Part XPart X Memory: Picture Memory, Distortions, etc.acfoos/Courses/363/10...Cutler, Penrod, &...
Transcript of Part XPart X Memory: Picture Memory, Distortions, etc.acfoos/Courses/363/10...Cutler, Penrod, &...
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Part XPart XMemory: Picture Memory, Distortions, etc.
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El b i d i di1. Elaborations during encoding
2. Inability to encodey
3. Misleading information at encodingencoding
4. Retrieval biases
5. Verbal processing
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fPlease recall all of the words that you were asked to learn at the beginning of the lecture.
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How racial stereotypes distort social perceptions:After briefly viewing this picture, one participant described it to a second participant, who described it to a third, and so on. After six rounds of
i i h fi l f l d h bl d h ld b hcommunication, the final report often placed the razor blade held by the white man into the black mans’ hand.
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Please take a moment to answer the questions about the video you watched earlierabout the video you watched earlier.
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H f t th i h th hHow fast were the cars going when they _____ each other?
VERB USED ESTIMATE (in MPH)Smashed† 40.8Collided 39.3Bumped 38.1 u ped 38Hit 34.0Contacted 31.8
O k l h d b k† One week later, these participants reported seeing broken glass (when there was none)!!!!
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Robbery and Murder experiment (Loftus, 1974)
Three Groups▪ Circumstantial Evidence▪ +Eyewitness Testimony▪ +Eyewitness Testimony
with 20/400 visionwith 20/400 vision
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Convenience Store experiment (Brigham et al., 1982)p ( g , 9 )
Unusual/Distinct ActionsDirectionsPaying in Change
Later memory2 vs. 24 hours later
Videotaped crimeMisled by another “witness”2 DVs (Loftus & Greene, 1980)
Face ReconstructionFace Recognition
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L i R i iLures in RecognitionSanders (1984)
Jury Ignorance Cutler, Penrod, & Dexter, 1990
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ff f fEffects of Misleading InformationWhy does this happen?
Another Loftus accident experiment
Stop and Yield Signs
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Before misleadingBefore misleading information:
After misleading information:
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fWhy does Loftus’s explanation sound bad?
What else might explain this?
d h hLet’s do the math
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New Explanation of Loftus Miller & Burns (1978)
Control Group
New Explanation of Loftus, Miller, & Burns (1978)
Expected Total
% of Subjects Performance CorrectRemember 40% 100% 40%
Don’t Remember 60% 50% 30%Total 70%
Misled Group
Remember 40% 100% 40%
Don’t Remember 60% 25% 15%Total 55%
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See: See:
Hear: “7-Up” Hear: “7-Up”
Test: Coke or 7-Up? Test: Coke or Sunkist?
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Control Group
Expected Total% of Subjects Performance Correct
Remember 40% 100% 40%4 4Don’t Remember 60% 50% 30%
70%
Misled Group
Expected Total% of Subjects Performance Correct% of Subjects Performance Correct
Remember 40% 100% 40%Don’t Remember 60% 50% 30%
70%
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Forced Choice procedure
h ffNew way to test this effect
l d lResults and implications
l f hBest explanation for these errors?
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See:See:
Hear: “7-Up”7 p
Test Coke? T t h i di id llTest: Coke?7-Up?Sunkist?
Test each individually
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LEARN A B LEARN A C TEST A BLEARN A-B LEARN A-C TEST A-B
Interference from new learning
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Karl Lashley vs. Gordon BowerSearching for engrams▪ Unsuccessfully, gave up
M i i l i▪ Memory is not a single unit▪ Composed of multiple components (features)
Emotional featuresSemantic featuresEpisodic featuresVisual/Auditory featuresVisual/Auditory featuresMore features…
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f fComposed of many features, just like any other memory…
h h d l dWhat have we reviewed already?
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h dShepard (1967)2-AFC Recognition▪ Words vs Pictures▪ Words vs. Pictures▪ Delay vs. Immediate
Standing (1973)2-AFC Recognition
D l I di▪ Delay vs. Immediate
Why is it so good?y g
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Faded Snapshot Image decayImage decayImpaired access, random distortion
ConstructivistFeatures constructed and lostPredictable biases
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Hierarchical Organization (Stevens & Coupe, 1978)
Map example
Comparison of cities▪ Farther East: Reno or
San Diego
Why does this happen?
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Grouping and Categories(Hirtle & Jonides, 1985)
Distances within vsDistances within vs. between categories
Near vs. Distant Buildings
Wh d hi h ?Why does this happen?
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fCognitive Reference Points (Holyoak & Mah, 1982)
Distances from certain landmarks
Distances TO and FROM▪ San Francisco to Salt Lake City▪ New York to Philadelphia
h d h hWhy does this happen?
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lAlignment (B. Tversky, 1981)
South and North AmericaSouth and North America
Why does this happen?Grouping/CategoriesGrouping/Categories
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Rotation (B. Tversky, 1981)
Back to South AmericaR t tiRotationSimilar to another bias?
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d k ff d ll lLandmark Effect (Sadalla et al., 1980)
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Wh d k f ll h bi i i ?What do we take from all these biases in picture memory?BackgroundOrientationOrientationRelation of figuresReference Frame
Whi h i h h ?Which is the correct theory?
Memory is feature based (“multicomponent”)y p
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M EMemory Errors
Eyewitness Testimony
Picture Memoryy
Biases in Picture Memory