ranjit K. Chandra, Janeway Child Health Center, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
Kathryn Dewey, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA
Cutberto Garza, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
Armond S. Goldman, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
Lars A. Hanson, Department of Immunology, University of Goteborg, Goteborg, Sweden
Fehmida Jalil, Department of Preventive and Social Paediatrics, King Edward Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
Michael S. Kramer, Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada
Reynaldo Martorell, Food Research Institute, Stanford Uni versi ty '0 Stanford CA
Kathleen M. Rasmussen, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Michael W. Woolridge, Department of Child Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
385
CONTRIBUTORS
Steven A. Abrams, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
Sarah Alvarez, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509 USA
Bryan F. Anderson, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Stephanie Atkinson, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
Edward N. Baker, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Heather M. Baker, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Janet K. Baltzell, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
Ch. Barth, Institut fur Physiologie und Biochemie der Ernahrung, Bundesanstalt f~r Milchforschun, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
Henry S. Bayley, Department of Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Alan Bedrick, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724 USA
Graeme I. Bell, Chiron Labs, Emeryville, California 94608 USA
John Benson, Pediatric Nutritional Research, Ross Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio 43216 USA
Stefan Bernback, Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Ume~, S-901 87 Ume~, Sweden
Joel Bitman, Milk Secretion and Mastitis Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 USA
Lars Blackberg, Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Ume~, S-901 87 Ume~, Sweden
387
Kurt J. Block, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 USA
Peggy R. Borum, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
Hans Joachim Bremer, Universitats-Kinderklinik, Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany
Marc Brown, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 USA
R. Don Brown, Departments of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Shreveport, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932 USA
Wolfgang Buchheim, Institute for Chemistry and Physics, Federal Dairy Research Center, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
Robert J. Buczek, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20007 USA
Nancy Butte, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
Manuel Carballo, Maternal and Child Health, Division of Family Health, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
Ranjit K. Chandra, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3VD
Soter Dai, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Ralph B. Dell, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 USA
Kathryn G. Dewey, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California, Davis, DaviS, California 95616 USA
Sharon M. Donovan, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616 USA
Klaus Dorner, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kiel, D-2300 Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
Erika Drebes, Rudlof Buchheim-Institut fur Pharmakologie der Justus Liebig-Universitat GieSen D-6300, GieSeb, Federal Republic of Germany
Stefan Dziadzka, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kiel, 0-2300 Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
Johan Ek, National Hospital of Norway, Pediatric Research Institute, Oslo, Norway
Thorsten A. Fjellstedt, Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Growth Branch, Center for Research for Mothers and Children, National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20014 USA
388
Gunn-Britt Fransson, Nutritional Research Department, Kabi Vitrim Nutr., AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Susan M. Gale, Department of Biochemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5000
Cutberto Garza, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
Carlos George-Nascimento, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608 USA
George Giacoia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma at Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74136 USA
Ulrich G~bel, Zentrum f~r Kinderheilkunde, Abt. fur padiatrische, Hamatologie und Onkologie, University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany
Randall M. Goldblum, Departments of Pediatrics and Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550 USA
Armond S. Goldman, Departments of Pediatrics and Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550 USA
Lawrence J. Grylack, Division of Neonatology, Columbia Hospital for Women, Washington, D.C. 20037 USA
Jean-Pierre Habicht, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
Leif Hambraeus, Institute of Nutrition, University of Upsulla, Upsulla, Sweden
Margit Hamosh, Department of Pediatr1cs, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20007 USA
Paul Hamosh, Departments of Physiology and Biophysics and Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine and Dentistry, Washington, D.C. 20007 USA
James W. Hansen, Mead Johnson Nutritional Group, Evansville, Indiana 47721-0001 USA
Donald G. Hanson, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 USA
Lars A. Hanson, Department of Clinical Immunology, University of Goteborg, S-413 46 Goteborg, Sweden
Paul R. Harmatz, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 USA
Gerd Harzer, MILUPA Aktiengesellschaft, Friedrichsdorf/Taunus, Federal Republic of Germany
William C. Heird, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 USA
389
Olle Hernell, Department of Pediatrics, University of Umea, 901 85 Umea, Sweden
James L. Hinson, Departments of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Shreveport, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932 USA
Jan Holmgren, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Goteborg, S-413 46 Goteborg, Sweden
Fehmida Jalil, Department of Preventive and Social Paediatrics, King Edward Medical College and Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Robert G. Jensen, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268 USA
Sudha Kashyap, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 USA
Margaret Keller, UCLA School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509 USA
William R. Kidwell, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
Michael Klagsbrun, Departments of Biological Chemistry and Surgery, Harvard Medical School and The Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
Peter D. Klein, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
Ronald E. Kleinman, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 USA
Gertrude Koch, Rudlof Buchheim-Institut fur Pharmakologie der Justus Liebig-Universitat GieSen, D-6300 GieSen, Federal Republic of Germany
Otakar Koldovsk~, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724 USA
Berthold Koletzko, Universitats Kinderklinik, Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany
Michael S. Kramer, Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montr~al, Qu~bec, Canada H3A lB4
Idamarie Laquatra, Heinz Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230 USA
Ruth A. Lawrence, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Rochester, Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 USA
Teresa H. Liao, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20007 USA
Marianne Lindblad, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Goteborg, S-413 46 Goteborg, Sweden
390
Gerold Link, Rudlof Buchheim-Institut fur Pharmakologie der Justus Liebig-Universitat, D-6300 GieBen, GieSen, Federal Republic of Germany
Bo Lonnerdal, Departments of Nutrition and Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616 USA
Reynaldo Martorell, Food Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 USA
Lukas Matter, Department of Clinical Immunology, Kinderspital, St. Galen, Switzerland
Nitin R. Mehta, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007 USA
Stanley G. Miguel, Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutritional Group, Evansville, Indiana 47721-0001 USA
Iolanda Minoli, Department of Perinatal Pathology, Provincial Maternity Hospital, Milano, Italy
S. Mohanam, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
Guido Moro, Department of Perinatal Pathology, Provincial Maternity Hospital, Milano, Italy
Maria Mrotzek, Universitats-Kinderklinik, Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany
Audrey Naylor, Wellstart - San Diego Lactation Program, San Diego, California 92138 USA
Margaret C. Neville, Department of Physiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80262 USA
Gillian E. Norris, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Linda V. Oberkotter, Department of Bioiogical Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901 USA
Clive W. Ogle, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Jean Oliva-Rasbach, Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80262 USA
Anne-Brit Otnaess, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
George M. Owen, Bristol-Myers International Group, New York, New York 10154 USA
Fatih Ozkaragoz, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550 USA
391
Robert F. Pass, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 USA
Alesia Patera, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
Bruce W. Patterson, Department of Pediatrics, USDA Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
Stuart Patton, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
Mary Frances Picciano, Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Human Resources and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
Tom Picone, Medical Department, Ross Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio 43216 USA
Frank Pohlandt, Sektion Neonatologie, Universitats-Kinderklink, Ulm, Federal Republic of Germany
Paul Pollack, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724 USA
Guy Putet, Department of Neonatology, Hopital Edouard Herriot, 69003 Lyon, France
Lori K. Racaniello, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901 USA
Niels C.R. Raiha, University of Lund, Department of Pediatrics, Malmo General Hospital, Malmo, Sweden
Rajasekhar Ramakrishnan, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 USA
R.K. Rao, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724 USA
Kathleen M. Rasmussen, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
Leanna C. Read, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Adelaide, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia 5064
Diane Reisinger, Diagnostic Systems Group, Beckman Instruments, Inc., Brea, California 92621
Christian Rieger, Zentrum fur Kinderheilhunde der Philipps-, Universit~t Marburg, Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany
Jacques Rigo, Department of Pediatrics, Universite de Liege, Liege, Belgique
Annette L. Rodriguez, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509 USA
Helen E. Rudloff, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550 USA
392
Sylvia Rumble, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Bernard Salle, Department of Neonatology, Hopital Edouard Herriot, 69003 Lyon, France
David S. Salomon, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
Pieter Sauer, Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Richard J. Schanler, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
Frank C. Schmalstieg, Jr., Departments of Pediatrics and Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550 USA
Karl F. Schulze, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 USA
Jacques Senterre, Department of Pediatrics, Universite de Liege, Hopital de la Citadelle, Liege, Belgique
Martin J. Shearer, Department of Haematology, Guy's Hospital and United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
Yuen W. Shing, Departments of Biological Chemistry and Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
Erika Sievers, University Children's Hospital, D-2300 Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
Jack C. Sinclair, Department of Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Anne M. Smith, Division of Food and Nutrition, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA
Olof Soder, Departments of Histology and P~diatrics, St. Goran's Children's Hospital, Karolinska Institute, S-10401 Stockholm, Sweden
Gerald Strecker, Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, University of Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve-Cedex, France
Janice Stuff, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
Ann-Mari Svenner.holm, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Goteborg, S-413 46 Goteborg, Sweden
Rudlolf Tangermann, Zentrum fur Kinderheilkunde, Abt. fur allgemeine padiatrie, Neonatologie and Gastroenterologie, University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany
Hansjorg Teschemacher, Rudlof Buchheim-Institut fur Pharmakologie, Justus Liebig-Universitat, D-6300 Gie~en, Federal Republic of Germany
393
M. Rita Thomas, Grants Administration, Mead Johnson Nutritional Group, Evansville, Indiana 47721 USA
William Thornburg, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724 USA
Rudiger von Kries, Kinderklinik fur allgemeine, padiatrie, Neonatologie, und Gastroenterologie, University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany
W. Allan Walker, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02113 USA
Joyce M. Waters, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Ulrich Welsch, Anatomy Institute, University of Munich, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany
Noel C. Wheeler, Department of Biomathematics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90024 USA
Robin K. Whyte, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada 48N 3Z5
Klaus Wiedemann, Rudlof Buchheim-Institut fur Pharmakologie der Justus Liebig-Universitat GieSen, D-6300 GieSen, Federal Republic of Germany
John T. Wilson, Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Shreveport, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932 USA
William W. Wong, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
D. Larry Wood, Milk Secretion and Mastitis Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 USA
Michael W. Woolridge, Department of Child Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Wilfried Zimmermann, Zentrum fur Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, JustusLiebig-Universi~at, D-6300 GieSen, Federal Republic of Germany
Christine L. Zucker, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 USA
394
INDEX
Acetaminophen pharmacokinetics in goats, 308, 309
Albumin plasma, 12, 169
Allergic disease (see atopic disorders)
a-lactalbumin, 376, 377 Amino acids
in blood premature infants, 11 plasma levels, 29-32 requirements, 26-28
Antibodies effect upon transfer of dietary
proteins into miok, 294-296 IgA antibodies, 241, 246, 249 IgE antibodies to food antigens,
289 Atopic disorders
asthma, 270 in breast fed infants, 289, 339,
349, 350 colic, 289 colitis, 289 and cystic fibrosis, 270 eczema, 243, 269-274, 289 and IgA deficiency, 270 in premature infants, 270
Atopic eczema genetic predisposition, 271, 272 protection by breastfeeding, 243,
269-274 role of food antigens, 269-274 and umbilical cord blood IgE, 271
8-casomorphins bovine, 213-220 casein human, 214-220 physiologic effects, 215, 216,
218-220 8-lactoglobulin, 168, 169, 376 Body composition
fat, 12, 14, 37-42, 106, 119, 136-141, 145-148
in the fetus, 14, 16, 136 in infants, 12, 13, 25, 37-42,
57-59, 65, 91-96, 105-107,
Body composition (continued) in infants (continued)
135-141, 143-148 minerals, 16-18, 25, 57, 58, 65,
71-76, 81-85, 89-96, 135 proteins, 13, 18, 136-141, 145, 146
Bombesin, 130 Breastfeeding
in Africa, 327, 328 and allergy, 243, 269-274, 289, 349,
350, 365, 366 and cellular immunity, 261-268 and cholesterol levels, 48, 49 classification, 369, 370 and cytomegalovirus, 281-285 and drugs, 301-313 effect of maternal diet, 327-330,
332, 379 epidemiologic studies of, 337-352,
361-370 future research, 367-370 in Germany, 327, 328 and growth, 109-119, 350-351, 361,
368 in hemorrhagic disease of the
newborn, 317, 318, 320-322 and hypothyroidism, 183, 184 and infectious diseases, 339, 344,
347-349, 351, 363-365, 367, 368
and infant mortality, 125, 347 and nutrient utilization, 23-25,
105, 109, 118, 361, 362 and obesity, 37-42 potentially harmful effects, 275-
277, 279-287, 289-299, 301-315, 317-324, 325-335, 361-364
and vitamin K deficiency, 276, 277, 317-322
Calcium absorption, 72-76 accretion, 71, 75 bone deposition, 74, 75 deficiency, 71, 74, 75, 76
395
Calcium (continued) effect of vitamin D, 58, 71-74, 76 Cow's milk (continued) in human milk, 58, 71-76 vitamin K, 276, 277, 318-320 intake, 9, 11, 71-76 placental transfer, 71 for premature infants, 58, 71-76 requirement, 71, 75, 76 retention, 10, 11, 72, 74 urinary excretion, 59, 73-76
Carnitine absence in parenteral nutrition,
176 absence in soy milk, 176 in cow's milk, 176, 177 in human milk, 107, 175, 176, 179 long chain fatty acid oxidation,
175 in plasma, 177, 178 in red cells, 177, 178 synthesis by neonate, 175
Casomorphins (See S-casomorphins) Cholestasis, 277, 322 Cholesterol
analysis of, 151 and breastfeeding, 48, 49, 153 challenge hypothesis, 46-49, 151,
153 in cow's milk, 46 in human milk, 46, 107, 151, 152 in membranes, 107, 151 metabolism, 153 in milk fat globule membranes, 151 nutritional value, 151-154 umbilical cord blood levels, 48
Chloride, 9-11, 16-18 Citrate
copper binding, 64 in cow's milk, 66 in human milk, 62-64, 66 iron binding, 62 zinc binding, 64, 66
Cholecytokinin, 130 Copper
absorption; 66 accretion, 25 binding ligands, 57, 63, 64, 376 bioavailability, 57, 66 in human milk, 57, 61, 63, 64
Cow's milk alpha-casein, 213 S-casein, 213, 214 S-casomorphins, 213, 215, 216 S-lactoglobulin, 376 carnitine, 176, 177 folate, 59 and growth of infants, 109-113,
118, 119, 123, 131, 135-141 lactoferrin, 376 manganese, 89, 91 and obesity, 38-41 selenium, 26, 81, 83-85
396
Diet and atherosclerosis, 46, 49 and atopic aczema, 269-274 and brain development, 49, 50 and endocrine responses, 42-45, 130 food allergens, 270, 272-274, 289 and hypercholesterolemia, 46-49 and membrane structure, 50 and milk production, 126-129 and obesity, 37-42 and trans-fatty acids, 276, 327-329,
332 Docosahexaenoic acid, 37, 49 Drugs and toxins in human milk
effect on the nursing infant, 275, 276, 301, 302, 308, 310-313
pharmacokinetic models, 303-313
Endocrine responses to feedings, 42-45, 130
Energy intake, 9-15, 18, 19, 106, 113 requirement, 12, 117-119 utilization, 14, 15, 119
Epidemiologic studies allergic diseases in infants, 349,
350, 366, 370 analytic inference, 340, 344 confounding bias, 342-344 effects of breastfeeding, 337-352 external validity, 346, 347 infant growth, 350, 351, 361, 362,
368, 369 infectious diseases, 347-349, 364,
365, 367, 368 information bias, 340, 341 internal validity, 340-346 mortality, 347 reverse causality bias, 344 selection bias, 341, 342 statistical inference, 344-346 Type I error, 344, 345 Type II error, 344, 346
Epidermal growth factor and duodenal ulcer, 205, 210 gastrointestinal absorption, 186-
189, 197, 199, 201 in human milk, 185, 186, 188, 199,
227, 230, 232 intestinal processing, 199, 201-203 structure, 230 synthesis, 230
Escherichia coZi antibodies to, 241, 247 inhibition of attachment, inhibition of heat-labile
242, 251, 255, 257
242, 254-257 enterotoxin
Fat absorption, 329, 330 deposition, 331 digestion, 371 in human mil, 327, 328 hydrogenation, 325 hydrolysis, 371 malabsorption, 58
Fatty acids, 371, 372 effect on brain, 49, 50 effect on membranes, 50 in human milk, 276, 327-329 linoleic acid, 49, 50 placental transfer, 50 in plasma and tissues, 329-331 trans-isomers, 276, 325-332 utilization, 157-164, 167-171
Folate in cow's milk, 59 in human milk, 59, 99, 101, 102 in plasma, 59, 102 in red cells, 59, 101, 102
Food antigens in atopic eczema, 269-274 avoidance in antenatal period,
267-274 avoidance in postnatal period,
269-274 in milk, 276, 289-296
Gastric emptying, 42-44 Gastric inhibitory peptide, 44, 45 Gastrointestinal tract
absorption of thyroxine, 381 antigen uptake and effect of
lactation, 290 macromolecular absorption, 270
Glucagon, 44 Glutathione peroxidase
in plasma, 84, 85 in red cells, 84, 85 requirement for selenium, 81, 84
Growth and breastfeeding, 37-51. 109-119.
123-125, 131, 350, 351, 361, 362
composition, 144-146 cow's milk fed infants, 9-17, 105,
106, 117-119 effect on milk production, 125-128 and fat absorption, 76 fetal, 137 of mature infants, 105, 109-119,
123-125, 131, 135-141 of premature infants, 9-19, 71,
105-107, 135-141 and rickets, 74 and solid foods, 109-119, 124, 125,
128 Growth factors
in human milk, 183-186, 188, 189,
Growth factors (continued) in human milk (continued)
198, 199, 205, 206, 227, 236 produced by human mammary cells,
227-236
Haemophilus influenzae inhibition of attachment by human
milk, 242, 257 Human milk growth factor III
effects on gastric acid secretion, 205-210
effects on gastric-duodenal mucus formation, 205-210
molecular properties, 105, 235 Human milk
and adipose tissue, 37, 45, 46 adrenal steroids, 185 aloumin, 377 and allergic diseases, 289, 290,
349, 350 a-lactalbumin, 376, 377 amino acids, 26-28 anti-adherence factors, 242, 251-258 antibodies, 241, 246, 249 and appetite, 130 and atherosclerosis, 37, 46, 50 and atopic eczema, 243, 269-274 B-casein, 214, 220, 380 bile salt-stimulated lipase, 107,
167-171, 373 bombesin, 185 calcitonin, 185, 186 calcium, 57, 58, 71-76 carnitine, 107, 175, 176, 179 casein, 57, 62, 214, 220, 380 casomorphins, 197, 214, 215, 219 and cholera, 242, 251-258 cholesterol, 46, 107, 151, 152 citrate, 62-64, 66 colony stimulating factor, 234, 235 colostrum, 337, 365 copper, 57, 61, 63, 64 cytomegalovirus, 281-285 and diet, 123, 125, 126, 128, 129,
275, 276, 301-313, 363 from different countries, 328-332 drugs, 276, 301-313, 363 energy, 105, 111, 113 and enterotoxins, 255-257 environmental contaminants, 325-329,
363 epidemiologic studies of, 337-352 epithelial growth factor, 185, 186,
188, 199, 227, 230, 232 erythropoietin, 185, 186 fat globules, 62, 64, 67, 69, 166, 373 fatty acids, 276, 327-329 folate, 57, 99, 101, 102 food antigens, 276, 289-296 gangliosides, 242, 253, 255-258
397
Human milk (continued) Human milk (continued) gastrin releasing peptide, 234, 235 receptor analogues, 251-257 glycoconjugates, 242, 251-258, 364 relaxin, 186 and growth, 37-51, 109-119, 123- rubella virus, 281, 283, 284
125, 131, 350, 351, 361 selenium, 57, 58, 81, 83, 84 growth factors, 183-186, 188, 189, secretory IgA, 241, 247, 377
198, 199, 205, 206, 227, 286 somatostatin, 185, 186 hepatitis B virus, 281, 283-285 thyroxine, 183, 186 herpes simplex virus, 281, 283-285 trans-fatty acids, 275, 276, 327-hormones, 183-189 329 human T cell 1ymphocytotrophic
virus I, 281, 284, 285 human immunodeficiency virus, 281,
284, 285 immunologic factors, 241, 242, 245-
250, 251-258, 261-267, 382, 383
immunologic inducers, 241, 249,365 and infectious diseases, 241-244,
251-259, 347-349, 367, 368 insulin, 185, 186, 188, 235 insulin-like growth factor, 199 interleukin-1, 383 iron, 26, 57, 61, 62, 362 1actoferrin, 57, 62, 63, 68, 241,
247, 376, 377 lactose, 130 leukocytes, 265, 382, 384 lipids, 37, 42, 130, 327, 328 lymphocytes, 265 lysozyme, 241, 247, 348 macrophages, 247, 383, 384 mammary cell growth inhibitor, 234,
235 mammary derived growth factor, 232,
234, 235 manganese, 57, 58, 61, 67, 68, 89,
90, 92, 94, 96 and mature infants, 105, 109-119,
123-127, 129, 130 and mortality, 347 membrane structure, 37, 49, 50 nerve growth factor, 186 neurotensin, 185, 186 neutrophils, 383 nucleotides, 183-185 and obesity, 37-42, 45, 46, 50 oligosaccharides, 242, 251-258 oxytocin, 185, 186 phosphorus, 57, 58, 71-76 platelet derived growth factor, 277 and premature infants, 17-19, 28,
29, 71-76, 105-107, 135-141, 143-148, 245-250, 372
potentially harmful effects, 275-277, 279-285, 289, 301-313, 317-322, 325-332, 362-364
production, 105, 112, 125-128, 337, 374, 375
prolactin, 185, 186 prostaglandins, 185, 186
398
triglycerides, 107, 170, 371 TRH, 185, 186 TSH, 185, 186 and tuberculin immunity, 242,
261-267 viruses, 275, 279-285, 363 vitamin D, 71-76 vitamin K, 276, 319-321, 362 whey proteins, 28, 377
243,
zinc, 26, 57, 61, 63-66, 68, 130
HypothroidiS1ll effect of breast feeding, 183, 184
Immunity and breastfeeding, 258, 339, 347-
349, 351, 364, 365 in premature infants, 245-250, 275 to tuberculosis, 261-267
Immunoglobulin A deficiency in atopy, 270
Immunoglobulin E in allergy, 269 and intrauterine sensitization, 270 in umbilical cord blood, 271
Infectious diseases effect of breastfeeding, 347-349,
364, 365 Interleukin-1
in human milk, 383 Iron
absorption, 57, 63 binding ligands, 57, 62, 63 bioavailability, 26, 57, 61 in cow's milk, 26, 61 requirements, 25, 26
Lactation in rats effect of diet, 379 performance, 379
Lactoferrin copper binding, 376 in infants, 63, 245-250, 377 iron binding, 62, 63, 376 receptors, 63 structure, 62, 63, 376 zinc binding, 64
Lipases bile salt-stimulated, 107, 167-171,
373
Lipases (continued) gastric, 107, 161, 162, 167-171 lingual, 161, 162 and lipolysis, 168, 170, 371 lipoprotein, 45 pancreatic, 107, 167, 170, 171, 371 pregastric, 107, 167-171, 371
Lipolysis gastric, 371
Lipoproteins, 153 Lymphocytes
blastogenesis, 262-267 in human milk, 265 T lymphocytes, 262-267, 271, 272
Manganese absorption, 57, 67, 89-96 balance, 89-96 binding ligands, 67 in bile, 57 in breast fed infants, 92 in cow's milk, 57, 58, 89, 91 in cow's milk fed infants, 92 excretion, 92 in human milk, 57, 58, 67, 89, 90,
92 retention, 57, 67, 92-95 utilization, 89-96
Mature infants atopic eczema, 269-274 body composition, 105, 137 carnitine, 175 cellular immunity, 261-267 and cow's milk, 105, 109-119, 123 energy intake, 105, 113 fatty acids, 167-171 growth, 105, 109-119, 123-131 and human milk, 105, 109-119, 123,
125, 131, 337-352 intake, 109-119, 123-131, 374, 375 lipoproteins, 153 manganese utilization, 92 pancreatic lipase, 170 , 171 , 371 vitamin K deficiency, 317, 318, 320
Milk fat globules, 62, 64, 67, 169, 373
Monocytes - Macrophates in human milk, 383, 384 motility, 262, 265, 382
Mortality and breastfeeding, 125, 347
Motilin, 44, 45 Murine milk
IgG antibodies and antigen clearance, 294
transfer of intravenously injected protein antigens, 292-294
Nephrocalcinosis, 59 Neurotensin, 44, 45 Neutrophils
Neutrophils (continued) in human milk, 382 motility, 382
Nitrogen accretion in fetus, 17 and growth of premature infants,
10, 11, 14-16 Nutrient
balance, 144, 145 utilization, 9-19, 28-33, 109-119,
123-125, 130, 131, 144, 145 Nutrition
effect on milk production, 123-131
Pancreatic polypeptide, 44 Phenylketonuria, 95, 96 Phosphorus
absorption, 74 accretion, 17, 71 deficiency, 74, 75 in human milk, 58, 71, 73 intake, 9, 71-76 placental transfer, 71 for premature infants, 58 requirement, 71, 74, 76 retention, 10, 11, 16, 18, 71-74 supplementation, 58, 72 and vitamin D, 58, 72
Placental transfer of calcium, 71 of cellular immunity, 261-267
Potassium intake, 9, 16 for premature infants, 9-11, 16 retention, 10, 11, 16
Premature infants alkaline phosphatase, 75 and atopy, 270 body composition, 105, 106, 135,
141, 143-148 calcium, 58, 379 carnitine, 177, 178 and cow's milk, 135-141 energy balance, 135-141 energy intake, 105, 106 fat utilization, 157-164 and fats 106, 107, 138-141. fecal excretion of milk proteins
245-250, 377 gastric lipolysis, 157-164 growth, 9-19, 58, 71, 105-107 and human milk, 17-19, 71-76, 106,
107, 135-141, 377, 378 immunity, 245-250, 275 manganese, 58, 94, 95 phosphorus, 58, 74, 75, 378 rickets, 74, 75 selenium, 58
Protein intake, 9, 10, 18, 19, 143-148 requirement, 28-32
399
Protein (continued) utilization, 16
Rat infants body composition, 379 effect of lactation performance,
379 gastrointestinal
thyroxine, 381 growth, 379
Rat milk
absorption of
thyroid hormones, 381
Selenium binding ligands, 58 bioavailability, 58 in cow's milk, 82, 82, 84 deficiency, 82, 83 and glutathione peroxidase, 83, 84 and hemolytic anemia,83 in human milk, 58, 81, 82, 84 intake, 81-84 and Keshan's disease, 83 and lactation, 58 plasma levels, 82-84 red cell levels, 84, 85 requirement, 26, 82-84 in soy based milk, 58
Sodium intake, 9, 16, 18 for premature infants, 9, 18 retention·, 10, 11, 16, 17
Soy based milk, 58 Streptococcus pneumoniae
inhibition of attachment by human milk, 242, 257
Thyroxine deficiency, 183, 184
Triglycerides (continued) utilization (continued)
157-164
Urea nitrogen in blood of premature infants, 11
Vasointestinal hormone, 44, 45 Vibrio aholera, 251-258 ViruSes
bovine leukemia virus, 279, 280 caprine arthritis - encephalitis
virus, 280 cytomegalovirus, 275, 281-285 feline leukemia virus, 279, 280 foot and mouth disease virus, 280 herpes simplex virus, 281, 283, 284 human immunodeficiency virus, 281,
284, 285 in human milk, 275, 279, 281-285 human T cell lymphocytotrophic
virus I, 281, 283-285 Junin virus, 280 murine mammary tumor virus, 279,
280 rubella virus, 275, 281, 283, 284
Vitamin D in human milk, 73 intake, 71-76 in plasma, 74 requirements, 72-74, 76
Vitamin K in cow's milk, 276 deficiency, 276, 277, 317, 318,
320-322 dependent proteins, 318 detection, 318 in human milk, 276, 277, 319, 321
gastrointestinal adsorption, 184,381 Zinc in human milk, 184, 185 in rat milk, 381
Trans-fatty acids in adipose tissue, 331, 332 in diet, 327, 332 in erythrocytes, 332 in human milk, 276, 327-329 in plasma lipids, 329, 330 in triglycerides, 329, 330 untoward effects, 326
Transthyretin, 12 Triglycerides
in adipose tissue, 49 fatty acid composition, 160, 161,
329, 330 long chain, 107, 108, 138, 157-
164 medium chain, 106-108, 138, 140,
157-164, 372 lipolysis, 157-164 utilization, 106, 138, 140,
400
accretion, 25 absorption, 65, 66 binding ligands, 57, 63-65, 68 bioavailability, 26, 57, 61, 65,
66, 68 in cow's milk, 65 in human milk, 57, 61, 63-66, 68,
130 requirements, 25, 26 retention, 65